# data[].attributes.body
- The reconstruction was a program carried out by the federal gov't to repair damage the South and restore the Southern States to the Union. Lincoln proposed the Ten Percent plan in 1863, which was forgiving to the South.

# data[].attributes.body
Lincoln is shot on April 14, 1865 in by John Wilkes Booth in Ford's theatre. The assassination plunged the nation into grief and its politics into chaos. Andrew Johnson took Lincoln's place. The Freedmans' Bureau is passed (help black southerners adjust to freedom) and the thirteenth amendment is ratified.

# data[].attributes.headline
1866 Whites turn towards violence to regain control of the South. 

# data[].attributes.subject
1866 Whites turn towards violence to regain control of the South. 

# data[].attributes.body
Rise of the Ku Klux Klan. (Tennessee) Their goal was to intimidate former slaves and white Republicans.

# data[].attributes.headline
1866 The fourteenth amendment is ratified. / Black Codes

# data[].attributes.subject
1866 The fourteenth amendment is ratified. / Black Codes

# data[].attributes.body
The first order of business in white run gov'ts was to enact black codes which were laws that restricted freedmans' rights.

The fourteenth amendment granted citizenship to all persons born or naturalized in the United States including former slaves and guaranteed all citizens “equal protection of the laws.”

# data[].attributes.headline
1867 Republicans pass the Military Reconstruction Act

# data[].attributes.subject
1867 Republicans pass the Military Reconstruction Act

# data[].attributes.headline
1867 Congress passes the Tenure of Office act. 

# data[].attributes.subject
1867 Congress passes the Tenure of Office act. 

# data[].attributes.body
The Tenure of Office Act was a federal law meant to restrict the ability of the U.S. president to remove certain officials that Congress had already approved. (repealed in 1887)

# data[].attributes.body
He was charged with 11 high crimes and misdemeanors. He was impeached for violated the Tenure of Office act.

# data[].attributes.headline
1868 Grant is elected President President, also many African-Americans are elected to public office. 

# data[].attributes.subject
1868 Grant is elected President President, also many African-Americans are elected to public office. 

# data[].attributes.headline
1869 The 15th Amendment has been passed by congress. 

# data[].attributes.subject
1869 The 15th Amendment has been passed by congress. 

# data[].attributes.body
It stated that no citizens may be denied the right to vote "by the United States or by any state on account of race, color, or previous condition of servitude."

# data[].attributes.headline
Election of 1876 : Hayes (R) vs. Tilden (D) / Compromise of 1877 

# data[].attributes.subject
Election of 1876 : Hayes (R) vs. Tilden (D) / Compromise of 1877 

# data[].attributes.body
Hayes won the election, this was important because it meant the end of the reconstruction.

Compromise - The democrats agreed to give Hayes the victory in the presidential election that he had clearly not one. Because the Republicans gave him victory Hayes would remove all federal troops from the South.

# data[].attributes.body
Corruption, economy, violence, and Democrats returning to power lead to the Reconstruction's end.

Pros-  The union is restored
- South's economy grows and so does wealth in the North

Cons - White southerners remain bitter toward the federal gov't and Republican party
- The South is slow to industrialize

# data[].attributes.body
Coined by Mark Twain - Meaning a thin layer of gold and prosperity covered all the poverty and corruption.

It was a time of political corruption, wealth, and movement of people.

# data[].attributes.body
The laissez-faire phrase holds that government should play a very limited role in business. To ensure gov't aid, business giants supported friendly politicians w/ gifts of money. Monopolies and trusts controlled the gov't.

# data[].attributes.body
Horizontal - Buy up all competition
Vertical - Control all phases of production

# data[].attributes.body
The transcontinental railroad was finished around 1869. It allowed a six month trip to now take six days. There were claims that railroad companies were overcharging customers. Partial refunds were given. In 1877 in Munn v. Illinois the Supreme Court allowed states to regulate certain businesses w/in their borders, including railroads.

# data[].attributes.body
People lived in tenements which were lost cost apartment buildings designed to house as many families as possible. Outside, soot from coal-fired steam engines and boilers made the air seem dark even in daylight. There were also open sewers that attracted rats and other disease-spreading vermin. Contagious diseases would spread quickly since there were so many people crammed in such small spaces. Many people died from disease

# data[].attributes.body
It is estimated that 10 million immigrants arrived between 1865 and 1890. Most came from northwestern and central European countries. Most immigrants traveled on steerage boats since it was cheap but there were limited toilets, no privacy, and poor food. Immigrants went through physical exams to see if they had any disease and put them in quarantine if they did. Immigrants usually settled in communities established by previous settlers from their homelands.

# data[].attributes.body
Washington is the founder of the Tuskegee Institute. He believed African Americans would win white acceptance eventually, by succeeding economically.

# data[].attributes.body
Du Bois is the founder of Niagara of Movement and NAACP. He stressed a liberal arts education.

# data[].attributes.body
Jim Crow was a character created by Thomas D. Rice. Jim Crow laws were laws that segregated African-Americans and ensured that they were treated as second class citizens.

Laws - poll taxes
- property tests - literacy tests
- Grandfather clause

# data[].attributes.body
Legalized the policy of separate but equal.

# data[].attributes.body
Lynching is the murder of an accused person by a mob without a lawful trial.

# data[].attributes.body
The United States was producing goods and services at a record rate.
We started to see a rise of imperialism around the world.
The US begins to expand overseas during this period.
Economic issues would lead us to Latin-America.

# data[].attributes.body
Spain has vast land holdings and in 1898, Cuba rebelled against its imperialist occupiers.
Cuba wanted America to aid them, but Pres. McKinley would not. He instead sent down a Navy ship the U.S.S. Maine, to “show
the flag” and protect American interests in the region. Newspapers
at home began publishing “yellow journalism” stories in an attempt to draw the US into the conflict.

# data[].attributes.body
250 Americans were killed.
America blames Spain for blowing up our ship and demands payment;
Spain refuses.

# data[].attributes.headline
April 11, 1898 / America goes to War w/ Spain

# data[].attributes.subject
April 11, 1898 / America goes to War w/ Spain

# data[].attributes.body
- War lasts about 90 days.
- 2,500 Americans are KIA. (mostly due to illness and disease)

From the war we acquire
- Cuba
- Philippines
- Annex Hawaii
- Puerto Rico + Guam

# data[].attributes.body
After the assassination of McKinley , Teddy Roosevelt  is sworn in as president from 1901-09.

TR - Big stick diplomacy,  "speak softly and carry a big stick." This means TR will utilize the military and the navy to press American interests overseas.

# data[].attributes.headline
New foreign policy and Rise of Progressive reforms 

# data[].attributes.subject
New foreign policy and Rise of Progressive reforms 

# data[].attributes.body
TR proposed the Roosevelt Corollary which was a warning to neighboring countries of the US not to conduct business with foreign governments that would harmful to the United States) to
the Monroe Doctrine (1823 / A warning by Pres. Monroe to European governments to stay out of Latin America).

# data[].attributes.body
It was important for TR to finish the Panama Canal (1904-1914). The US recognized the independent Panama and protected the, in return Panama gave the US the canal zone.

# data[].attributes.headline
TR leaves office and is replaced by William Howard Taft

# data[].attributes.subject
TR leaves office and is replaced by William Howard Taft

# data[].attributes.body
Taft brings in his own foreign policy which is dollar diplomacy. Dollar diplomacy was throwing money at a situation to advance American interests.

# data[].attributes.body
Under TR and Taft we see a rise of progressives. Progressives were looking to curb the power of the wealthy and shift power back to the people.

# data[].attributes.body
Political - Direct Primaries, Ballot Initiatives, Referendums, Recall Elections.
Social - 16th , 17th , 18th , 19th Amendments to the Constitution.

# data[].attributes.headline
1912 Presidential Election / Rise of Woodrow Wilson

# data[].attributes.subject
1912 Presidential Election / Rise of Woodrow Wilson

# data[].attributes.body
Wilson focused on tariff reduction and the expansion of American goods overseas. He continued to fight against business trusts and monopolies, as started by TR and Taft. As Wilson focused on domestic issues a powder keg was being assembled in Europe.

# data[].attributes.body
- Imperialism, Militarism, and Nationalism  would lead to WWI
- The assassination of Archduke Franz Ferdinand (Heir of the Austrian-Hungarian Throne) ignited WWI.
-The war began to spiral out of control quickly because of central v. allied powers.

# data[].attributes.body
America remains neutral to not upset the economy. WWI would be a technological (new ways to kill each other) and defensive war (trench warfare).

# data[].attributes.headline
The sinking of the Lusitania / May 7, 1915. 

# data[].attributes.subject
The sinking of the Lusitania / May 7, 1915. 

# data[].attributes.body
German submarines
torpedoed the passenger liner, killing over 1900 passengers, including 128 Americans. The Germans claimed the ship was carrying weapons of war to England.

# data[].attributes.body
Germany continues submarine warfare torpedoing our merchant ships. America prepares for war.

# data[].attributes.headline
Russian Revolution/ Rise of the USSR/ Soviet Union (March 8, 1917 - June 16, 1923)

# data[].attributes.subject
Russian Revolution/ Rise of the USSR/ Soviet Union (March 8, 1917 - June 16, 1923)

# data[].attributes.body
Late March, 1917 - Germany sinks four of our ships….four days later,
Wilson receives a declaration of war against Germany.

# data[].attributes.body
The AEF was led by "Black Jack" pershing. On June 26, 1917, the first of 14,000 American troops arrive in France. This will mark a major turning point in the stalled conflict, which will lead that allies to victory. The Armistice will come at: 11:00, on the 11th day, of the 11th month.

# data[].attributes.body
At home, President Wilson working on his plans for post World War plans. On January 8, 1918, President Wilson delivered his fourteen points to congress before heading to a peace conference in Paris.

# data[].attributes.body
Wilson at the peace conference made a peace treaty along with the UK, Italy, and France. The US, Italy, UK, and France were the "big four," compared to the other countries represented. The treaty was to punish Germany and meet the goals of the allied powers.

# data[].attributes.body
-8.5 million men were killed in battle, many civilians were also killed.
-The US grew in influence and power following the war.

# data[].attributes.body
The US becomes a peacetime economy instead of a wartime economy. The US begins to evolve and prosper economically under three presidents: Harding, Colliage, and Hoover.
The US is a consumer driven society with business booming under laissez-faire.
An important good was an affordable automobile made by Henry Ford. This allowed movement of people, mass production, and job growth.
At the end of the 20s we went into an economic catastrophe.

# data[].attributes.body
Causes - The stock market was unchecked.
- Inequality of wealth
- Buying on credit
- Economy was beginning to contract
- Drought takes over American farms

# data[].attributes.body
The market crashes. People rush to banks to pay off loans, the banks run out of cash, and the banks fail. People who were heavily invested in the stock market started to lose everything. 80% of American families did not have savings. Economic instability was spreading all across the globe. People started to lose their jobs and were supplied w/ free meals.

# data[].attributes.body
Hoover does not do much to help with the market crash. Hoover worked with business leaders and passed tariff acts. He did not think that this was the federal government's problem. He became very unpopular. Hoover’s presidency ended with his handling of the Bonus Army by clearing them out with the military.

# data[].attributes.body
Hoover wanted voluntary aid. He did not want the federal government to take on more power.
Roosevelt wanted aid for the poor. He felt the federal government should
take the lead.
Roosevelt won the election.

# data[].attributes.headline
Roosevelt proposes a new deal to bring the US out of the Great Depression. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Roosevelt proposes a new deal to bring the US out of the Great Depression. 

# data[].attributes.body
- First 100 days
- Public Works Programs
- Financial Works and Reforms
- Bank Holidays
- Securities and Exchange commission
-Fireside chats

# data[].attributes.body
The 21st amendment was ratified in 1933. The 21st amendment states that the 18th amendment is repealed. It also stated transportation or importation into any state, territory, or possession of the US for delivery or use therein of intoxicating liquors, in violation of the laws thereof, is hereby prohibited.

# data[].attributes.body
The social security actestablished a system of old-age benefits for workers, benefits for victims of industrial accidents, unemployment insurance, aid for dependent mothers and children, the blind, and the physically handicapped.

# data[].attributes.headline
Europe continues to go through significant change. 

# data[].attributes.subject
Europe continues to go through significant change. 

# data[].attributes.body
Countries look for new leadership as global depression spreads.
Because of the countries disparity. This is where fascism rises.  Fascism is a complex ideology. A government system with a deep sense of nationalism, let by a dictator with absolute power. Suppressing opposition by force.

# data[].attributes.body
- WWI Veteran
- Following a fire of the Reichstag, Hitler assumes new power
- Hitler grows in popularity. Preaches a new German identity. Preached Anti-Semitism. Puts the German people back to work rebuilding the
German military, which was a clear violation of the Versailles Treaty.
- Hitler and Mussolini begin to form an alliance.

# data[].attributes.body
Joseph Stalin comes to power in Soviet Union in 1924 following the
death of Lenin.

# data[].attributes.body
Hitler boldly marched 22,000 German troops into the Rhineland, in a direct contravention of the Treaty of Versailles.

# data[].attributes.body
Hitler marched into the Sudetenland. The situation with Sudeten began in February 1938 when Hitler demanded self-determination for all Germans in Austria and Czechoslovakia. Then, Austrian Nazis rioted and invited Hitler to invade. He did and declared Anschluss.

# data[].attributes.body
Germany signed the Non-Aggression Pact with the Soviets, meaning take no military action on each other for the next ten years. Hitler wanted a pact w/ the Soviets so that his armies could invade Poland unopposed. Then, Germany could deal with the forces of France and Britain in the west w/o having to simultaneously fight the Soviet Union on a second front in the east.

# data[].attributes.headline
September 1, 1939 / Germany Invades Poland.

# data[].attributes.subject
September 1, 1939 / Germany Invades Poland.

# data[].attributes.body
Germany invaded Poland to regain lost land and rule the land to the East.

# data[].attributes.headline
September 3, 1939 / Britain and France declare war on Germany.

# data[].attributes.subject
September 3, 1939 / Britain and France declare war on Germany.

# data[].attributes.body
Germany goes on the offensive, taking France, Belgium, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands in approximately six weeks. The British army is trapped on the beaches of Dunkirk, France. June 4, 1940.

# data[].attributes.headline
1937 / Japan invades China and begins its expansion into Southeast Asia.

# data[].attributes.subject
1937 / Japan invades China and begins its expansion into Southeast Asia.

# data[].attributes.body
Japan does this to try to gain global power but they lack the resources. 1940 / Tripartite Pact: Germany, Italy, and Japan

# data[].attributes.headline
1940 / Tripartite Pact: Germany, Italy, and Japan

# data[].attributes.subject
1940 / Tripartite Pact: Germany, Italy, and Japan

# data[].attributes.body
The pact set up the Axis Powers of World War II.

# data[].attributes.headline
1940 / Winston Churchill replaces Chamberlain as British Prime Minister.

# data[].attributes.subject
1940 / Winston Churchill replaces Chamberlain as British Prime Minister.

# data[].attributes.headline
December 7,1941 / Bombing Of Pearl Harbor 

# data[].attributes.subject
December 7,1941 / Bombing Of Pearl Harbor 

# data[].attributes.body
353 Japanese bombers attacked the United States naval base at Pearl Harbor, destroying 19 ships, 188 aircraft and killing over 2,000 Americans. This drove the United States into World War II.

# data[].attributes.body
The United States declares war on Japan. Germany and Italy declare
war on the United States. Japan would now turn and move on the Philippines and gobble up islands in the Pacific. Germany breaks non-aggression pact with Soviets and invades Soviet Union. Mobilization at home.

# data[].attributes.headline
1942 / Wannsee Conference, Wannsee Germany

# data[].attributes.subject
1942 / Wannsee Conference, Wannsee Germany

# data[].attributes.body
The conference was called to coordinate the final solution for the Jewish problem.

# data[].attributes.body
The government orders the interment of Japanese-Americans.

# data[].attributes.headline
Manhattan Project, Los Alamos, NM / 1942

# data[].attributes.subject
Manhattan Project, Los Alamos, NM / 1942

# data[].attributes.body
The Manhattan project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons. It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada.

# data[].attributes.body
The Doolittle Raid was a surprise attack on Tokyo, Japan, by U.S. bombers during World War II. The
objective was to move our aircraft carriers, carrying 16 B-25 bombers,
as close to Japan as we could, in order to bomb Tokyo and other
targets, then the crews would fly on to friendly held territory in China. The raid boosted morale for America at home!

# data[].attributes.body
The Japanese fleet is severely crippled. The Japanese now go on the defensive in the Pacific. Allied forces begin island hopping campaign.

# data[].attributes.body
The Battle of Guadalcanal was the first major offensive and a decisive victory for the Allies in the Pacific theater

# data[].attributes.headline
November 1942 / America moves into North Africa (Operation Torch) 

# data[].attributes.subject
November 1942 / America moves into North Africa (Operation Torch) 

# data[].attributes.body
The British and Americans worked together to invade the French North America.

# data[].attributes.body
Italy surrendered to Allied forces and declared war on Nazi Germany.

# data[].attributes.body
The Battle of Anzio was an allied victory that led to the capturement of Rome.

# data[].attributes.body
The Cold War began after the surrender of Nazi Germany in 1945, when the alliance between the United States and Great Britain fell apart as well as the Soviet Union.

# data[].attributes.body
Truman declares active role in Greek Civil War.

# data[].attributes.body
The Marshall plan was a U.S. program providing aid to Western Europe following the devastation of World War II.

# data[].attributes.headline
February 25, 1948 / Communists take over Czechoslovakia

# data[].attributes.subject
February 25, 1948 / Communists take over Czechoslovakia

# data[].attributes.body
Benes gave in to communist demands and handed his cabinet over to the party. Rigged elections were held in May to validate the communist victory.

# data[].attributes.body
The blockade lasts 11 months which was by the Soviet Union to limit the ability of the United States, Great Britain and France to travel to their sectors of Berlin.

# data[].attributes.body
NATO's purpose was to unify and strengthen the Western Allies' military response to a possible invasion of western Europe by the Soviet Union and its Warsaw Pact allies.

# data[].attributes.headline
October 1, 1949 / Communist, Mao Zedong takes control over China

# data[].attributes.subject
October 1, 1949 / Communist, Mao Zedong takes control over China

# data[].attributes.headline
August 29, 1949 / Soviets test test their atomic bomb for the first time. 

# data[].attributes.subject
August 29, 1949 / Soviets test test their atomic bomb for the first time. 

# data[].attributes.body
The Korean War started because the North Korean Communist army crossed the 38th Parallel and invaded non-Communist South Korea.

# data[].attributes.body
THe KGB was the world's largest spy and state-security machine, involved in all aspects of life of everyday people in the Soviet Union.

# data[].attributes.headline
July, 1954 / Vietnam split at the 17th parallel 

# data[].attributes.subject
July, 1954 / Vietnam split at the 17th parallel 

# data[].attributes.body
This divided Vietnam into a North and South Vietnam. There would be a presidential election to unite the two countries again.

# data[].attributes.body
The Warsaw pact was a collective defence treaty established by the Soviet Union and seven other Soviet satellite states in Central and Eastern Europe: Albania, Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia, East Germany, Hungary, Poland and Romania.

# data[].attributes.headline
October - November 1956 / Rebellion put down in Communist Hungary

# data[].attributes.subject
October - November 1956 / Rebellion put down in Communist Hungary

# data[].attributes.headline
October 4, 1957 / Sputnik was put into orbit

# data[].attributes.subject
October 4, 1957 / Sputnik was put into orbit

# data[].attributes.body
The soviets launched Sputnik which was a artificial satellite used to raise the tensions of the Cold War

# data[].attributes.body
Khrushchev gave a speech demanding the withdrawal of troops from Berlin. (US, GB, and France withdraw their troops w/in six months)

# data[].attributes.headline
January, 1959 / Cuba is taken over by Fidel Castro 

# data[].attributes.subject
January, 1959 / Cuba is taken over by Fidel Castro 

# data[].attributes.headline
November, 1960 / John F. Kennedy is elected President 

# data[].attributes.subject
November, 1960 / John F. Kennedy is elected President 

# data[].attributes.body
The invasion begins when a CIA-financed and trained group of Cuban refugees lands in Cuba and attempts to topple the communist gov't of Fidel Castro. The attack was a failure.

# data[].attributes.headline
August, 1961 / Berlin border is closed! 

# data[].attributes.subject
August, 1961 / Berlin border is closed! 

# data[].attributes.body
It was a 13-day confrontation between the United States and the Soviet Union initiated by the American discovery of Soviet ballistic missile deployment in Cuba.

# data[].attributes.headline
July, 1963 /Nuclear Test Ban Treaty is ratified

# data[].attributes.subject
July, 1963 /Nuclear Test Ban Treaty is ratified

# data[].attributes.body
The treaty prohibited nuclear weapons tests "or any other nuclear explosion" in the atmosphere, in outer space, and under water.

# data[].attributes.headline
November 22, 1963 / John F. Kennedy is assassinated 

# data[].attributes.subject
November 22, 1963 / John F. Kennedy is assassinated 

# data[].attributes.body
After an alleged attack on two U.S. naval destroyers stationed off the coast of Vietnam. The Resolution effectively launched America's full-scale involvement in the Vietnam War.

# data[].attributes.headline
1965 / U.S. Marines sent to Dominican Republic to fight Communism

# data[].attributes.subject
1965 / U.S. Marines sent to Dominican Republic to fight Communism

# data[].attributes.body
The US also sent 200,000 troops to go fight in Vietnam

# data[].attributes.body
The B-52s were a type of jet that the US used to drop atomic bombs on NV.