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This is an excellent website for reviewing prior Music Theory skills.

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What is Music Theory?

Music theory is a practice musicians use to understand and communicate the language of music. Musical theory examines the fundamentals of music. It also provides a system to interpret musical compositions.

For example, basic music theory defines the elements that form harmony, melody, and rhythm. It identifies compositional elements such as song form, tempo, notes, chords, key signatures, intervals, scales, and more. It also recognizes musical qualities such as pitch, tone, timbre, texture, dynamics, and others.

How to Learn Music Theory?

Music theory is a complex and extensive subject. There are several practices, disciplines, and concepts.

Best to learn music fundamentals first before exploring advanced music theory. The building blocks that form musical compositions include:

Solidly understanding these three core elements will help you learn basic music theory.

What Is Harmony in Music?

Harmony is when multiple notes or voices play simultaneously to produce a new sound. The combined sounds in harmonies complement one another and sound pleasing.

Chords and chord progressions are examples of harmony. A chord has three or more notes that play at the same time. The chords and chord progressions in a piece of music support or complement the melody.

Combining vocal parts also creates harmony. The combined voices of a choir are a perfect example. The multiple voices that make up a choir blend to make a harmonious sound.

However, not all harmonies are pleasing to our ear. There are two main types of harmony: dissonant and consonant.

Dissonant harmony adds notes that do not sound pleasant when played together. The result adds tension and makes the chord sound unstable. This tension releases by resolving to consonant chords. Dissonant interval examples are seconds, sevenths, and ninths.

Consonant harmony sounds stable and pleasing. All the notes in a consonant chord have intervals that play nicely together. Constant chords also transition smoothly with one another in a progression. Consonant interval examples are unison, thirds, fifths, and octaves.

Musicians combine consonant and dissonant harmonies to make the music more exciting and intriguing.

What Is Melody in Music?

Melody is a succession of notes or voices arranged into a musical phrase. A song's melody is often the most memorable and recognizable part.

Melodies can be created with instruments or vocals. They have two or more notes in a sequence that sound musically pleasing. Most compositions consist of multiple melodies that repeat.

The two primary elements of a melody are pitch and rhythm:

Pitch is the audio vibration produced by an instrument or voice. It's how high or low a note will sound. Arranging these pitches in a series creates a melody.

Rhythm or duration is the length each pitch will sound. These durations are divided into beat divisions like whole notes, half notes, quarter notes, triplets, etc.

Melodies also have two types of melodic motion: conjunct or disjunct.

Conjunct motion is when notes move by whole or half steps. Conjunct is also the most natural and comfortable to play and sing. There are shorter leaps between notes.

Disjunct motion has larger leaps between notes. Large interval leaps between notes can make the melody difficult to play or sing. Disjunct motion is also less memorable and smooth sounding.

Musicians combine conjunct and disjunct motion to give melodies more variation and interest.

What Is Rhythm in Music?

Rhythm is an essential element of music with more than one meaning. For example:

Rhythm is a recurring movement of notes and rests (silences) in time. It's the human perception of time.

Rhythm also describes a pattern of strong and weak notes or voices that repeat throughout a song. These patterns can be created with drums, percussion, instruments, and vocals.

The basic elements that comprise musical rhythm include:

Beat - A repeating pulse that underlies a musical pattern

Meter - A specific pattern of strong and weak pulses

Time Signature - The number of beats per measure

Tempo (BPM) - Indicates how fast or slow a piece of music plays

Strong and Weak Beats - Strong beats are the downbeats, and weak
beats are the offbeats between the downbeats

Syncopation - Rhythms that accent or emphasize the offbeats

Accents - Refers to the intensity or emphases placed on notes

Understanding rhythm will help you create great harmonies and melodies.

Also, the rhythm section or pulse propels a piece of music. It acts as the rhythmic backbone for other musical elements.

The Benefits of Music Theory: Why Study Music Theory?

Learning basic music theory is essential for enhancing creativity and developing musical awareness. It's a challenging but rewarding set of skills to learn.

Knowing how music works will make the music production process easier and help you become an effective music producer.

Is learning music theory required? No. However, you can benefit from learning some aspects of music theory.

For example, learning basic music theory will:

Improve your musical development

Help you understand how music works

Help you break through creative blocks

Make it easier to build chord progressions and melodies

Help you make informed composition decisions

Help you achieve expression and evoke emotion

Improve your critical listening skills

Speed up your workflow

Improve your musical form skills

Make it easy to communicate with other musicians

Deepen your appreciation for music

Improve your improvisation skills

Improve your song arrangement skills

Help you discover new creative possibilities

Note: Musical theory is not a set of rules or guidelines you must follow. It's only a tool to help you understand and explain how music works.

The Fundamentals of Music Theory (Music Theory for Dummies)

This basic music theory for beginner's guide examines the core music fundamentals. It also provides insight into the basic building blocks of music that form harmony, melody, and rhythm.

Musical Notes and Intervals

Let's start this music theory for beginner's guide by going over harmony and melody. This section describes all the available notes and the specific relationships between them.

The Music Alphabet

Notes are the building blocks for all music. The musical alphabet consists of seven letters: A, B, C, D, E, F, G. Each note has a unique pitch.

The 12 Keys of Music

There are 12 notes on the piano keyboard: A, A#/B♭, B, C, C#/D♭, D, D#/E♭, E, F, F#/G♭, G, G#/A♭.

The same 12 notes repeat upwards and downwards in octaves.

White Keys

The white keys on a piano play the "natural" notes in a scale: A, B, C, D, E, F, G.

Playing only white keys places you in either the key of C major or A minor.

Black Keys

The black keys on a piano play the "flat" and "sharp" notes in a scale: A#/B♭, C#/D♭, D#/E♭, F#/G♭, G#/A♭.

Each note has a symbol: ♭ for flat and # for sharp. Playing a combination of white and black keys allows you to write in all available key signatures.

Intervals

An interval is a distance between two notes. There are several intervals. Measure these intervals by the number of half steps, whole steps, and their position in the scale.

A half step interval is one semitone

A whole step interval is two semitones

Two half steps make a whole-step

Intervals are also the foundation of both harmony and melody. Playing two or more notes at the same time creates harmonic intervals (chords). Playing single notes in a sequence makes melodic intervals (melodies).

Furthermore, we describe intervals by number (distance) and prefix (quality). The interval number represents the number of half-steps between two notes. These numbers are 1st (unison), 2nd, 3rd, 4th, 5th, 6th, 7th, and 8th (octave).

Lastly, intervals have using a prefix to describe their quality. The five interval qualities are major (M), minor (m), perfect (P), augmented (A), and diminished (d).

Octaves

Octaves are the next highest or lowest pitch of the same note. The interval between a note and a note double its frequency is an octave. For example, an octave up from C1 on a piano is C2. An octave down would be C0.

There are 12 semitones in the octave. These pitches repeat in the same order throughout the range of human hearing.

Key Signatures

Key signatures tell you what notes in a scale are sharp (♯) or flat (♭). There are twelve key signatures, each derived from the twelve available notes.

Key signatures also help identify the key of a song, which is the tonal center. For example, a song in the key of A minor uses notes from the A minor scale.

Music Scales and Modes

Musical scales form the building blocks of music. Understanding musical scales and their functions is essential when learning basic music theory.

This section looks at the two most common scales, their scale degrees, and the seven music modes.

Music Scales

A music scale is a set of notes within an octave arranged by their pitch. The ascending or descending interval relationships among the note pitches define each scale. Moreover, the notes from a scale form melodies and harmonies.

There are several types of scales. However, the two main types are the major scale and the minor scale. You can build both major and minor scales from any note. How you use them depends on the pattern of intervals you use.

Major Scales

There are twelve possible natural major scales. Natural major scales are bright, uplifting, and happy sounding.

The seven notes in all major scales follow the same interval pattern: W-W-H-W-W-W-H (whole-whole-half-whole-whole-whole-half).

Minor Scales

Natural minor scales are dark, sad, and emotional sounding. The seven notes in all minor scales follow the same interval pattern: W-H-W-W-H-W-W (whole-half-whole-whole-half-whole-whole).

There are twelve possible natural minor scales. In addition, there are three variations of the minor scale: natural, harmonic, and melodic.

Scale Degrees

Each note of a scale has a specific name related to its function, called a scale degree. The name is the function, and a number indicates its position on the scale.

There are seven scale degrees. These names apply to all major and minor scales. Learning more about these functions takes us into advanced music theory. For now, it's good to know the names:

Music can create and release tension. The function of a scale degree relates to the amount of tension created. It also helps you decide what note(s) should follow to resolve the tension.

Moreover, remembering the different pitches in major and minor scales is difficult. Referring to the steps of the scale by numbers rather than notes makes it easier to remember.

Music Modes

Musical modes are scales derived from a parent scale. There are seven music modes.

Each mode is a slight variation of a scale. They use all the same notes and interval patterns as the parent scale.

The main difference is the root note used to build the scale. Starting a scale on a different note defines the tonal center, giving it distinct melodic characteristics.

The seven musical modes are:

I - Ionian (major scale)

ii - Dorian (major scale starting on the 2nd degree)

iii - Phrygian (major scale starting on the 3rd degree)

IV - Lydian (major scale starting on the 4th degree)

V - Mixolydian (major scale starting on the 5th degree)

vi - Aeolian (natural minor scale or major scale starting on the 6th degree)

vii - Locrian (major scale starting on the 7th degree)

Learning musical modes goes beyond basic music theory and is more advanced. However, getting familiar with these terms and basic functions is helpful.

Counterpoint

Counterpoint is the relationship between two or more melody lines played at the same time. These melodies or voices work together to create pleasant-sounding harmonies.

The melodies that create counterpoint are dependent on each other to create harmony. However, they are independent in rhythm and contour.

Chords and Chord Extensions

Chords are the harmonious building blocks of music. They evoke emotion and provide the foundation for creating melodies.

Knowing how to build chords and how they interact with each other is essential when learning music theory. This section looks at basic chord types, chord extensions, and inversions.

Photo by Toan Nguyen

Musical Chords

A chord is a combination of two or more notes played at the same time. They're built off a single starting note called the root.

You can create chords from all twelve notes. There are also four basic types of chords in music:

Major - Has a major third and a perfect fifth above the root

Minor - Has a minor third and a perfect fifth above the root

Diminished - Has a minor third and a diminished fifth above the root

Augmented - Has a major third and an augmented fifth above the root

The chords and chord progressions in a piece of music support or complement the melody.

Triad Chords

The most basic chords are triads. A triad is a chord made of three notes. Triads have a root note, a third (four semitones above the root), and a perfect fifth (seven semitones above the root).

Triads are also the foundation for more complex chords. For example, you can create seventh and ninth cords by adding notes above a tried.

Seventh Chords

A seventh chord adds a note above the basic triad. Seventh chords have a root note, a third, a perfect fifth, and a seventh.

For example, a C major seventh has the notes: C-E-G-B. There are also five main types of seventh chords: major, minor, dominant, diminished, and half-diminished.

Major Chords

Major chords have a root note, a major third, and a perfect fifth. A chord with these three notes alone is a major triad.

For example, a C major triad has the notes: C-E-G. You can also add notes to build more complex chords.

Minor chords

Minor chords have a root note, a minor third, and a perfect fifth. A chord with these three notes alone is a minor triad.

For example, a C minor triad has the notes C-E♭-G. You can also add notes to build more complex chords.

Diminished Chords

Diminished chords sound tense, dissonant, and dramatic. They have a root note, minor third, and a diminished fifth (six semitones above the root).

For example, a C diminished triad has the notes: C-E♭-G♭.

Augmented Chords

Augmented chords sound dissonant, unsettling, and mysterious. They have a root note, major third, and an augmented fifth (eight semitones above the root).

For example, a C augmented triad has the notes: C-E-G#.

Chord Extensions

Chord extensions are notes added to the basic triad beyond the seventh. These notes extend into the next octave. There are four chord extensions: the 9th, 11th, and 13th.

Extended chords create a richer, more harmonically complex sound than basic major and minor triads. They also provide additional voice leading possibilities, which makes chord progressions sound more interesting.

Chord Inversions

Chord inversions are variations of the same chord. Transposing the bottom note in a chord to the next octave creates an inversion.

There are two main chord inversions: first inversion and second inversion.

First Inversion - Transposes the root note up one octave. The third of the triad becomes the bass note.

Second Inversion - Transposes the inverted triad again. The fifth of the triad becomes the bass note.

Chord inversions add variation, excitement, and smoother transitions in chord progressions. The more notes a chord has, the more possible inversions.

Chord Progressions

A chord progression or a harmonic progression is an ordered series of chords. Chord progressions support both the melody and the rhythm. They also provide the foundation for creating harmony and melody.

Moreover, the key determines the chords used in a progression. A progression can also consist of major and minor chords.

Roman Numeral Analysis

Roman numerals indicate the chords in a progression. They identify the musical key and the root note for each chord. For example, "IV" means the chord is built on the fourth degree of a scale.

Uppercase Roman numerals represent major chords, while lowercase numerals represent minor chords. For example, a chord progression in the key of C major would look like I-vi-IV-V (C-Am-F-G).

Delving deeper into this topic goes beyond basic music theory. However, it helps to introduce this numerical system.

Voice Leading

Voice leading is the linear movement between melodic lines or voices to create a single musical idea. This technique focuses on the smooth movement of notes from one chord to the next using common sounding tones.

Voice leading also minimizes the vertical and horizontal transitions between notes in a chord progression or melody. These smaller moves sound more natural and pleasing.

When creating a chord progression, use harmonically related chords. They can share similar notes or have inversions to make the stepwise motion smoother. For example, a C major chord and an A minor chord both have the notes E and C.

Conclusion

Music theory will give you a deeper understanding of music. But it's also essential to remember musical theory is not hard rules. It's a tool to help you create, understand, and communicate music.

There are several ways to practice music theory. Try applying the concepts in this guide to your workflow.

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Basic Music Theory for Beginners - The Complete Guide - Icon

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Music theory is a practice musicians use to understand and communicate the language of music. Musical theory examines the fundamentals of music. It also provides a system to interpret musical compositions. For example, basic music theory defines the elements that form harmony, melody, and rhythm.

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Music Theory for Musicians and Normal People

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Music Theory for Musicians and Normal People

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Absolutely amazing PDF Music Theory handouts done in a very concise and appealing way by Dr. Toby Rush at the University of Dayton. Includes basic to very advanced handouts.

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Internet Music Theory Database (aka musictheoryexamples.com)

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Internet Music Theory Database (aka musictheoryexamples.com)

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Huge library of scores and sound files displaying various different music theory concepts.

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Welcome to the Internet Music Theory Database!

Hello friends! I've got some exciting news: due to the world-wide enthusiasm for this database, I've teamed up with W.W. Norton to produce a new book, the Anthology of Music for Analysis, the most comprehensive collection of music theory examples ever published. The Anthology consists of 850 musical excerpts organized by theoretical topic. A concise overview of each subject is included, and musical recordings can be accessed with a free Spotify account. There is little overlap between the musical examples in the Anthology and the online database, and the Anthology features several subjects that are not part of the database, including species counterpoint, phrase and form, and post-tonal techniques. I've appreciated your support over the past fifteen years, and I hope you'll give this book a look, as it would make an excellent central or supplemental text in theory courses of all levels.

You can find the book's homepage here. It can also be purchased on Amazon.

The goal of this project is to provide the music community with an online database of tonal music theory examples from the classical repertoire. Presently, we have little access to well-organized examples of theoretical techniques beyond the few excerpts contained in textbooks (often without recordings). Researchers, teachers, and students spend countless hours searching for appropriate examples of theoretical techniques. The purpose of our project is to help remedy this situation.

For each example there is a printable file of the score, an audio excerpt, and a single page that includes both the score and audio recording. For a couple of reasons few of the examples contain analysis. First, I wish to impart my own analytical philosophy as little as possible; it is not important that we all interpret these passages similarly. And second, unannotated scores allow teachers to create assignments directly from the database. Some of you have combined the database with Blackboard to create homework and online quizzes. We have included a link for "suggested ways to use the database" and welcome your ideas.

Currently we are adding additional examples to all chapters. At this point we welcome any suggestions for topics or examples you'd like to see in the database (please email timothy.cutler@case.edu).

Dr. Timothy Cutler is a Professor of Music Theory at the Cleveland Institute of Music. He received a B.M. in music theory and composition from the Oberlin Conservatory (1995) and a Ph.D. in music theory from Yale University (2000). He has presented numerous papers at national and regional conferences and has published articles in The Journal of Music Theory, The Journal of Music Theory Pedagogy, and The Journal of Schenkerian Studies, among others.

Dr. Patricia Gray received a B.A. in music history from Rhodes College and a Ph.D. in musicology from Washington University. As program director for music technology for the Associated Colleges of the South she created a wide variety of projects related to the use of multimedia in the college classroom. She has been the web designer for the music theory database since its inception in 2005

NOTE: Some of the older sound files are in the .mov format. You will need to hear them through a Safari brower until we update them to the .mp3 format.
INDEX
Chapter 1: Scales (127 examples)
Chapter 2: Parallel Voice Leading (158 examples)
Chapter 3: (111 examples)
Chapter 4: (93 examples)
Chapter 5: Inversions of V⁷(134 examples)
Chapter 6: IV, II and II⁶(118 examples)
Chapter 7: Cadential Six-Four Chord V6/4(158 examples)
Chapter 8: (193 examples)
Chapter 9: II⁷ and IV⁷ and their inversions (154 examples)
Chapter 10: Moving Toward V (90 examples)
Chapter 11: III and VII (31 examples)
Chapter 12: Sequences (46 examples)
Chapter 13: 6/3 Chord Techniques (29 examples) 6/4 Chord Techniques (56 examples)
Chapter 15: Neighbor Notes, Neighbor Chords (58 examples)
Chapter 16: Passing Notes, Passing Chords (50 examples)
Chapter 17: Suspensions, Anticipations, Pedals (75 examples)
Chapter 18: Voice Exchanges and the Omnibus Progression (103 examples)
Chapter 19: Mixture (37 examples)
Chapter 20: Fully- and half-diminished VII⁷ (56 examples)
Chapter 21: Applied Chords (151 examples)
Chapter 22: Modulation (81 examples)
Chapter 23: "Ninths and "Thirteenths" (56 examples)
Chapter 24: Neapolitan Sixth Chords (20 examples)
Chapter 25: Augmented Sixth Chords (106 examples)
Chapter 26: Various Chromatic Techniques (78 examples)

last updated February 23, 2015

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Welcome to the Internet Music Theory Database! Hello friends! I've got some exciting news: due to the world-wide enthusiasm for this database, I've teamed up with W.W. Norton to produce a new book, the Anthology of Music for Analysis, the most comprehensive collection of music theory examples ever published.

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Lawrence University - Music Theory Fundamentals Worksheets

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Lawrence University - Music Theory Fundamentals Worksheets

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Great collection of worksheets that cover everything taught in a College-level Music Theory Fundamentals Course.

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The following menu contains links to worksheets, in PDF format, on all manner of theory fundamentals. They are designed primarily for enrolled, admitted, and prospective students of the Lawrence University Conservatory of Music, but are freely offered to all who might find them beneficial.

Topic

Answer sheet

02: Pitch and rhythmic notation

08: Score excerpts for meter ID II

19: Key and scale-form analysis II

34: Seventh chords III (7th chord construction, maj & min keys)

38: Melodies for transposition II

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Lawrence University: Gene Biringer's Home Page Site

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The following menu contains links to worksheets, in PDF format, on all manner of theory fundamentals. They are designed primarily for enrolled, admitted, and prospective students of the Lawrence University Conservatory of Music, but are freely offered to all who might find them beneficial.

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This is an excellent online resource to help you review basic Music Theory skills.

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This awesome app is for iPhone and iPad

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Introductory and intermediate music theory lessons, exercises, ear trainers, and calculators.

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This is Chapter 1 of the G Major Workbook online resource

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Use this website to help you in your Ear-Training.

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Introductory and intermediate music theory lessons, exercises, ear trainers, and calculators.