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President Harry Truman issues Executive Order 9981 to end segregation in the Armed Services. One of the six orders states, "There shall be created in the national Military Establishment an advisory committee to be known as the President's Committee on Equality of Treatment and Opportunity in the Armed Services, which shall be composed of seven members to be designated by the President.

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Brown v.s Board of Education (May 17, 1954)

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Brown v.s Board of Education (May 17, 1954)

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A consolidation of five cases into one, is decided by the Supreme Court, effectively ending racial segregation in public schools. Many schools, however, remained segregated. Brown v. Board of Education was one of the cornerstones of the civil rights movement, and helped establish the precedent that “separate-but-equal” education and other services were not, in fact, equal at all.

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A 14-year-old from Chicago is brutally murdered in Mississippi for allegedly flirting with a white woman. His murderers are acquitted, and the case bring international attention to the civil rights movement after Jet magazine publishes a photo of Till’s beaten body at his open-casket funeral.

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Representation of how life changed for African Americans 

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Representation of how life changed for African Americans 

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Rosa Parks Bus Boycott (December 1, 1965)

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Rosa Parks Bus Boycott (December 1, 1965)

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Rosa Parks refuses to give up her seat to a white man on a Montgomery, Alabama bus. Her defiant stance prompts a year-long Montgomery bus boycott.  This inspired other young African Americans to peacefully protest on buses. She became a national symbol of hope for the civil rights movement.

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On the evening of December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks, an African American, was arrested for disobeying an Alabama law requiring black passengers to relinquish seats to white passengers when the bus was full. Blacks also were required to sit at the back of the bus. Her arrest sparked a 381-day boycott of the Montgomery bus system and led to a 1956 Supreme Court decision banning segregation on public transportation. “Differences of race, nationality or religion should not be used to deny any human being citizenship rights or privileges”

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Montgomery Bus Boycott (December 5 1955) 

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Montgomery Bus Boycott (December 5 1955) 

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This boycott was born after Rosa Parks was arrested for refusing to give up her seat on a bus in Montgomery, Ala., to a white male passenger. Martin Luther then proposed a citywide boycott against racial segregation on the public transportation system. African Americans stopped using the system and would walk or get rides instead. The boycott continued for 381 days and was very effective.

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Shows the difference in the number of African Americans voting. 

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Shows the difference in the number of African Americans voting. 

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Six Black Pastors & Civil Rights Leaders Meet (January 10, 1957)

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Six Black Pastors & Civil Rights Leaders Meet (January 10, 1957)

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Six Black pastors and civil rights leaders from several southern states—including Martin Luther King, Jr.—meet in Atlanta, Georgia to coordinate nonviolent protests against racial discrimination and segregation.

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A group of Nine African American teenagers were enrolled in an all white school. On the first day of school at Central High Governor Faubus called in the Arkansas National Guard to block the children from getting in. This lasted about a month. It got so bad that President Eisenhower sent in troops to escort them into the school. They were later known as as the Little Rock Nine.

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Shows growth in African American population in the United States 1860

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Shows growth in African American population in the United States 1860

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Shows growth in African American population in the United States 2010

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Shows growth in African American population in the United States 2010

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On February 1st 1960 a new tactic was added to peaceful protests. Four African American college students sat at a whites only local store and asked for coffee. They refused to serve them but the students sat there quiet and patiently waited to be served. The students were threatened and most times got food thrown at them, some also got physically attacked. These protest were used to show that the aggression and violence was coming from white people. Before the end of the school year over 1500 African Americans were arrested.

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Across the nation, more than 70 percent of African Americans voted for Kennedy, and these votes provided the winning edge in several key states. When President Kennedy took office in January 1961, African Americans had high expectations for the new administration. He appointed unprecedented numbers of African Americans to high-level positions in the administration and strengthened the Civil Rights Commission. “Today, we are committed to a worldwide struggle to promote and protect the rights of all who wish to be free. … It ought to to be possible, in short, for every American to enjoy the privileges of being American without regard to his race or his color.”

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Boycott of certain businesses that hired only white people or maintained segregated restrooms. Protesters used nonviolent tactics such as marches and sit-ins with the goal of getting arrested. Getting arrested would show that they were not the aggressors. They also did this so that the city jail would become crowded.

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This was the largest political rally for human rights ever in the United States. An estimated 200,000 to 300,000 participants converged on the Mall in Washington, D.C.. They marched to protest for jobs and freedom for African Americans. This is also where Dr. King delivered his iconic “I Have a Dream” speech on the steps of the Lincoln Memorial.

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Martin Luther King: "I Have a Dream" (August 28 1963)

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Martin Luther King: "I Have a Dream" (August 28 1963)

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The “I Have a Dream” speech, delivered by Martin Luther King, Jr. before a crowd of some 250,000 people at the 1963 March on Washington, remains one of the most famous speeches in history. Weaving in references to the country’s Founding Fathers and the Bible, King used universal themes to depict the struggles of African Americans before closing with an improvised riff on his dreams of equality. “Our lives begin to end the day we become silent about things that matter.”

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Lyndon B. Johnson became president (November 22, 1963)

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Lyndon B. Johnson became president (November 22, 1963)

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Lyndon B. Johnson became the 36th president after the assassination of Kennedy.  He was assassinated by Lee Harvey Oswald. He was murdered while in Dallas, Texas.

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Signing of the Voting Rights Bill (August 6, 1965)

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Signing of the Voting Rights Bill (August 6, 1965)

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Before passage of the Voting Rights Act, an estimated 23 percent of eligible Black voters were registered nationwide; by 1969 that number rose to 61 percent. By 1980, the percentage of the adult Black population on Southern voter rolls surpassed that in the rest of the country, the historian James C. Cobb wrote in 2015, adding that by the mid-1980s there were more Black people in public office in the South than in the rest of the nation combined.

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Martin Luther King Opposing Viet-Cong War (April 4, 1967)

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Martin Luther King Opposing Viet-Cong War (April 4, 1967)

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Martin Luther King Jr. speaking out against the Viet-Cong war and how it's affecting the black movement. While King was personally opposed to the war, he was concerned that publicly criticizing U.S. foreign policy would damage his relationship with President Lyndon B. Johnson, who had been instrumental in passing civil rights legislation and who had declared in April 1965 that he was willing to negotiate a diplomatic end to the war in Vietnam. Though he avoided condemning the war outright, at the August 1965 annual Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC) convention King called for a halt to bombing in North Vietnam

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Shows that African Americans were getting better pay and job opportunities which led to a decrease in poverty rates.

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Shows that African Americans were getting better pay and job opportunities which led to a decrease in poverty rates.

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Protesters March to U.N. (April  15, 1967)

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Protesters March to U.N. (April  15, 1967)

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400,000 march to U.N. building and hear speeches by Martin Luther King and Dr. Benjamin Spock.

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Charges are put together and lead to rioting at '68 Chicago convention. The defendants use the proceedings to put the war on a trial. Bobby Seale of the Black Panthers, denounced Hoffman as a racist and demanded a separate trial. Shortly after the trial began, Seale loudly protested by attempting to examine his own witnesses. Judge Hoffman took the unusual measure of having Seale bound and gagged at the defendant’s table before eventually separating his trial and sentencing him to 48 months in prison.

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S.A.L.T. Negotiation Begins (November 17, 1969)

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S.A.L.T. Negotiation Begins (November 17, 1969)

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The Strategic Arms Limitation Talks (SALT) of U.S. and the USSR. This tension between Russia and the United States shifted. It took the attention away from the black movement.

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For the most part, the Viet Cong fought essentially a guerrilla war of ambush, terrorism, and sabotage. The ending of the war was caused by the PRG taking control of the government and then eradicating all the communist viets by also joining the national united front.

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https://docs.google.com/document/d/1CUacExP9yNyoIv9T7sG_Un5N8Hmm_cLmQfk5PS1vT9M/edit