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The skull is composed of 22 bones that are fused together except for the mandible. These 21 fused bones are separate in children to allow the skull and brain to grow, but fuse to give added strength and protection as an adult.

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The hypothalamus  is a part of the brain located superior and anterior to the brain stem and inferior to the thalamus. It serves many different functions in the nervous system , and is also responsible for the direct control of the endocrine system through the pituitary gland. The hypothalamus contains special cells called neurosecretory cells neurons that secrete hormones.

The pituitary gland , also known as the hypophysis, is a small pea-sized lump of tissue connected to the inferior portion of the hypothalamus of the brain.

The pineal gland is a small pine cone-shaped mass of glandular tissue found just posterior to the thalamus of the brain.The pineal gland produces the hormone melatonin that helps to regulate the human sleep-wake cycle known as the circadian rhythm.

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                       digestive system 

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                       digestive system 

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the function of the digestive system is to digestion and absorption. digestion is the break down of food into small molecules, which are then absorbed into the body.

Food begins its journey through the digestive system in the mouth, also known as the oral cavity. Inside the mouth are many accessory organs that aid in the digestion of food the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands. Teeth chop food into small pieces, which are moistened by saliva before the tongue and other muscles push the food into the pharynx.

the pharynx also known as the throat is a funnel shaped tube connected to the end of the mouth. The pharynx is responsible for the passing of chewed food from the mouth to the esophagus.the pharynx also plays a roll in the respiratory system because the air from the nasal cavity passes through the pharynx  on its way to the larynx and eventually the lungs.

The esophagus is a muscular tube connecting the pharynx to the stomach. It carries swallowed masses of chewed food along its length. at the end of the esophagus is a muscular ring called the lower esophageal sphincter. The function of the ring is to close of the end of the esophagus and trap food in the stomach.

The stomach is a muscular sac that is located on the left side of the abdominal cavity. the stomach acts like a storage tank for food so the body can properly digest the food. The stomach also contains hydrochloric acid and digestive enzymes that continue the digestion of food that began in the mouth.

the small intestine is about ten feet long. the small intestine has folds that help maximize the absorption of nutrients. by the time the food leaves the small intestine it has extracted about 90% of the nutrients.

the large intestine is a long thick tube that is about 5 feet long. It is located just inferior to the stomach and wraps around border of the small intestine. it absorbs water and has bacteria that helps the breakdown of waste to extract some nutrients.

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The Nervous System, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #8

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Respiratory System, Part 1: Crash Course Anatomy & Physiology #31

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                       respiratory system

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                       respiratory system

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the primary organs in the respiratory system are the lungs, which take in oxygen and release carbon dioxide when we breathe. the main function of this system is to breathe in oxygen and breathe out carbon dioxide.

The nose and nasal cavity form the main external opening for the respiratory system and are the first section of the body’s airway. the nose is the structure of the face that supports and protects the anterior portion of the nasal cavity. the nasal cavity is the space within the nose and the skull. the function of the nasal cavity is to warm and filter air entering the body before it reaches the lungs.

the oral cavity, also known as the mouth is the secondary external opening for the respiratory tract. breathing takes place in the nasal cavity but the oral cavity can be used to replace the nasal cavity functions if needed.

The lungs are a pair of large, spongy organs found in the thorax lateral to the heart and superior to the diaphragm. Each lung is surrounded by a pleural membrane that provides the lung with space to expand.The left and right lungs are slightly different in size and shape due to the heart pointing to the left side of the body. The left lung is slightly smaller than the right lung and is made up of 2 lobes while the right lung has 3 lobes.

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                                 Nervous system

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                                 Nervous system

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the nervous system is the network of nerve cells and fibers that transmits nerve impulses between parts of the body.

most of the nervous system is tissue made up of 2 types of cells, neurons and neurolgia

neurons communicate with the body by sending electrochemical signals.

neurolgia also known as glial cells are like helper of the nervous system. every neuron cell is surrounded by 6 to 60 neurolgia that protect, feed, and insulate the neuron.

the brain is a soft, wrinkled organ located in the cranial cavity. the bones of the skull surround and protect the brain. the brain and the spinal cord together form the central nervous system. in the central nervous system information is processed and responses originate.

the spinal cord is a long, thin mass of bundled neurons that carries information through the vertebral cavity of the spine.

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                                     Muscular System

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                                     Muscular System

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the main function of of the muscular system is movement. muscles are the only tissue in the body that can contract and therefore moving other parts in the body

another function is the maintenance of posture and body position.

there are three types of muscle tissue, visceral, cardiac, and skeletal.

Visceral muscle is found in organs like the stomach, intestines, and blood vessels. this muscle is the weakest of all the muscles. visceral muscles make organs contract to move substance through the organ. the visceral muscle is known as involuntary because it can not be directly controlled by the conscious mind.

Cardiac muscle can only be found in the heart. the cardiac muscle found in the heart is what is responsible for pumping blood throughout the body. this muscle is also an involuntary which means it cannot be consciously controlled, but signals from the brain adjust the rate of contraction.

Skeletal muscle is the only voluntary muscle tissue in the body. every physical action that a person consciously does like speaking and writing requires skeletal muscle. the function of this muscle is to contract to move parts of the body closer to the bone that muscle is attached to.