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Transcription factors are proteins involved in the process of converting, or transcribing, DNA into RNA. They include a wide number of proteins, except for RNA polymerase, which initiate and regulate the transcription of genes.

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Chromatin is made up of DNA and proteins called histones. DNA wraps around the histones then coils into a chromosome shape. hi

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Alternative splicing (AS) therefore is a process by which exons or portions of exons or noncoding regions within a pre-mRNA transcript are differentially joined or skipped, resulting in multiple protein isoforms being encoded by a single gene

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Operon: a unit of genetic regulation common in prokaryotes; a cluster of genes w/ related functions, along with the promoter and operator that control their transcription.
Operator: In Prokaryotic DNA, a sequence of nucleotides near the start of an operon to which an active repressor can attach. The binding of a repressor prevents RNA polymerase from attaching to the promoter and transcribing the genes of the operon.
Repressor: A protein that blocks the transcription of a gene or operon.
Promoter: A specific nucleotide sequence in DNA located at the start of a gene that is the binding site for RNA polymerase and the lace where transcription begins.
Regulatory Gene: A gene that codes for a protein, such as a repressor, that controls the transcription of another gene or group of genes.

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1)miRNA associates with  large protein complex
2)The complex can bind to any mRNA molecule with the complementary sequence
3) miRNA -protein complex degrades the target mRNA or
4) blocks its translation.

- defense against viruses

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1) X chromosome inactivation is initiated early in embryonic development, when one of the two X chromosomes in each cell is inactivated at random
2) Once an X chromosome is inactivated, all descendant cells have the same copy turned off.
3) Example: The tortoiseshell cat has orange and black  patches of fur, the relevant fur-color gene is on the X chromosome, and the tortoiseshell phenotype needs two different alleles, one for orange fur and the other for black

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Breakdown of mRNA in the cytoplasm determines the amount of protein produced

Short-lived mRNA tend to make less protein, long-lived mRNA tend to make more

Initiation of Translation is made possible by many proteins

Protein Activation: Alterations are required to make proteins functional after translation

ex. Insulin does nothing after creation in the pancreas. Folding of the polypeptide and covalent bonds between sulfur-containing amino acids followed by removal of a larger section make the protein functional.

Protein Breakdown:  Proteins must be broken down when not in use