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Tayla

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Lumbago (Related to the Muscular system)

What is lumbago?

Defined as the pain in the muscles and joints of the lower back, with mild to severe pain or discomfort that can be sudden or chronic if it has lasted for more than three months. It is a very common condition that most people will experience at some point in their life, and can occur at any age. It is particularly common in younger people whose work involves physical effect and the elderly. In most cases it settles down in a few weeks but for some it is a persistent problem.

What causes lumbago?

It is impossible to identify the exact cause of low back pain, and there could have been tiny strains or tears of some of the small muscles and ligaments, which can be difficult to pinpoint within the complex structure that is the human back. Often, people who suffer from lumbago are also suffering from conditions like arthritis of tiny joints called facet joints between the vertebral bones, a slipped disc (prolapse of an intervertebral disc), a collapse or fracture of one or more vertebrae (older patients especially when they have fallen or there is osteoporosis or brittle bones), deformation of natural spine curvature (scoliosis) or more rarely, skeletal damage due to tumours or infection.

What are the symptoms of lumbago?

Pain across the lower part of the back that sometimes radiates into the buttocks, the back of the thigh or to the groin. The pain is usually worse on movement.

Limitation in movement of the spine – especially bending forward and leaning back.

Tense spasm of the muscles surrounding the spine and causing a stiff back.

With severe pain and spasm, the back may tilt to one side causing a change in posture or a limp.

The pain is sometimes accompanied by a tingling sensation or numbness in the back or buttocks or leg, which may pass right down into the foot. This is called sciatica, and it indicates irritation of the sciatic nerve, which passes down from each side of the spine to the feet.

What can be done to ease back pain?

Use simple painkillers regularly. Your GP may also sometimes prescribe special medicines which relax the muscles of the back. Painkillers should be taken regularly throughout the day, for a couple of days, not just when pain becomes intolerable.

Activity is beneficial and to stay active the best you can without putting too much strain on the back. This helps to keep the muscles that support the spine strong and prevents scar tissue from forming and causing stiffness- exercise stretches are effective.

Warmth (such as hot packs or capsaicin heat creams) helps, as does swimming in a warm pool or Cold ice packs on tension of the back that is suffering from inflammation.

Rest and sleep lying on a firm, flat surface.

Avoid bad posture, bending, lifting and sitting on low chairs.

A course of manual therapy such as physiotherapy, or treatment from an osteopath or chiropractor, who may incorporate a course of acupuncture and exercise programmes for maintenance between sessions to help strengthen the muscles of the back.

Effectiveness on treatment

If a client was to come for a treatment when suffering from Lumbago, you would need to ensure that the client is comfortable throughout the treatment and reduce putting as least amount of strain on the back: A therapist changing clients position- turning then over quicker than normal to take the strain of the back, also you could do this by placing a pillow under the knees or bending the lower electrical bed to raise the knee. The client may find massaging on the back more sensitive than normal therefore the therapist should adapt the pressure accordingly, however by having frequent massages between chiropractors sessions are advised for effective improvement. Lumbago doesn’t prevent or restrict a treatment, only to modify specific treatments to ensure client comfort is achieved.

Reference:

http://www.netdoctor.co.uk/conditions/aches-and-pains/a2845/low-back-pain-lumbago/ - Assessed 20/01/17

http://www.spine-health.com/conditions/lower-back-pain/understanding-low-back-pain-lumbago - Assessed 20/01/17

Useful video: http://www.spine-health.com/video/video-what-lumbago

Parkinson’s (Related to the Nervous system)

What is Parkinson’s?

A condition in which parts of the brain become progressively damaged over many years.

What causes Parkinson’s?

Parkinson's disease is caused by a loss of nerve cells in part of the brain called the substantia nigra. This leads to a reduction in a chemical called dopamine in the brain. Genetics can also be a cause of suffering from Parkinson’s disease.

What are the symptoms of Parkinson’s?

involuntary shaking of particular parts of the body (tremor)

slow movement – affect everyday tasks

stiff and inflexible muscles – causes painful muscle cramps

depression and anxiety

balance problems – this may increase the chance of a fall

loss of sense of smell (anosmis)

After several years problems sleeping can arise (insomnia)

memory problems and dementia

nerve pain- unpleasant sensations, such as burning, coldness or numbness

problems with urination –frequently during the night to urinate or unintentionally passing urine

excessive sweating (hyperhidrosis)

swallowing difficulties (dysphagia)

What can be done to help Parkinson’s?

Currently there is no cure for Parkinson's disease, although treatments are available to help reduce the main symptoms and maintain quality of life for as long as possible, including: supportive therapy treatments such as physiotherapy and occupational therapy, medication to control and monitor condition and brain surgery for some people.

Effectiveness on treatment

If a client came for a treatment who was suffering from Parkinson’s disease it could restrict a treatment taking place depending on how the client is feeling at the time of treatment. The therapist should take extra time to ensure the client is feeling special, comfortable and enjoying their treatment. It can be easier if the client has another person accompanying them in case they have an outbreak that the therapist is unable to control.

References:

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Parkinsons-disease/Pages/Introduction.aspx - Assessed 20/01/17

Phlebitis (Related to Cardiovascular system)

What is Phlebitis?

Defined as the inflammation of a vein, and this is usually on the lower leg. It can be quiet painful but shouldn’t affect a person’s daily task. There is a small risk of a blood clot travelling around the body and causing problems in a vein deeper under the skin, called deep vein thrombosis: This can cause more pain and swelling, plus aching in a leg.

What causes Phlebitis?

Happens when a vein gets inflamed due to blood clots or damage to the walls of the vein.

What are the symptoms of Phlebitis?

·         Painful, hard lumps underneath the skin

·         Redness of the overlying skin

What can be done to help Phlebitis?

raise the leg to help reduce swelling

wear compression stockings to help reduce swelling

keep active, to keep the blood circulating

press a cold flannel over the vein to ease any pain

take anti-inflammatory painkillers (aspirin is best) to ease any pain

rub an anti-inflammatory cream or gel on the area if the affected area is only small

Effectiveness on treatment

This will restrict some treatments for instance you should avoid the area for massage, however this could be worked on for IPL skin treatments.

References:

http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/phlebitis/Pages/Introduction.aspx - Assessed 20/01/17

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Reflexs

Your brain’s role

Your brain gets involved by modifying and fine-tuning reflex actions. For example, when you trip and fall, reflexes automatically command your hands and arms to reach out and break your fall. Muscles will contract throughout your body to minimize injury. But what if you were carrying a priceless object, say, a Ming vase? Would you drop the vase in order to use your hands to break the fall?

Not necessarily, experts say. Within 10 to 30 milliseconds after tripping, the conscious motor centers of the brain would take control of the fall, weighing the chances of breaking the vase versus breaking your neck.

If the object in your hands is important enough to you, you can modify the reflex action and keep a grip on the vase.

Modifying reaction time

Reflexes do play a role in reaction time. Some people are born with faster reflexes. Electrical impulses actually travel more quickly through their nerves. But you can also speed up nerve conduction through practice.

A soccer player, for example, can improve his running or kicking, and in the process, his knee jerk might get faster. But those kinds of improvements are specific to the activity. A soccer player's feet and legs might develop faster nerve conduction than average. But if that same soccer player were to engage in a contest of finger speed with a classical pianist, the pianist would win, hands down.

The real key to reaction time is practice. By repeating the same movements, you make them almost automatic. That's why professional baseball players can dive to catch a sizzling line drive. And it’s also why once you learn to ride a bike, you never forget.

These actions aren’t classical reflexes, but with so much practice, your movements almost mimic a reflex. They are motor skills that have been etched into your nerves and brain so that those motor pathways are almost reflexive.

Reflexes and age

Reflexes do slow with age. Physical changes in nerve fibers slow the speed of conduction. And the parts of the brain involved in motor control lose cells over time. But the effect of age on reflexes and reaction time varies tremendously from person to person. You can actually slow down — even reverse — the effects of aging by staying physically active

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Lauren Dibling

Polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR) is a condition that causes pain, stiffness and inflammation in the muscles around the shoulders, neck and hips.

The main symptom is muscle stiffness in the morning that lasts longer than 45 minutes. It may also cause other symptoms, including:

high temperature (fever) and sweating

extreme tiredness (fatigue)

loss of appetite

weight loss

depression

If you have pain and stiffness that lasts longer than a week, you should see your GP so the cause can be investigated.

Diagnosing polymyalgia rheumatica can be difficult because the symptoms are similar to those of many other conditions, includingrheumatoid arthritis. These conditions will need to be ruled out before polymyalgia rheumatica is diagnosed.

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Lauren Dibling

Atherosclerosis is a potentially serious condition where arteries become clogged with fatty substances called plaques, or atheroma.

These plaques cause the arteries to harden and narrow, restricting the blood flow and oxygen supply to vital organs, and increasing the risk ofblood clots that could potentially block the flow of blood to the heart or brain.

Atherosclerosis doesn't tend to have any symptoms at first, and many people may be unaware they have it, but it can eventually cause life-threatening problems such as heart attacks and strokes if it gets worse.

However, the condition is largely preventable with a healthy lifestyle, and treatment can help reduce the risk of serious problems occurring.

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Osteoporosis – This is a condition that weakens the bones, making them fragile and more likely to break. The condition develops slowly over several years and is often diagnosed when a minor fall causes a bone fracture. Common injuries in people with osteoporosis are: wrist fractures, hip fractures and fractures of the spine, however, it can also occur in other bones in the body. It is more common in older people but can affect younger people. Women are more at risk than men due to the hormone change during menopause. Oestrogen is found in the bones so after the menopause the levels of oestrogen falls. The risk factors include: hyperthyroidism, disorders of the adrenal glands, disorders of the pituitary gland, family history of the condition, a BMI of 19 or less, eating disorders, heavy drinking and smoking and arthritis. We wouldn’t treat someone with osteoporosis unless they had medical consent.

Depression – it can occur due to several things. The causes of depression can be: a stressful event – this includes things like bereavement or relationship breakdown; Your personality – some people are more vulnerable to depression if they have certain personality traits such as low self-esteem or being overly self-critical; family history – if you have a close family member that has it then you are more likely to develop it; giving birth; loneliness; drugs and alcohol; illness. The symptoms are: continuous low mood or sadness, feeling hopeless and helpless, having low self-esteem, feeling tearful, feeling guilt-ridden, feeling irritable and intolerant of others, having no motivation or interest in things, finding it difficult to make decisions, not getting any enjoyment out of life, feeling anxious or worried, having suicidal thoughts or thoughts of harming yourself.

Hypertension – (high blood pressure). The cause isn’t exactly known, however, there are factor that can increase your risk of having high blood pressure. These include: your age – the older you are the more at risk you are, family history of it, high amount of slat in your diet, lack of exercise, being obese or overweight, smoking, drinking large amounts of alcohol regularly and long term sleep deprivation. The known causes include: kidney disease, diabetes, kidney infections, obstructive sleep apnoea, narrowing of the arteries supplying the kidneys, hormone problems, lupus and scleroderma. Some medication can cause high blood pressure: the combined oral contraceptive pill, steroid medication, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) – such as ibuprofen and naproxen, some over-the-counter cough and cold remedies, some herbal remedies – particularly those containing liquorice, some recreational drugs – such as cocaine and amphetamines, some selective serotonin-noradrenaline reuptake inhibitor (SSNRI) antidepressants – such as venlafaxine.

Pneumonia – this is swelling (inflammation) of the tissue in one or both lungs. It's usually caused by a bacterial infection. At the end of the breathing tubes in your lungs are clusters of tiny air sacs. If you have pneumonia, these tiny sacs become inflamed and fill up with fluid. The symptoms include: A cough – which can become dry and produce think mucus; difficulty breathing; rapid heartbeat, fever, feeling unwell, sweating and shivering, loss of appetite and chest pain.

[MM1]http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Osteoporosis/Pages/Causes.aspx

[MM2]http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Depression/Pages/Causes.aspx

[MM3]http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Blood-pressure-(high)/Pages/Causes.aspx

[MM4]http://www.nhs.uk/Conditions/Pneumonia/Pages/Introduction.aspx

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Lauren Dibling

Osteoarthritis is a condition that affects your joints. The surfaces within your joints become damaged so the joint doesn’t move as smoothly as it should (see Figures 1 and 2). The condition is sometimes called arthrosis or osteoarthrosis. Older terms are degenerative joint disease or wear and tear.

When a joint develops osteoarthritis, some of the cartilage covering the ends of the bones gradually roughens and becomes thin, and the bone underneath thickens. All the tissues within the joint become more active than normal – as if your body is trying to repair the damage:

The bone at the edge of your joint grows outwards, forming bony spurs called osteophytes.

The synovium (the inner layer of the joint capsule which produces synovial fluid) may thicken and make extra fluid. This causes your joint to swell.

The capsule and ligaments (tough bands that hold the joint together) slowly thicken and contract as if they were trying to make your joint more stable.

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Lauren Dibling

Lymphoma occurs when lymphocytes (white blood cells that help to fight infection) become out of control. They divide in an abnormal way or do not die when they should.

Healthy lymphocytes travel around your body in your lymphatic system, which is part of your immune system. The lymphatic system runs throughout your body and includes lymph nodes (glands) as well as organs of your immune system like your thymus and your spleen. Lymphocytes collect in your lymph nodes ready to fight infection. Lymph nodes are found throughout your body, often in groups.

If you have lymphoma, abnormal lymphocytes can collect in your lymph nodes, often in your armpits, neck or groin. However, abnormal lymphocytes can collect in almost any part of your body. They might be found in lymph nodes deeper in your body or in other parts of your lymphatic system, like your spleen. Less commonly, lymphoma can be extranodal, which means it starts in areas outside of the lymphatic system. These areas can include your lungs, liver or bones.

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Varicose veins

Symptoms

Varicose veins may not cause any pain. Signs you may have with varicose veins include:

·         Veins that are dark purple or blue in colour

·         Veins that appear twisted and bulging; often like cords on your legs

When painful signs and symptoms occur, they may include:

·         An achy or heavy feeling in your legs

·         Burning, throbbing, muscle cramping and swelling in your lower legs

·         Worsened pain after sitting or standing for a long time

·         Itching around one or more of your veins

·         Bleeding from varicose veins

·         A painful cord in the vein with red discoloration of the skin

·         Color changes, hardening of the vein, inflammation of the skin or skin ulcers near your ankle, which can mean you have a serious form of vascular disease that requires medical attention.

Causes of varicose veins can include:

·         Age. As you get older, your veins can lose elasticity, causing them to stretch. The valves in your veins may become weak, allowing blood that should be moving toward your heart to flow backward.

Blood pools in your veins, and your veins enlarge and become varicose. The veins appear blue because they contain deoxygenated blood, which is in the process of being recirculated through the lungs.

·         Pregnancy. Some pregnant women develop varicose veins. Pregnancy increases the volume of blood in your body, but decreases the flow of blood from your legs to your pelvis. This circulatory change is designed to support the growing fetus, but it can produce an unfortunate side effect — enlarged veins in your legs.

Varicose veins may surface for the first time or may worsen during late pregnancy, when your uterus exerts greater pressure on the veins in your legs. Changes in your hormones during pregnancy also may play a role. Varicose veins that develop during pregnancy generally improve without medical treatment three to 12 months after delivery.

Risk factors

These factors increase your risk of developing varicose veins:

·         Age. The risk of varicose veins increases with age. Aging causes wear and tear on the valves in your veins that help regulate blood flow. Eventually, that wear causes the valves to allow some blood to flow back into your veins where it collects instead of flowing up to your heart.

·         Sex. Women are more likely to develop the condition. Hormonal changes during pregnancy, premenstruation or menopause may be a factor because female hormones tend to relax vein walls. Taking hormone replacement therapy or birth control pills may increase your risk of varicose veins.

·         Family history. If other family members had varicose veins, there's a greater chance you will too.

·         Obesity. Being overweight puts added pressure on your veins.

·         Standing or sitting for long periods of time. Your blood doesn't flow as well if you're in the same position for long periods.

Complications

Complications of varicose veins, although rare, can include:

·         Ulcers. Extremely painful ulcers may form on the skin near varicose veins, particularly near the ankles. Ulcers are caused by long-term fluid buildup in these tissues, caused by increased pressure of blood within affected veins.

A discolored spot on the skin usually begins before an ulcer forms. See your doctor immediately if you suspect you've developed an ulcer.

·         Blood clots. Occasionally, veins deep within the legs become enlarged. In such cases, the affected leg may swell considerably. Any sudden leg swelling warrants urgent medical attention because it may indicate a blood clot — a condition known medically as thrombophlebitis.

·         Bleeding. Occasionally, veins very close to the skin may burst. This usually causes only minor bleeding. But, any bleeding warrants medical attention because there's a high risk it can happen again.

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Tuberculosis (TB) is a bacterial infection spread through inhaling tiny droplets from the coughs or sneezes of an infected person
Typical symptoms of TB include:

a persistent cough that lasts more than three weeks and usually brings up phlegm, which may be bloody

weight loss

night sweats

high temperature (fever)

tiredness and fatigue

TB is a bacterial infection. TB that affects the lungs (pulmonary TB) is the most contagious type, but it usually only spreads after prolonged exposure to someone with the illness.
In most healthy people, the body's natural defence against infection and illness (the immune system) kills the bacteria and there are no symptoms.
Sometimes the immune system can't kill the bacteria, but manages to prevent it spreading in the body

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A heart attack (myocardial infarction) is usually caused by a blood clot, which stops the blood flowing to a part of your heart muscle. You should call for an ambulance immediately if you develop severe chest pain. Treatment with a clot-busting medicine or an emergency procedure to restore the blood flow through the blocked blood vessel are usually done as soon as possible. This is to prevent or minimise any damage to your heart muscle. Other treatments help to ease the pain and to prevent complications. Reducing various risk factors can help to prevent a heart attack.

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Stroke symptoms•	Trouble with speaking and understanding. You may experience confusion. You may slur your words or have difficulty understanding speech.•	Paralysis or numbness of the face, arm or leg. You may develop sudden numbness, weakness or paralysis in your face, arm or leg, especially on one side of your body. Try to raise both your arms over your head at the same time. If one arm begins to fall, you may be having a stroke. Similarly, one side of your mouth may droop when you try to smile.•	Trouble with seeing in one or both eyes. You may suddenly have blurred or blackened vision in one or both eyes, or you may see double.•	Headache. A sudden, severe headache, which may be accompanied by vomiting, dizziness or altered consciousness, may indicate you're having a stroke.•	Trouble with walking. You may stumble or experience sudden dizziness, loss of balance or loss of coordination.Seek immediate medical attention if you notice any signs or symptoms of a stroke, CausesA stroke occurs when the blood supply to your brain is interrupted or reduced. This deprives your brain of oxygen and nutrients, which can cause your brain cells to die.A stroke may be caused by a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or the leaking or bursting of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke). Some people may experience only a temporary disruption of blood flow to their brain (transient ischemic attack, or TIA).Ischemic strokeAbout 85 percent of strokes are ischemic strokes. Ischemic strokes occur when the arteries to your brain become narrowed or blocked, causing severely reduced blood flow (ischemia). The most common ischemic strokes include:•	Thrombotic stroke. A thrombotic stroke occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one of the arteries that supply blood to your brain. A clot may be caused by fatty deposits (plaque) that build up in arteries and cause reduced blood flow (atherosclerosis) or other artery conditions.•	Embolic stroke. An embolic stroke occurs when a blood clot or other debris forms away from your brain — commonly in your heart — and is swept through your bloodstream to lodge in narrower brain arteries. This type of blood clot is called an embolus.Lifestyle risk factors•	Being overweight or obese•	Physical inactivity•	Heavy or binge drinking•	Use of illicit drugs such as cocaine and methamphetaminesMedical risk factors•	High blood pressure — the risk of stroke begins to increase at blood pressure readings higher than 120/80 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Your doctor will help you decide on a target blood pressure based on your age, whether you have diabetes and other factors.•	Cigarette smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke.•	High cholesterol.•	Diabetes.•	Obstructive sleep apnea — a sleep disorder in which the oxygen level intermittently drops during the night.•	Cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, heart defects, heart infection or abnormal heart rhythm.ComplicationsA stroke can sometimes cause temporary or permanent disabilities, depending on how long the brain lacks blood flow and which part was affected. Complications may include:•	Paralysis or loss of muscle movement. You may become paralyzed on one side of your body, or lose control of certain muscles, such as those on one side of your face or one arm. Physical therapy may help you return to activities hampered by paralysis, such as walking, eating and dressing.•	Difficulty talking or swallowing. A stroke may cause you to have less control over the way the muscles in your mouth and throat move, making it difficult for you to talk clearly (dysarthria), swallow or eat (dysphagia). You also may have difficulty with language (aphasia), including speaking or understanding speech, reading or writing. Therapy with a speech and language pathologist may help.•	Memory loss or thinking difficulties. Many people who have had strokes experience some memory loss. Others may have difficulty thinking, making judgments, reasoning and understanding concepts.•	Emotional problems. People who have had strokes may have more difficulty controlling their emotions, or they may develop depression.•	Pain. People who have had strokes may have pain, numbness or other strange sensations in parts of their bodies affected by stroke. For example, if a stroke causes you to lose feeling in your left arm, you may develop an uncomfortable tingling sensation in that arm.People also may be sensitive to temperature changes, especially extreme cold after a stroke. This complication is known as central stroke pain or central pain syndrome. This condition generally develops several weeks after a stroke, and it may improve over time. But because the pain is caused by a problem in your brain, rather than a physical injury, there are few treatments.•	Changes in behavior and self-care ability. People who have had strokes may become more withdrawn and less social or more impulsive. They may need help with grooming and daily chores.As with any brain injury, the success of treating these complications will vary from person to person.

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Stroke symptoms•	Trouble with speaking and understanding. You may experience confusion. You may slur your words or have difficulty understanding speech.•	Paralysis or numbness of the face, arm or leg. You may develop sudden numbness, weakness or paralysis in your face, arm or leg, especially on one side of your body. Try to raise both your arms over your head at the same time. If one arm begins to fall, you may be having a stroke. Similarly, one side of your mouth may droop when you try to smile.•	Trouble with seeing in one or both eyes. You may suddenly have blurred or blackened vision in one or both eyes, or you may see double.•	Headache. A sudden, severe headache, which may be accompanied by vomiting, dizziness or altered consciousness, may indicate you're having a stroke.•	Trouble with walking. You may stumble or experience sudden dizziness, loss of balance or loss of coordination.Seek immediate medical attention if you notice any signs or symptoms of a stroke, CausesA stroke occurs when the blood supply to your brain is interrupted or reduced. This deprives your brain of oxygen and nutrients, which can cause your brain cells to die.A stroke may be caused by a blocked artery (ischemic stroke) or the leaking or bursting of a blood vessel (hemorrhagic stroke). Some people may experience only a temporary disruption of blood flow to their brain (transient ischemic attack, or TIA).Ischemic strokeAbout 85 percent of strokes are ischemic strokes. Ischemic strokes occur when the arteries to your brain become narrowed or blocked, causing severely reduced blood flow (ischemia). The most common ischemic strokes include:•	Thrombotic stroke. A thrombotic stroke occurs when a blood clot (thrombus) forms in one of the arteries that supply blood to your brain. A clot may be caused by fatty deposits (plaque) that build up in arteries and cause reduced blood flow (atherosclerosis) or other artery conditions.•	Embolic stroke. An embolic stroke occurs when a blood clot or other debris forms away from your brain — commonly in your heart — and is swept through your bloodstream to lodge in narrower brain arteries. This type of blood clot is called an embolus.Lifestyle risk factors•	Being overweight or obese•	Physical inactivity•	Heavy or binge drinking•	Use of illicit drugs such as cocaine and methamphetaminesMedical risk factors•	High blood pressure — the risk of stroke begins to increase at blood pressure readings higher than 120/80 millimeters of mercury (mm Hg). Your doctor will help you decide on a target blood pressure based on your age, whether you have diabetes and other factors.•	Cigarette smoking or exposure to secondhand smoke.•	High cholesterol.•	Diabetes.•	Obstructive sleep apnea — a sleep disorder in which the oxygen level intermittently drops during the night.•	Cardiovascular disease, including heart failure, heart defects, heart infection or abnormal heart rhythm.ComplicationsA stroke can sometimes cause temporary or permanent disabilities, depending on how long the brain lacks blood flow and which part was affected. Complications may include:•	Paralysis or loss of muscle movement. You may become paralyzed on one side of your body, or lose control of certain muscles, such as those on one side of your face or one arm. Physical therapy may help you return to activities hampered by paralysis, such as walking, eating and dressing.•	Difficulty talking or swallowing. A stroke may cause you to have less control over the way the muscles in your mouth and throat move, making it difficult for you to talk clearly (dysarthria), swallow or eat (dysphagia). You also may have difficulty with language (aphasia), including speaking or understanding speech, reading or writing. Therapy with a speech and language pathologist may help.•	Memory loss or thinking difficulties. Many people who have had strokes experience some memory loss. Others may have difficulty thinking, making judgments, reasoning and understanding concepts.•	Emotional problems. People who have had strokes may have more difficulty controlling their emotions, or they may develop depression.•	Pain. People who have had strokes may have pain, numbness or other strange sensations in parts of their bodies affected by stroke. For example, if a stroke causes you to lose feeling in your left arm, you may develop an uncomfortable tingling sensation in that arm.People also may be sensitive to temperature changes, especially extreme cold after a stroke. This complication is known as central stroke pain or central pain syndrome. This condition generally develops several weeks after a stroke, and it may improve over time. But because the pain is caused by a problem in your brain, rather than a physical injury, there are few treatments.•	Changes in behavior and self-care ability. People who have had strokes may become more withdrawn and less social or more impulsive. They may need help with grooming and daily chores.As with any brain injury, the success of treating these complications will vary from person to person.

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Muscle cramp

Causes

Overuse of a muscle, dehydration, muscle strain or simply holding a position for a prolonged period can cause a muscle cramp. In many cases, however, the cause isn't known.

Although most muscle cramps are harmless, some may be related to an underlying medical condition, such as:

·         Inadequate blood supply. Narrowing of the arteries that deliver blood to your legs (arteriosclerosis of the extremities) can produce cramp-like pain in your legs and feet while you're exercising. These cramps usually go away soon after you stop exercising.

·         Nerve compression. Compression of nerves in your spine (lumbar stenosis) also can produce cramp-like pain in your legs. The pain usually worsens the longer you walk. Walking in a slightly flexed position — such as you would use when pushing a shopping cart ahead of you — may improve or delay the onset of your symptoms.

·         Mineral depletion. Too little potassium, calcium or magnesium in your diet can contribute to leg cramps. Diuretics — medications often prescribed for high blood pressure — also can deplete these minerals.

Risk factors

Factors that might increase your risk of muscle cramps include:

·         Age. Older people lose muscle mass, so the remaining muscle can get overstressed more easily.

·         Dehydration. Athletes who become fatigued and dehydrated while participating in warm-weather sports frequently develop muscle cramps.

·         Pregnancy. Muscle cramps also are common during pregnancy.

·         Medical conditions. You might be at higher risk of muscle cramps if you have diabetes, or nerve, liver or thyroid disorders.

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Angina pectoris is the medical term for chest pain or discomfort due to coronary heart disease.  It occurs when the heart muscle doesn't get as much blood as it needs. This usually happens because one or more of the heart's arteries is narrowed or blocked, also called ischemia. Any of the following may signal angina:

An uncomfortable pressure, fullness, squeezing, or pain in the center of the chest.

It may also feel like tightness, burning, or a heavy weight.

The pain may spread to the shoulders, neck, or arms.

It may be located in the upper abdomen, back, or jaw.

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Insomnia is difficulty getting to sleep or staying asleep for long enough to feel refreshed the next morning.
It's not always clear what triggers insomnia, but it's often associated with:

stress and anxiety

a poor sleeping environment – such as an uncomfortable bed, or a bedroom that's too light, noisy, hot or cold

lifestyle factors – such as jet lag, shift work, or drinking alcohol or caffeine before going to bed

mental health conditions – such as depression and schizophrenia

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is a group of muscle diseases that results in increasing weakening and breakdown of skeletal muscles over time. The disorders differ in which muscles are primarily affected, the degree of weakness, how fast they worsen, and when symptoms begin. Signs and symptoms typically appear between the ages of 2 and 3, and may include:

Frequent falls.

Difficulty getting up from a lying or sitting position.

Trouble running and jumping.

Waddling gait.

Walking on the toes.

Large calf muscles.

Muscle pain and stiffness.

Learning disabilities

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Cancer occurs when the cells in a certain area of your body divide and multiply too rapidly. This produces a lump of tissue known as a tumour.

chance of developing the condition, including: previous radiotherapy treatment, other bone conditions, such as Paget’s disease of the bone, a history of certain other conditions, including retinoblastoma and umbilical hernia

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Rheumatoid arthritis is a long-term condition that causes pain, swelling and stiffness in the joints. The symptoms usually affect the hands, feet and wrists.
Rheumatoid arthritis is an autoimmune disease. This means your immune system – which usually fights infection – attacks the cells that line your joints by mistake, making the joints swollen, stiff and painful.
There's no cure for rheumatoid arthritis. However, early diagnosis and appropriate treatment enables many people with rheumatoid arthritis to have periods of months or even years between flares.

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A fracture is a break, usually in a bone. If the broken bone punctures the skin, it is called an open or compound fracture. Fractures commonly happen because of car accidents, falls, or sports injuries. Other causes are low bone density and osteoporosis, which cause weakening of the bones.
Signs and symptoms of a broken bone include:

Swelling or bruising over a bone.

Deformity of an arm or leg.

Pain in the injured area that gets worse when the area is moved or pressure is applied.

Loss of function in the injured area.

In open fractures, bone protruding from the skin