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The first signs of agricultural practice took place in the Amazon Basin.  Evidence shows that potatoes, chilies and beans were being cultivated around this time(Brooks et al. 2005).

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Regionalism and Complexity in Amazonia AD1-1500

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Regionalism and Complexity in Amazonia AD1-1500

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Around 2,000 years ago the two linguistic diasporas had expanded to their maximum extent.  The Amazon was moving into an era marked by increasing regionalism.  Early examples of emergent social complexity are present(Scarre 2005).image credit:https://lindomaravilhosobrazil.wordpress.com/tag/brazil/

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Amazonia greatly exceeds the size of Europe, but has not been given nearly the same attention by archaeologists. Changes in social and ideological forces, especially the hierarchical systems of prestige and value may have been a primary stimulus for village dispersal of Arawak groups(Scarre 2005).

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The Inca were the largest ancient empire to arise south of the Equator and was built up of 80 political provinces.  Each were ethnically diverse and had their own linguistic identities, which meant that there were so many different languages, the government had to impose  Runa Simi when conducting government business.  image credit:http://www.trailblazer-guides.com/book/inca-trail-cusco-machu-picchu

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The Late Intermediate Period 1000-1476AD

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The Late Intermediate Period 1000-1476AD

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ChimAor was South America's second-largest native empire. They were established by an ancestor called Taycanamu, Chan Chan's nobility consolidated their hold over the Moche Vally by roughly AD 900(Scarre 2005).

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The Middle Horizon was a time of extreme changes among this region, including the expansion of th Wari and Tiwanaku in what is now Peru and Chile(Jennings et al. 2015).

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Chavin de Huantar is an ornate monument in what is currently Peru.  This was a place where the culture at this time in history could be expressed through their artwork and showed their concerns of dangerous animals(Scarre 2005). image credit:   https://ccrma.stanford.edu/groups/chavin/contact.html

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Lanning, Edward P. Peru before the Incas. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, 1967.
Scarre, Christopher. The Human Past: World Prehistory & the Development of Human Societies. London: Thames & Hudson, 2005.

Jennings, Justin, Yépez Álvarez, Willy, Yépez Álvarez, Willy, Alvarado Sánchez, Elina, Bautista, Stefanie, Bedregal, Patricia, Berg, Ingrid, Capriata Estrada, Camila, Collazos, Isabel, Edwards, Matthew J, Gavilán Vargas, Alcides, Huamán López, Oscar, Kellner, Corina M, Palma Malaga, Martha, Mendoza, Pablo, Montoya, Eduardo, Mora, Franco, Mummert, Amanda, Ochoa, Guadalupe, Ubillús, Marco, Vallejo, Irela, Vargas, Luz Antonio, and Velarde, Maria D. Tenahaha and the Wari State : A View of the Middle Horizon from the Cotahuasi Valley. Tuscaloosa: University Alabama Press, 2015.

Brooks, Richard, Geoffrey Parker, Parragon, Geoffrey Editor Barraclough, Ian Hudson Robert Barnes, Colin WilsonColin WilsonColin Wilson, History, Jeremy Black, Joseph Campbell, Jonathan Silverman Dean Rader, John Pimlott, Michael Dockrill, Hermann Hilgemann Werner Kinder, Patrick K. O'Brien, Arthur Banks, N/a, John Haywood, Pierre Ed. Vidal-Naquet, and Oddvar Bj-rklund. "Atlas of World Military History." AbeBooks. January 01, 2005. Accessed December 11, 2016. http://www.abebooks.com/book-search/title/atlas-world-history/first-edition/.

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People were using pottery at this time and weaving cloth.  Populations grew while innovative economic adaptations opened new habitats to explore.  Larger buildings were being erected(Lanning 1967)

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Lands that were once easily exploited were now fully inhabited.  Hostilities began to arise and droughts caused an increase in resource competition. The nobility controlled the production of fine arts, because objects were used as a reward service, not money(Scarre 2005).

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Preceramic Civilization of the Andes 3000-1800BC

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Preceramic Civilization of the Andes 3000-1800BC

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The civilizations in the Andes were unique in that they were able to create urban, populated areas before the invention of ceramics(Scarre 2005).