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What were the Japanese internment camps? How did the U.S. justify them?

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What were the Japanese internment camps? How did the U.S. justify them?

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·      After Japan bombed pearl harbor many rumors spread that Japanese people were going to turn against Americans and sabotage the war and Anti- Japanese paranoia increased

·      Roosevelt felt pressured by the popular belief and a signed executive order, relocating all Americans with Japanese decent to internment camps

·      The court upheld the order through Korematsu v. United States

o   Fred Korematsu defied the military and policy by remaining to live with his Italian-American girl friends while his family was force into internment camps

o   The police caught him and he was processed through court

·      Internment camps were camps that held around 120,000 Japanese people and forced them into harsh living conditions

·      During the relocation, many Japanese people were forced to live in stables at racetracks

·      The living conditions were horrible many people died of dieses and were killed by military when they were not listening to orders

·      Adult have the option earn a salary of 5$ a day and work on the farms

The hope was that US could gain produce from this but farming conditions were bad and not much came out of it

Sources
http://www.findingdulcinea.com/news/on-this-day/On-this-Day--The-Supreme-Court-Upholds-WWII-Internment-of-Japanese-Americans-.html

http://www.ushistory.org/us/51e.asp

http://www.history.com/topics/world-war-ii/japanese-american-relocation

http://cdn.history.com/sites/2/2013/12/Japanese-Internment-Hero-AB.jpeg

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What was US policy toward Jewish immigrants escaping the Nazis? -Addison Aloian

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What was US policy toward Jewish immigrants escaping the Nazis? -Addison Aloian

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1.       It became very difficult for refugees to flee, and those that did leave left from neutral ports such as Libson, Portugal

2.       In Germany-occupied Poland, Jews were prohibited from emigrating

3.       Jews in Germany could legally leave until fall of 1941

4.       FDR began to rescue European Jews in 1944 by establishing the War Refugee Board

5.       The American Jewish Joint Distribution Committee and World Jewish Congress also helped provide relief in the US

6.       A vacant US army base in Oswego, New York became an Emergency Refugee Shelter

7.       Nearly 1,000 Jewish refugees were brought to upstate New York using this system

8.       Liberated Jews suffering from illness emerged from concentration camps and hiding places to the world, which still seemed to have no place for them

9.       Most Jews tried to begin new lives outside of Europe, such as moving to Palestine

10.   Immigration restrictions were still in effect in the US after the war, and legislation to expedite the admission of Jews was slow in coming

11.   The entry qualifications for Jews to be admitted into the United States were so stringent and privileged certain refugees to such an extent, however, that President Truman called the law "flagrantly discriminatory” against Jews.

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What was the US response to the Holocaust? Why didn’t the government do more to stop Hitler’s annihilation of the Jews

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What was the US response to the Holocaust? Why didn’t the government do more to stop Hitler’s annihilation of the Jews

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-US took very little action during the Holocaust

-US turned away many refugees on the St Louis

-In early 1939, US refused to relax their immigration quotas to admit European Jews and others fleeing Hitler

-The government didn't take more action because they had no idea of the terrible situation and death camps

-Lots of newspapers reported the "mass slaughter" of Jews and others

-Antisemitism played a roll in the US' rejection of refugees

-Many Americans dismissed the terrible news they heard because they figured it was false

-Roosevelt knew about the existence of Nazi death camps

-In 1943, British and American reps met in Bermuda to discuss the situation but they didn't do anything

-Many of the Allied officials thought Hitler's "Final Solution" as a part of a larger, worldwide holocaust

Madison Gadea
A People & A Nation

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How did American women contribute to the U.S. war effort?Morgan Risi

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How did American women contribute to the U.S. war effort?Morgan Risi

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-    In other countries: Hitler derided Americans as degenerate for putting their women to work. The role of German women was to be good wives and mothers and to have more babies for the Third Reich.
- women on the Home Front worked in defense plants and volunteered for war-related organizations, in addition to managing their households as before

- Between 1940 and 1945, the female percentage of the U.S. workforce increased from 27 percent to nearly 37 percent. By 1945 one out of every four married women worked outside the home.

- As the demand for public transportation grew, women even became streetcar “conductorettes” for the first time.

- Approx. 350,000 American women served in uniform, both at home and abroad, volunteering for the newly formed Women’s Army Auxiliary Corps, the Navy Women’s Reserve, the Marine Corps Women’s Reserve, the Coast Guard Women’s Reserve the Women Airforce Service Pilots, the Army Nurses Corps, and the Navy Nurse Corps.

-  Some of the other jobs they took up included: driving trucks, repairing airplanes, laboratory technicians, radio operators, and flying military aircraft across the country

- However near the end of the war, the majority of the working women were forced out of their jobs because of the return of men and the downward demand for war materials

- Women veterans could not take advantage of the G.I. Bill because they were not yet regarded to be equal to men.

-  British, Soviet, and American women had similar, liberating effects from WWIII with new roles, while women in China, Korea, and Jewish women had an opposing experience- begin forced into sexual slavery

-   The women organized into military auxiliary units had special uniforms and….. EQUAL PAY!!

-   Influenced new conventional image of female behavior, as "Rosie the Riveter" became the popular symbol of women who abandoned traditional female occupations to work in defense industries.

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Minimizing disputes between workers and employers- Anders

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Minimizing disputes between workers and employers- Anders

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In the 1930s, unemployment was 25%. 12 million people didn’t have a job.

From 1939-1941 labor union membership increased by 1.5 million workers.

Many workers went on strike for better working conditions and higher pay.

During the war labor union membership rose between 1941 and 1945 by over 50 percent

Many Americans returned to work producing military weapons and supplies and many others went into the service.

Mobilization caused major changes in the workforce. Between July 1940 and July 1943, 5.3 million male workers were no longer available to industry because they had joined the military services. That figure was offset by the addition of 3.9 million female workers to the labor force for the first time in the nation's history.

By late 1943 the unemployment rate had dropped to a remarkably low 1.3 percent. Nine million workers had been jobless in 1939, as the nation struggled to make its way out of the Great Depression. By 1945, just six years later, that figure dropped to one million.

Wage control programs started to combat rises in wages by raising the minimum wage from 30 cents to 40. This helped end some wage disputes.

Unions pledged not to promote strikes after the government set wage caps.

In 1939, the Supreme court made sit-down strikes illegal.

The Smith-Connally War Labor Disputes Act made the US government able to operate the power to operate industries where workers were on strike.

If employees were working overtime, their employers had to pay them 1.5 times their normal pay.

Before FRD died, he made an order saying you could not work over 48 hours a week.

By setting wage caps, and improving working conditions, millions of people became employed during World War II. Most people were employed making durable goods and machinery.

http://ic.galegroup.com/ic/uhic/ReferenceDetailsPage/DocumentToolsPortletWindow?displayGroupName=Reference&u=alli1510&u=alli1510&jsid=cb6d531fd254529130158efd0b8aedd2&p=UHIC&action=2&catId=&documentId=GALE%7CCX3424800081&zid=a1b44ac6ad82744c2d70d916c122c4c9

https://libcom.org/files/images/library/o-WOOLWORTH-STRIKE-facebook.jpg

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The affect of WWII on the American economy - Glenn

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The affect of WWII on the American economy - Glenn

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In the early years of the war, Roosevelt consciously pursued a conversion program to shift industry to a wartime footing. Lingerie factories began making camou- flage netting, baby carriages became field hospital food carts. Lipstick cases became bomb cases, beer cans went to hand grenades, adding machines to automatic pistols, and vacuum cleaners to gas mask parts. Behind these shifts was planning; someone had to perceive the similarity between lipstick cases and cartridges. Though FDR delayed converting large consumer industries, such as autos, as long as possible, there was a clear and deliberate plan. After the war, reconversion to civilian industry, mostly carried out after FDR's death in April 1945, occurred more abruptly. But it was not without a measure of planning.

Henry Kaiser's shipyards were able to get the production time for Liberty Ships down from 365 days to 92, 62, and, finally, to one day. Overall, the economy grew at a rate of 11 or 12 percent annually throughout the war.

To an important degree, the Cold War served as an economic stimulus as World War II did in the early 1940s. But the Cold War has now ended, and there is not even a shred of a conversion policy. And one of the dominant lessons of World War II is that unless there is a plan for conversion or reconversion, people are subject to the whims of the free market.

Wartime conversion was not without hardships, but most of them resulted from too little planning, not too much. In 1942, after delaying, the government finally had to force the automobile industry to convert their plants to the manufacture of planes. Four hundred thousand automobile workers were thrown out on the streets until that conversion could take place. All the auto dealers and salespersons were suddenly out of jobs. Eleanor Roosevelt had an altercation with General Motors Chairman William Knudsen because he had been unwilling to accept a plan a year earlier. What made it finally work was the recognition that there had to be a plan, that the government was behind the plan, and the plan had public support. In 1992, despite all the talk about it, there is no collective effort to plan for the aftermath of the Cold War. http://prospect.org/article/way-we-won-americas-economic-breakthrough-during-world-war-ii

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- The Bracero Program, which brought millions of Mexican guest workers to the United States, ended more than four decades ago.
- the Bracero Program grew out of a series of bi-lateral contracts between Mexico and the United States that allowed millions of Mexican men to come to the United States to work on, short term, mainly agricultural labor deals.
- The Braceros worked on farms and on railroads, making it possible for the US economy to meet the challenges created by the war.
- An analysis of the images, stories, documents, and artifacts of this program adds to our understanding of the lives of migrant workers in Mexico and the US, as well as our awareness of migration, citizenship, patriotism, farming, labor practices, race relations, gender, sexuality, the family, visual culture, and the Cold War era.
- The Bracero Program was created by administrative order in 1942 because many growers claimed that World War II would cause labor shortages to low-paying agricultural jobs.
- The program lasted longer than expected.
- Farm workers previously living in the United States were nervous that braceros would compete for jobs and lower wages.
- Employers were supposed to employ braceros only in parts of certified domestic labor scarcity, and were not supposed to use them as strikebreakers.
- However, they ignored many of these guidelines and Mexican and native workers suffered while growers benefited from plentiful, cheap, labor.
-http://braceroarchive.org/about
- Eleni Psaltis

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- concerned the executive order 9066 which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during WWII
-The constitutionality of the executive order was being looked at at the supreme court level
-Supreme court rule 6-3 that the order was constitutional
-judges on the supreme court decided that the threat of espionage by japanese americans outweighs the rights of the people in the internment camps which i mean tbh sounds a little Trumpy but whatever
-Korematsu was convicted for evading internment
-in 1983 the decision was overturned
-Korematsu's birthday was last week
https://www.law.cornell.edu/supremecourt/text/323/214

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How did President Harry Truman justify his decision to drop atomic bombs on Hiroshima & Nagasaki in August 1945?

- Truman believed that using atomic bombs on Japan would end the war quickly and save American lives
-Truman knew the bomb could give the US both real and psychological power in negotiating the peace
-At the time, Truman's decision as it does in retrospect
-The American bombing of Japanese cities (with conventional weapons) had already killed 6million people
-The atomic bomb was know for their power and efficiency
-The bomb was meant to deter the Japanese from continuing their fight
-Japanese leaders flatly rejected the Potsdam Declaration
-Truman made his decision from a strictly militarily point of view
-By using the atomic bomb it ended the war faster and potentially saved lives
-By using the atomic bomb, the war was kept from being held out
-Textbook
-Nuclear Bomb Wallpapers - Wallpaper Cave
-Julianna

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Explain the Manhattan Project. Why was the project begun?

- The Manhattan Project was a research and development undertaking during World War II that produced the first nuclear weapons.

-  It was led by the United States with the support of the United Kingdom and Canada

-  1939

-  The world's scientific community discovered that German physicists had learned the secrets of splitting a uranium atom.

- Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi, living in the US, felt the president needed to know of the dangers

- Einstein wrote a letter to Roosevelt, urging the creation of an atomic research program

- Roosevelt was against the project, but agreed to it, progressing very slowly.

- In late 1941, the American effort to design and build an ATOMIC BOMB received its code name — the Manhattan Project.

-  A breakthrough occurred in December 1942 when Fermi led a group of physicists to produce the first controlled Nuclear Chain Reaction under the grandstands of STAGG Field at the University of Chicago.

-   The main assembly plant was built at Los Alamos, New Mexico.

-Robert Oppenheimer was put in charge of putting the pieces together at Los Alamos.

- nearly $2 billion had been spent on research and development of the atomic bomb and employed over 120,000 Americans.

- Secrecy was most important.  Germany and Japan could not find out about the project.  Even the Vice President did not know about it.

- American leaders later learned that a Soviet spy named Klaus Fuchs had penetrated the inner circle of scientists.

- By the summer of 1945, Oppenheimer was ready to test the first bomb.

- On July 16, 1945, at Trinity Site near Alamogordo, New Mexico, scientists of the Manhattan Project readied themselves to watch the detonation of the world's first atomic bomb, from a 100 ft. tower.

- A blinding flash visible for 200 miles lit up the morning sky. A mushroom cloud reached 40,000 feet, blowing out windows of civilian homes up to 100 miles away.

-  The excuse used for the explosion was that a huge ammunition dump had just exploded in the desert.

- They had now entered the nuclear age.

http://www.ushistory.org/us/51f.asp