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When Jackson Became President he did a practice of rewarding political supporters with government jobs called the spoils system. When congress passed a law on Tariffs which means a tax on goods imported from outside the U.S., the idea was to encourage growth of manufacturing in the North. The Southerners opposed Tariffs because higher tariffs would discourage trade with other nations which the south needed to grow cotton. Jackson understood their concern. South Carolina said that they had a right nullify or reject tariffs which this action became known as the nullification crisis. This was the right of states to ignore federal laws. Andrew Jackson believed that having a national bank was wrong so he destroyed it because he thought it benefited the rich over the farmers and workers. When southern settlers moved in they wanted to grow cotton in their land but there was on problem, Native Americans were living there. That's when the Indian removal Act of 1830 came in which said to make treaties in which Indians traded land in the east for land in the west. Andrew Jackson then enforced this law but the law didn't say to remove them by force. Andrew Jackson then forcefully removed the Cherokees From Georgia to the west which this was known as the Trail of Tears

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When Latin American countries had their own Revolutions James Monroe supported them so he sent a warning to European nations to stay away. In 1823 the policy of the Monroe Doctrine was established. This stated that Nations in North and South America were free and independent. The Europeans denounced Monroe's message as arrogant but Americans supported Monroe and made them proud for the United States to stand up and support Latin American countries. After the U.S. acquired the Louisiana Thomas Jefferson wanted Florida next. Monroe sent Andre Jackson to Georgia to end the raids. Jackson was told he could chase raiding to Florida but couldn't invade the Spanish colony.Jackson then marched his troops and attacked Florida. Monroe's advisers told him to remove Jackson and apologize to Spain but John Quincy Adams told Monroe to tell Florida to govern Properly or get out. Spain then decided to sell Florida for $5 million. Henry clay wanted an American system to promote economic growth. When the U.S. was adding territory, the issue of allowing slavery to expand west caused the country to divide into 2. When Missouri wanted to become a state, there were problems because having another slave/free state would upset the balance. That's where the Missouri compromise came in where congress drew an imaginary line at a 36 degrees latitude and Missouri was added as a slave state and Maine became a free state to make it balance.

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When he took office in 1809, he offered Britain and France to stop seizing American ships. Napoleon agreed to this.The British still seized American ships and sailors. Madison saw the only choice was to abandon George Washington's policy of isolationism and go to war with Britain. New Englanders and federalists opposed this but people in the south sand west were for it. Trouble with the Indians was growing was settlers moved west and pushed them off their lands. 2 Shawnee Indians tried to fight back with other Indians against the militia. Harrison defeated the Indians but he discovered that they were armed with British guns. Americans were shocked and congressmen from the south and west were so eager to go to war, they called themselves war hawks. After the war, neither side won, but there were results.1st, the Indian resistance in the Northwest territory weakened, 2nd the power of federalists decreased, 3rd national pride in the United States grew.

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The marbury v. Madison supreme court case was the first time the supreme court used judicial review.The city of New Orleans was important to the U.S. because farmers needed the city to shop their goods through the Gulf of Mexico. After the French and Indian war, Spain gave the Louisiana territory to France. In 1802, the Spanish government closed the city of New Orleans. The U.S. couldn't use this city to get to the Gulf of Mexico. Thomas Jefferson had only 2 choices to either declare war or purchase the land from France. Thomas Jefferson then made plans to purchase the city of New Orleans and part of the Mississippi River. Jefferson then sent Robert Livingston and James Monroe to France to negotiate a treaty allowing the United States to use New Orleans. When they arrived to France Napoleon was offering to sell them the entire Louisiana territory to the U.S. All that land would cost $15 million. In 1803, Livingston and Monroe agreed to purchase the entire Louisiana territory for $15 million. This doubled the size of the U.S. without losing any American lives and opened a way for Americans to travel west. When Britain and France went to war they tried to cut off trade so Britain kidnapped American sailors and forced them to serve on British ships.This was called impressment. The Americans were furious so since Jefferson wanted to avoid avoid war he tried to end the problem with the embargo act.This act prohibited Americans to import and export goods. Jefferson hoped that this would hurt Britain and France because they couldn't get any goods. Britain and France were hurt by this but the Americans suffered more because sailors lost their jobs and farmers couldn't ship their crops.

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President Adams sent envoys to France to ask the French to end the war. When they got to France the minister Talleyrand would not talk to the Americans but instead sent 3 nameless agents called x,y, and z. These agents said there would be no negotiation unless the U.S. payed the French and large sum of money in exchange for protection called a tribute. The Americans refused were outraged. In response Congress built new ships for the navy and approved the use of warships to capture French ships. President Adams became very popular but was nervous to start war with France. The alien and sedition acts were 4 laws that were passed by the federalist congress. The alien acts were targeted immigrants.The 1st law extended the time it took for an immigrant to become a citizen with the right to vote 5-14 years. The second and third of the Alien and sedition acts allowed the president to deport aliens suspected of threatening the government. The sedition acts made sedition-encouraging rebellion against the government a crime. Sedition included any "printings or published of hateful writing" against the government, congress, or the president.In the election of 1800 the federalist again chose John Adams and the republicans chose Thomas Jefferson. This campaign focused more on insults than issues. The republicans accused Adams as a tyrant and the federalists accused Jefferson of being an Atheist. Once the voters were cast, Adams lost because there was a tie between Jefferson and vice president Aaron Burr. Normally the person with the 2nd most votes would be vice president. Since it was a tie it was up to the House of Representatives to choose. After another vote, there was another tie so Hamilton convinced his supporters to vote for Jefferson and the tie was broken. To prevent ties like this from happening again, the 12th amendment was added to the constitution. This amendment called for separate ballots for president and vice president.

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When George Washington became president, congress created executive departments called cabinets. Congress then approved of creating 3 departments. The Department of state was to handle relations with other countries. The department of war was established to defend the nation.The treasury department was set up to oversee the nation's finances. When the French revolution happened, the Americans were shocked. France declared war with Great Britain. The Americans wanted to wanted to get involved in the war because in 1788 the United State signed an a treaty of alliance with France saying that the United States would aid France in a time of war. The United States wasn't prepared for war so George Washington announced a policy of neutrality. This policy of avoiding alliances became known as isolationism. When George Washington served 2 terms, he felt like it was enough but wasn't really a rule so other presidents started to follow the same rule. When the United States was established, it had 2 parties, the democratic-republicans and the federalists. the democratic-republicans believed in strong state governments,emphasis on agriculture,and strict interpretation of the constitution. The federalists believed in rule by the wealthy class, emphasis on manufacturing, and strong federal government.