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If you want to record a sound, you must store the pattern of vibrations in a way that can  be replayed and be true to the original sound. A common way in recording sounds starts with a microphone. A microphone transforms sound into an electrical signal with the same pattern of vibration

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Pitch: The perception of how high or low that you hear at different frequencies of sound.
Decibel: A unit of measure for the strength  of a sound.
Supersonic: A term to describe speeds over the speed of sound.
Doppler effect: An increase or decrease in frequency caused by the motion of the source of an oscillation.

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Sound and music are parts of our everyday sensory experience. Just as humans have eyes for the detection of light and color, so we are equipped with ears for the detection of sound. We seldom take the time to ponder the characteristics and behaviors of sound and the mechanisms by which sounds are produced, propagated, and detected. The basis for an understanding of sound, music and hearing is the physics of waves. Sound is a wave that is created by vibrating objects and propagated through a medium from one location to another. In this unit, we will investigate the nature, properties and behaviors of sound waves and apply basic wave principles towards an understanding of music.

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a surface wave is a mechanical wave that propagates along the interface between differing media. A common example is gravity waves along the surface of liquids, such as ocean waves. Gravity waves can also occur within liquids, at the interface between two fluids with different densities. Elastic surface waves can travel along the surface of solids, such as Rayleigh or Love waves. Electromagnetic waves can also propagate as surface waves along a refractive index gradient, or along an interface between two media having different dielectric constants. In radio transmission, a ground wave is a surface wave that propagates close to the surface of the Earth. One example of surface waves is when you drop a rock into the water and the water makes a whole bunch of mini waves on the surface of the water.

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transverse wave is a moving wave that consists of oscillations occurring perpendicular (or right angled) to the direction of energy transfer. If a transverse wave is moving in the positive x-direction, its oscillations are in up and down directions that lie in the y–z plane. Light is an example of a transverse wave. With regard to transverse waves in matter, the displacement of the medium is perpendicular to the direction of propagation of the wave. A ripple in a pond and a wave on a string are easily visualized as transverse waves.

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Longitudinal waves are waves in the displacement of the medium is in the same direction as, or opposite direction to, the direction of travel of the wave. Mechanical longitudinal waves are also called compressional waves or compression waves, because they produce compression and rarefaction when traveling through a medium, and pressure waves, because they produce increases and decreases in pressure.

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3 examples of mechanical waves are slinky waves, sound waves and water waves.Mechanical waves differ from electromagnetic waves because the energy is transferred through another medium, such as the metal in a slinky, rather than through a vacuum, such as light through outer space.

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A mechanical wave is a wave that is an oscillation of matter, and therefore transfers energy through a medium. The 3 main types of mechanical waves are longitudinal waves, transverse waves, and surface waves.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yd-G6KYwzvA