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The Gujjar Bakkarwals migrated to Jammu and Kashmir in search of pastures for their cattle

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Gaddi shepherds moved further North from Jammu and Kashmir in order to cope with the needs of their cattle

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Forest Act and Waste Land Rules (mid-nineteenth century)

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Forest Act and Waste Land Rules (mid-nineteenth century)

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In the mid nineteenth century, various Forest Acts were enacted in different regions, forests producing commercially valuable timber were declared as  reserved and others were declared as protected. Waste Land Rules were also enacted, turning the grazing lands of pastoral cattle into cultivated lands, thereby decreasing the extent of their pastures.

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In the mid nineteenth century, Maasai was at it's largest

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Grazing tax in India was introduced by the colonial government in the mid-nineteenth century. The pastorals had to pay a heavy tax for each animal they grazed on the pastures. The tax per head increased rapidly and the system of collection was made increasingly efficient and harsh.

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The right to collect  tax was auctioned to contractors, contractors imposed heavy taxes which were collected very efficiently in order to recover the huge investments they had made.

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The British Government of India passed the Criminal Tribes Act, whereby many tribes and groups of artisans, craftsmen and pastorals were declared to be criminal tribes and were forced to live in notified villages under the constant supervision of the village police

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By the 1880's the government began collecting taxes directly from the pastorals. Each herder was given a pass. To enter a grazing tract, a cattle herder had to show the pass and pay the tax. The number of cattle he had and the amount of tax he paid was entered on the pass.

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Maasailand was cut in half due to the formation of an international boundary between British Kenya and German Tanganyika. The Maasai lost 60% of its territory to white settlements.

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Tanganyika, which was under the Germans, comes under British control

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Estimates in 1930 showed that the Maasai in Kenya possessed 720,000 cattle, 820,000 sheep and 171,000 donkeys.

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In just two years of drought, the number of Maasai livestock decreased to about 50% of the previous estimates.

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Police are given strict orders to keep the native pastoralists away from white settlements. Pastorals are deprived the right to move freely due to the fear of the British that the pastorals were criminals.

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After 1947, the Raikas, who herded camel and sheep, could no longer graze their camels on the banks of the Indus, because of the formation of new political boundaries between India and Pakistan. They were therefore forced to find new places to graze their herds.

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The Kaokaland herders complain about poverty, starvation, imprisonment and deprivation of rights due to the new territorial boundaries that restricted their movement

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Tanganyika attains independence from British rule

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3 years after its independence, Tanganyika units with Zanzibar to form Tanzania