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Plenty of drugs are on the market that actually raise blood pressure on their own or because they block the action of a drug that lowers blood pressure. If you can possibly avoid them, do so. Sometimes, however, the problem that makes you need the other drug is so severe that you can't avoid it. You then have to use the drugs for high blood pressure to avoid the blood pressure elevation of the essential drug.
Monitor your blood pressure whenever you start or stop a drug. The new drug may raise the blood pressure or block your own blood pressure drugs. A drug that you were taking and you are now stopping may also have interacted with your blood pressure medication in some way, so that your pressure was under control when you used the drug but will rise when you stop it.

Many cold medications contain drugs that cause constriction of arteries and elevation of blood pressure. You need to read the label on any cold medication that you plan to use. The label should say clearly that it contains medications that should not be taken by a person who has high blood pressure, if uncertain, check with your doctor before you use it.

Certain diet pills contain phenylpropa-nolamine. This drug, which is similar to amphetamine, raises blood-pressure. You shouldn't use these drugs if you have high blood pressure already. Yet millions of people take them to slim down.

Of the drugs that your doctor may prescribe for you, many steroids such as cortisone or prednisone, raise blood pressure. Several of the anti-depressant drugs, particularly trimipramine and venlafaxine, have caused sustained increase in blood pressure. Other antidepressant drugs from the class called monoamine oxidase inhibitors raise blood pressure by preventing the breakdown of epinephrine. Drugs in this class called phenylzine and tranlcypromine. Any of the nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory agents also raise blood pressure. The worse offenders are indomethacin, naprosyn, and ibruprofen, especially in large doses.

Certain drugs that fight against your blood pressure medications make your blood pressure medication effective. Numerous drugs fall into this category, some of which you can't avoid if you have certain problems. For example, if you have kidney diseases, you may have to take erythropoietin to combat anemia. As much as you don't need another way for your blood pressure to elevate, erythropoietin will do it. But you have to take it because it's the only way to increase your blood count- besides transfusions, which don't tend to keep your count higher for very long.

Colestipol, a drug for lowering cholesterol, is another one that fights against blood pressure medications. Fortunately, the choices for treating cholesterol are numerous, so this drug can be stopped, if necessary. Cholestyramine is also a cholesterol- lowering drug with the same tendency to raise blood pressure.

Oral contraceptives, which they contained higher amount of estrogen, were notorious for raising blood pressure. The newer preparations with less estrogen are much better in that respect. You still should have your blood pressure checked before you start taking an oral contraceptive and have it checked every so often after you are on them. Estrogen taken for menopause, however, may actually lower blood pressure.

Some antacids contain an abundance of salt, which you know doesn't help your blood pressure. Check the label before you decide to buy a particular antacid. If you are taking in 900 milligrams of salt each time your stomach aches, you aren't doing your blood pressure any favors. You can find plenty of good choices, such as various calcium-containing antacids and magnesium-containing antacids, so read the label to see what you are getting!

Illegal drugs that raise blood pressure, such as cocaine, shouldn't be taken in the first place, much less by a person who has high blood pressure.

Some drugs may raise high blood pressure in only one person-you! Check with your doctor to make sure that your new medication doesn't raise your blood pressure or block your blood pressure drugs.

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Knowing Which Drugs Raise Blood Pressure

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Plenty of drugs are on the market that actually raise blood pressure on their own or because they block the action of a drug that lowers blood pressure. If you can possibly avoid them, do so. Sometimes, however, the problem that makes you need the other drug is so severe that you can't avoid it.

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An iceberg in the Arctic Ocean

Icebergs in Greenland as filmed by NASA in 2015

An iceberg is a piece of freshwater ice more than 15 m long that has broken off a glacier or an ice shelf and is floating freely in open (salt) water. Smaller chunks of floating glacially-derived ice are called "growlers" or "bergy bits". Much of an iceberg is below the water's surface, which led to the expression " tip of the iceberg" to illustrate a small part of a larger unseen issue. Icebergs are considered a serious maritime hazard.

Icebergs vary considerably in size and shape. Icebergs that calve from glaciers in Greenland are often irregularly shaped while Antarctic ice shelves often produce large tabular (table top) icebergs. The largest iceberg in recent history, named B-15, was measured at nearly 300 by 40 kilometres (186 by 25 mi) in 2000. The largest iceberg on record was an Antarctic tabular iceberg measuring 335 by 97 kilometres (208 by 60 mi) sighted 240 kilometres (150 mi) west of Scott Island, in the South Pacific Ocean, by the USS Glacier on November 12, 1956. This iceberg was larger than Belgium.

Typically about one-tenth of the volume of an iceberg is above water, which follows from Archimedes's Principle of buoyancy; the density of pure ice is about 920 (57 lb/cu ft), and that of seawater about 1,025 kg/m ³ (64 lb/cu ft). The contour of the underwater portion can be difficult to judge by looking at the portion above the surface.

Northern edge of Iceberg B-15A in the Ross Sea, Antarctica, 29 January 2001

The largest icebergs recorded have been calved, or broken off, from the Ross Ice Shelf of Antarctica. Icebergs may reach a height of more than 100 metres (300 ft) above the sea surface and have mass ranging from about 100,000 tonnes up to more than 10 million tonnes. Icebergs or pieces of floating ice smaller than 5 meters above the sea surface are classified as "bergy bits"; smaller than 1 meter-"growlers". The largest known iceberg in the North Atlantic was 168 metres (551 ft) above sea level, reported by the USCG icebreaker Eastwind in 1958, making it the height of a 55-story building. These icebergs originate from the glaciers of western Greenland and may have interior temperatures of −15 to −20 °C (5 to −4 °F).

Grotto in an iceberg, photographed during the British Antarctic Expedition of 1911-1913, 5 Jan 1911

A given iceberg's trajectory through the ocean can be modelled by integrating the equation

where m is the iceberg mass, v the drift velocity, and the variables f, k, and F correspond to the Coriolis force, the vertical unit vector, and a given force. The subscripts a, w, r, s, and p correspond to the air drag, water drag, wave radiation force, sea ice drag, and the horizontal pressure gradient force.

Icebergs deteriorate through melting and fracturing, which changes the mass m, as well as the surface area, volume, and stability of the iceberg. Iceberg deterioration and drift, therefore, are interconnected iceberg thermodynamics, and fracturing must be considered when modelling iceberg drift.

Winds and currents may move icebergs close to coastlines, where they can become frozen into pack ice (one form of sea ice), or drift into shallow waters, where they can come into contact with the seabed, a phenomenon called seabed gouging.

Air trapped in snow forms bubbles as the snow is compressed to form firn and then glacial ice. Icebergs can contain up to 10% air bubbles by volume.[failed verification ] These bubbles are released during melting, producing a fizzing sound that some may call "Bergie Seltzer". This sound results when the water-ice interface reaches compressed air bubbles trapped in the ice. As each bubble bursts it makes a "popping" sound and the acoustic properties of these bubbles can be used to study iceberg melt.

An iceberg may flip, or capsize, as it melts and breaks apart, changing the center of gravity. Capsizing can occur shortly after calving when the iceberg is young and establishing balance. Icebergs are unpredictable and can capsize anytime and without warning. Large icebergs that break off from a glacier front and flip onto the glacier face can push the entire glacier backwards momentarily, producing 'glacial earthquakes' that generate as much energy as an atomic bomb.

Icebergs are generally white because they are covered in snow, but can be green, blue, yellow, black, striped, or even rainbow-colored. Seawater, algae and lack of air bubbles in the ice can create diverse colors. Sediment can create the dirty black coloration present in some icebergs.

Different shapes of icebergs

Tabular iceberg, near Brown Bluff in the Antarctic Sound off Tabarin Peninsula

In addition to size classification (Table 1), icebergs can be classified on the basis of their shapes. The two basic types of iceberg forms are tabular and non-tabular. Tabular icebergs have steep sides and a flat top, much like a plateau, with a length-to-height ratio of more than 5:1.

This type of iceberg, also known as an ice island, can be quite large, as in the case of Pobeda Ice Island. Antarctic icebergs formed by breaking off from an ice shelf, such as the Ross Ice Shelf or Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf, are typically tabular. The largest icebergs in the world are formed this way.

Non-tabular icebergs have different shapes and include:

Dome: An iceberg with a rounded top.

Pinnacle: An iceberg with one or more spires.

Wedge: An iceberg with a steep edge on one side and a slope on the opposite side.

Dry-dock: An iceberg that has eroded to form a slot or channel.

Blocky: An iceberg with steep, vertical sides and a flat top. It differs from tabular icebergs in that its aspect ratio, the ratio between its width and height, is small, more like that of a block than a flat sheet.

The iceberg suspected of sinking the RMS Titanic; a smudge of red paint much like the Titanic's red hull stripe runs along its base at the waterline.

Prior to 1914 there was no system in place to track icebergs to guard ships against collisions.[citation needed ] despite fatal sinkings of ships by icebergs. In 1907, SS Kronprinz Wilhelm, a German liner, rammed an iceberg and suffered a crushed bow, but was still able to complete her voyage. The advent of water tight compartmentalization in ship construction led designers to declare their ships "unsinkable".

The April 1912 sinking of the , which struck an iceberg, killed more than 1,500 of its estimated 2,224 passengers and crew, discredited this claim. For the remainder of the ice season of that year, the United States Navy patrolled the waters and monitored ice movements. In November 1913, the International Conference on the Safety of Life at Sea met in London to devise a more permanent system of observing icebergs. Within three months the participating maritime nations had formed the International Ice Patrol (IIP). The goal of the IIP was to collect data on meteorology and oceanography to measure currents, ice-flow, ocean temperature, and salinity levels. They monitored iceberg dangers near the Grand Banks of Newfoundland and provided the "limits of all known ice" in that vicinity to the maritime community. The IIP published their first records in 1921, which allowed for a year-by-year comparison of iceberg movement.

An iceberg being pushed by three U.S. Navy ships in McMurdo Sound, Antarctica

Aerial surveillance of the seas in the early 1930s allowed for the development of charter systems that could accurately detail the ocean currents and iceberg locations. In 1945, experiments tested the effectiveness of radar in detecting icebergs. A decade later, oceanographic monitoring outposts were established for the purpose of collecting data; these outposts continue to serve in environmental study. A computer was first installed on a ship for the purpose of oceanographic monitoring in 1964, which allowed for a faster evaluation of data. By the 1970s, ice-breaking ships were equipped with automatic transmissions of satellite photographs of ice in Antarctica. Systems for optical satellites had been developed but were still limited by weather conditions. In the 1980s, drifting buoys were used in Antarctic waters for oceanographic and climate research. They are equipped with sensors that measure ocean temperature and currents.

Acoustic monitoring of an iceberg

Side looking airborne radar (SLAR) made it possible to acquire images regardless of weather conditions. On November 4, 1995, Canada launched RADARSAT-1. Developed by the Canadian Space Agency, it provides images of Earth for scientific and commercial purposes. This system was the first to use synthetic aperture radar (SAR), which sends microwave energy to the ocean surface and records the reflections to track icebergs. The European Space Agency launched ENVISAT (an observation satellite that orbits the Earth's poles) on March 1, 2002. ENVISAT employs advanced synthetic aperture radar (ASAR) technology, which can detect changes in surface height accurately. The Canadian Space Agency launched RADARSAT-2 in December 2007, which uses SAR and multi-polarization modes and follows the same orbit path as RADARSAT-1.

Iceberg concentrations and size distributions are monitored worldwide by the U.S. National Ice Center (NIC), established in 1995, which produces analyses and forecasts of Arctic, Antarctic, Great Lakes and Chesapeake Bay ice conditions. More than 95% of the data used in its sea ice analyses are derived from the remote sensors on polar-orbiting satellites that survey these remote regions of the Earth.

Iceberg A22A in the South Atlantic Ocean

The NIC is the only organization that names and tracks all Antarctic Icebergs. It assigns each iceberg larger than 10 nautical miles (19 km) along at least one axis a name composed of a letter indicating its point of origin and a running number. The letters used are as follows:

A - longitude 0° to 90° W (Bellingshausen Sea, Weddell Sea)

B - longitude 90° W to 180° (Amundsen Sea, Eastern Ross Sea)

C - longitude 90° E to 180° (Western Ross Sea, Wilkes Land)

D - longitude 0° to 90° E (Amery Ice Shelf, Eastern Weddell Sea)

The Danish Meteorological Institute monitors iceberg populations around Greenland using data collected by the synthetic aperture radar (SAR) on the Sentinel-1 satellites.

In Labrador and Newfoundland, iceberg management plans have been developed to protect offshore installations from impacts with icebergs.

In the late 2010s, a business from the UAE wanted to tow an iceberg from Antarctica to the Middle East, but the plan failed as the estimated cost of $200 million was too high. In 2019, a German company, Polewater, announced plans to tow Antarctic icebergs to places like South Africa.

Companies have used iceberg water in products such as bottled water, fizzy ice cubes and alcoholic drinks. For example, Iceberg Beer by Quidi Vidi Brewing Company is made from icebergs found around St. John's, Newfoundland. Although annual iceberg supply in Newfoundland and Labrador exceeds the total freshwater consumption of the United States, in 2016 the province introduced a tax on iceberg harvesting and imposed a limit on how much fresh water can be exported yearly.

Icebergs in Disko Bay

The freshwater injected into the ocean by melting icebergs can change the density of the seawater in the vicinity of the iceberg. Fresh melt water released at depth is lighter, and therefore more buoyant, than the surrounding seawater causing it to rise towards the surface. Icebergs can also act as floating breakwaters, impacting ocean waves.

Icebergs contain variable concentrations of nutrients and minerals that are released into the ocean during melting. Iceberg-derived nutrients, particularly the iron contained in sediments, can fuel blooms of phytoplankton. Samples collected from icebergs in Antarctica, Patagonia, Greenland, Svalbard, and Iceland, however, show that iron concentrations vary significantly, complicating efforts to generalize the impacts of icebergs on marine ecosystems.

The calving of Iceberg A-38 off Filchner-Ronne Ice Shelf

Iceberg B15 calved from the Ross Ice Shelf in 2000 and initially had an area of 11,000 square kilometres (4,200 sq mi). It broke apart in November 2002. The largest remaining piece of it, Iceberg B-15A, with an area of 3,000 square kilometres (1,200 sq mi), was still the largest iceberg on Earth until it ran aground and split into several pieces October 27, 2005, an event that was observed by seismographs both on the iceberg and across Antarctica. It has been hypothesized that this breakup may also have been abetted by ocean swell generated by an Alaskan storm 6 days earlier and 13,500 kilometres (8,400 mi) away.

1987, Iceberg B-9, 5,390 km² (2,080 sq mi)

1999, Iceberg B-17B 140 km² (54 sq mi), shipping alert issued December 2009.

2000, Iceberg B-15 11,000 km² (4,200 sq mi)

2002, Iceberg C-19, 5,500 km² (2,100 sq mi)

2002, Iceberg B-22, 5,490 km² (2,120 sq mi)

2003 broke off, Iceberg B-15A, 3,100 km² (1,200 sq mi)

2006, Iceberg D-16, 310 km² (120 sq mi)

2010, Ice sheet, 260 km² (100 sq mi), broken off of Petermann Glacier in northern Greenland on August 5, 2010, considered to be the largest Arctic iceberg since 1962. About a month later, this iceberg split into two pieces upon crashing into Joe Island in the Nares Strait next to Greenland. In June 2011, large fragments of the Petermann Ice Islands were observed off the Labrador coast.

2017, Iceberg A-68, (Larsen C) 5,800 km² (2,200 sq mi)

2021, Iceberg A-76 from the Ronne Ice Shelf, 4,320 km² (1,670 sq mi)

One of the most prominently known icebergs in recorded history is that which sank the on 15 April 1912. The catastrophe led to the establishment of an International Ice Patrol shortly after. Icebergs in both the northern and southern hemispheres have often been compared in size to multiples of the 59.1 square kilometres (22.8 sq mi)-area of Manhattan Island.

Iceberg pictured in the coat of arms of Ilulissat

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An iceberg is a piece of freshwater ice more than 15 m long that has broken off a glacier or an ice shelf and is floating freely in open (salt) water. Smaller chunks of floating glacially-derived ice are called "growlers" or "bergy bits".

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Centers for Disease Control and Prevention

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Drought is a natural phenomenon in which rainfall is lower than average for an extended period of time. Periods of drought can result in inadequate water supply and can lead to public health problems. Take action and learn how drought can impact your health and the health of your family.
Overview

Cycles of drought have affected North America for the last 10,000 years. Droughts can last from a single season to many decades and can affect from a few hundred to millions of square miles.

Drought can affect areas or communities differently depending on several additional variables. These variables include:

the structure and capacity of existing water systems,

local governance of water use,

economic development,

the at-risk populations living within the affected area, and

other societal factors, such as the presence of local social networks.

Severe drought conditions can negatively affect air quality. During drought, there is an increased risk for wildfires and dust storms. Particulate matter suspended in the air from these events can irritate the bronchial passages and lungs. This can make chronic respiratory illnesses worse and increase the risk for respiratory infections like bronchitis and pneumonia.

Public Health Implications

The health implications of drought are numerous and far reaching. Some drought-related health effects are experienced in the short-term and can be directly observed and measured. However, the slow rise or chronic nature of drought can result in longer term, indirect health implications that are not always easy to anticipate or monitor.

The possible public health implications of drought include:

compromised quantity and quality of drinking water;

increased recreational risks;

effects on air quality;

diminished living conditions related to energy, air quality, and sanitation and hygiene;

compromised food and nutrition; and

increased incidence of illness and disease.

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Drought is a natural phenomenon in which rainfall is lower than average for an extended period of time. Periods of drought can result in inadequate water supply and can lead to public health problems. Take action and learn how drought can impact your health and the health of your family.

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I write about food & drink as a pleasurable activity and as a business Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own.

Along with a cure for cancer and an elusive formula for peace on earth, there's probably no more pressing issue than world hunger.

Last month, Jeff Bezos tweeted that he was looking for new philanthropic causes. Bezos is now worth some $80 billion and acknowledged that his business interests as well as personal causes to date have focused on longer-term outcomes.

In response to the Bezos tweet, an organization called Charity Navigator has identified half a dozen non-profits that are moving the needle where hunger is concerned. We're not talking about neighborhood food banks here, although they're important, but major international organizations that meet the standard of activity that helps "people in the here and now-short term-at the intersection of urgent need and lasting impact."

Among the NGO's cited by Charity Navigator: Sustainable Harvest, Heifer International, Oxfam and Food & Water Watch.

That same week as his tweet asking for philanthropic suggestions, Bezos announced that Amazon.com, the company he founded 22 years ago, would pay $13.7 billion for supermarket chain Whole Foods.

This put Amazon (and Bezos personally) in the forefront of the discussion about how the country (and the planet) feeds itself.

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A Project For Jeff Bezos: Use Whole Foods To Help End World Hunger

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Share to email Share to facebook Share to twitter Share to linkedin Share to google I write about food & drink as a pleasurable activity and as a business Opinions expressed by Forbes Contributors are their own. Along with a cure for cancer and an elusive formula for peace on earth, there's probably no more pressing issue than world hunger.