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BE CAREFUL! The word to can be a preposition or part of an infinitive
-He will adjust to working hard.(To is a preposition)
-He tries to work hard.( To is part of the infinitive)

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1) A gerund is a noun made from a verb. To form a gerund, add-ing to the base form of the verb.
- Cooking is my hobby. I like eating too.
2) Verbs and verb phrases in English have gerunds as objects.
- I enjoy meeting new people
-You should avoid working late.
3) Act as objects of prepositions
a) verb + prepositions
b) adjective + preposition
- They insisted on giving us a present
- She's good at making friends.

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4) Use possessive noun or pronoun before a gerund to show possession.
-Pete's dominating every conversation bothers me.
5) Gerunds can occur in simple or past form. We can use a simple gerund (without past participle) to make a generalization.
- Making friends is a natural thing to do.

Past gerund(having+past participle) to show an action that occurred before the action of the main verb in the sentence.
- Having met Jane in my first week of college helped me throughout my college career.

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Although the term might sound foreign, the gerund is a common part of speech that most of us use every day, whether we know it or not. Here, we’ll take an in-depth look at gerunds and provide you with several examples of gerunds so you’ll feel comfortable using them in your writing, and so that you will be able to recognize them when you see them.

Gerunds are words that are formed with verbs but act as nouns. They’re very easy to spot, since every gerund is a verb with -ing tacked to its tail. There are no exceptions to this rule.

Like all things grammar, gerunds do take a tiny bit of detective work to spot. The problem here is that present participles also end with the letters -ing. Besides being able to spot gerunds, you should be able to tell the difference between a gerund and a present participle.

Let’s go back to the definition of a gerund for a moment. Remember that gerunds are words that are formed with verbs but act as nouns. Present participles do not act as nouns. Instead, they act as modifiers or complete progressive verbs. To find gerunds in sentences, just look for a verb + ing that is used as a noun. It’s that simple.

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1. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=5S1BI0GTcyo&t=23s

2. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=xNHfgZRozcE

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Let us discuss a few questions to test our understanding on Gerund.

Exercise 1A: Discover the Grammar (pg. 275)
Read the sentences. Is the gerund used as a subject (S), an object (O), an object of a preposition (OP), or a subject or object complement (C)?

1. I was having difficulty finding a subject.
2. I remembered learning a rhyme.
3. I didn’t have a way of getting to the practices.
4. My brother’s passion is kayaking.
5. We can go months without contacting each other.
6. I was having trouble figuring out my career.
7. Bill supported my becoming a writer.
8. I would have a hard time living without my “best” friends.

Exercise 1B: Discover the Grammar (pg. 276)
Are the –ing words in the sentences gerunds? Write Y (Yes) or N (No).

1. I’ve long since stopped thinking of friendship in these terms.
2. These are the friends we make engaging in some specific activity.
3. He belongs to a kayaking club.
4. We enjoy just catching up on each other’s activities.
5. Cross-generational friendships are worth pursuing.
6. He was my teacher in a writing class.
7. They have become good friends on their own through their common interest in collecting rare books.
8. I would have a hard time being single again.

Exercise 2B: Simple Gerunds (page 276)
Complete the sentences with a possessive noun or pronoun and a gerund.
1. I have two best friends, Shila and Angel. Shila is my co-worker. I’m grateful for _________ (he/ give) me a ride to work every day.
2. I’m new to the firm, so I appreciate __________ (Kitty/help) me learn my job.
3. __________ (My boss/critize) my work is hard to deal with, so Kitty’s encouragement is vital.
4. Anna is my neighbor. __________ (She/live) so close is wonderful.
5. I especially appreciate __________ (Angel/advise) me on tough issues.

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1. https://www.ef.com/english-resources/english-grammar/gerund/
2. http://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/gerund.htmhttp://esl.fis.edu/grammar/rules/gerund.htm

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BE CAREFUL! Many words in English end in -ing. Do not confuse gerunds with verbs in the progressive form or with present participles used  as adjectives or adverb phrases.

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1.      Thank you very much for ___________.

a.      not to smoke

b.      not smoking

2.      Syakur and his girlfriend go ________ every Sunday.

a.      Shopping

b.      To have shopped

3.      I’m bothered by __________ talking so loudly.

a.      Raju’s

b.      Raju is

4.      _________ myself enough time to get to work was a mistake.

a.      Me not giving

b.      Not giving

5.      Abu is used __________ his family near him.

a.      To have

b.      To having

6.      People with glaucoma have difficulty________.

a.      To see

b.      Seeing

7.      My best friend and I dislike ___________ by an alarm clock.

a.      Being awakened

b.      Being awaken

8.      Sarah was annoyed at ______________ .

a.      Not having been invited

b.      Not to be invited