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Staying in Antarctica from 3 to 10 weeks
Pack everything with them no supply restock

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Must withstand extreme cold and wind.

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Dimensional stability. A low-Earth-orbit spacecraft, such as the International Space Station, circles Earth every 90 minutes. During each orbit, there are periods of extreme hot and cold which can cause most materials, as the spacecraft moves in and out of the Earth's shadow, to expand and contract, changing their size and shape as the temperature changes.

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Average Temperature of Antarctica (Photo: )

Traveling to Antarctica is not for the faint of heart, and anyone who travels there must be prepared for intense weather conditions and frigidly cold temperatures. While the temperatures in Antarctica are freezing all year long, the coldest months are in the middle of the year. The months that are less cold occur during the time considered winter in North America.

First Quarter

January is the second warmest month of the year in Antarctica, according to data gathered at the American Amundsen-Scott station from 1957 to 1988. The average high temperature in Antarctica in January is -18 degrees F, while the average low temperature in January is similar, at about -21 degrees F. The temperature decreases dramatically into February and then March. February&#039;s average high temperature is about -41 degrees F and the average low is about -45 degrees F. The average high in March is -65 degrees F and the average low is about -70 degrees F.

Second Quarter

The average high and low temperatures stay more steady during the second quarter of the year in Antarctica. The average high temperatures in April and May in Antarctica are both about -70 degrees F, while the average low temperatures for the months are around -78 degrees F. The average high temperature in June is around -72 degrees F and the average low temperature is about -78 degrees.

Third Quarter

According to the collected data, the coldest quarter of the year in Antarctica is the third quarter. July features an average high temperature of -76 degrees and an average low temperature of about -81 degrees F. This makes the average low temperature in July the coldest of the year. The average high and low temperatures in August and September are nearly identical, with the average high in both months being close to -75 degrees F and the average low in both months being near -80 degrees F.

Fourth Quarter

While the weather in North America tends to get colder during the fourth quarter of the year, the temperature increases in Antarctica during this part of the year. The average high temperature in October is about -60 degrees and the average low for the month is about -65 degrees. The average high temperature in November increases to -36 and then -16 in December. The average low for November is -40 degrees F and -20 degrees F for December.

Yearly Averages

The average high temperature for the year in Antarctica is about -49 degrees F, while the average low temperature for the continent is about -56 degrees F.
Images related to Antarctica

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Traveling to Antarctica is not for the faint of heart, and anyone who travels there must be prepared for intense weather conditions and frigidly cold temperatures. While the temperatures in Antarctica are freezing all year long, the coldest months are in the middle of the year. The months that are less cold occur ...

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Scientific Tools

One of the most enjoyable things about building something is getting to use all the cool tools. Builders use power saws, drills and electric sanders to turn raw materials into unique creations. Just like builders, scientists use tools to get the results they want. Scientific tools help scientists take precise measurements, carry out experiments and make observations. In this lesson, we will learn about some common scientific tools that you might encounter in your school's science lab as well as some more advanced tools scientists in the life sciences are using to investigate the world around us.

Tools Used for Measuring

When you look around a science lab, you see a lot of tools. By learning what they are used for, you can conduct experiments. One thing we know about scientists is that they don't like to guess when it comes to collecting data. That's why a typical lab contains quite a few scientific tools for measuring. You have probably used many of these. For instance, in your lab you might have a stopwatch used to measure time, a scale used to measure weight, a measuring tape used to measure length or distance and a thermometer used to measure temperature.

One piece of science equipment that you might not have been introduced to is the graduated cylinder. This is a tool used to accurately measure volume of a liquid. It works somewhat like a measuring cup that you use in your kitchen, but it is more precise. Graduated cylinders are tall and narrow and usually made of glass or plastic. Along the side, you find horizontal lines that reveal the units of measurement, often in milliliters. They usually have a spout at the top so you can easily pour out the liquid you just measured.

Tools Used for Experiments

Your lab will also contain scientific tools for conducting experiments. Although you need to be careful when using a Bunsen burner, I think it is one of the most interesting lab tools to use. A Bunsen burner is a heat source used to raise the temperature of a substance. It uses an open flame, which is why you need to operate it with care. It was named after Robert Bunsen, who was a scientist who first started using the heating device. Bunsen burners are a great way to heat up liquids used in experiments.

To hold the liquids, you can use different types of glassware. If your sample is small, you could use a test tube, which is a finger-like tube with a U-shaped bottom. If you have more liquid, you could use a beaker, which is a wide-mouthed container with a flat bottom, or a flask, which is a narrow-mouthed container with a flat bottom. The different shapes and sizes of glassware found in a science lab help scientists heat, store and mix liquids and chemicals.

Another tool you might use in your science lab is called a petri dish. A petri dish is a clear, shallow dish used to grow mold or bacteria. This can be used for some interesting science experiments. For instance, laboratory petri dishes typically contain a gel-like substance that bacteria feed on called agar. As bacteria feed on the agar they multiply so much that the mass of bacteria becomes visible. Did you ever wonder if any organisms were living on your desk or on the classroom doorknob? Well, using a petri dish and a cotton swap you can find out. Simply wipe a cotton swap over any surface, then wipe it on the agar and wait for the little critters to grow.

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scientific tools and their uses - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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Scientific Tools and Their Uses - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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One of the most enjoyable things about building something is getting to use all the cool tools. Builders use power saws, drills and electric sanders to turn raw materials into unique creations. Just like builders, scientists use tools to get the results they want.

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The coldest, highest, windiest, driest continent on Earth

Antarctica is a vast, unspoiled continent that challenged explorers and inspired dreamers through the centuries. It is a place of beauty and mystery, covered with ice miles deep. But we just call it home.

Size

The Antarctic continent is a land mass covered with ice up to 13,000ft (4km) thick. With all islands and ice shelves, Antarctica is nearly 1½ times the size of the USA, twice the size of Australia, and 58 times the size of the UK. It covers 8,500,000 square miles (13,661,000 square kilometers).

Elevation

Antarctica is the highest continent on Earth: average elevation is 8,200ft (2500m). The elevation at the South Pole is 9,300ft (2835m). The highest point on the icecap is in Australian Antarctic Territory at 13,451ft (4100m), at 82° 20'S, 56° 30'E. Mount Vinson is the highest mountain in Antarctica at 16,050ft (4892m).

Precipitation

Antarctica is the driest continent on earth. The amount of moisture received by the polar plateau is comparable to that falling on the world's hot deserts, as low as 0.8 inches (20mm) per year.

Temperature & Wind

Antarctica is the coldest continent on earth. The lowest temperature ever recorded on earth was -128.6F (-89.2C) at Vostok in the Australian Antarctic Territory, in 1983. Antarctica is the windiest continent on earth. Winds flow down the coastal slopes under the influence of gravity. Speeds of these katabatic winds have been recorded up to 204 miles per hour (327 kilometers per hour).

Closest Neighbors

South America, whose tip is shared by Chile and Argentina, is the closest continent to Antarctica. It is 774 miles (1238 km) from Ushuaia, the southern-most city of Argentina, to the Argentine station, Vice Comodoro Marambio, at the tip of the Antarctic Peninsula.

Geography

About 98% of Antarctica is covered by the Antarctic ice sheet, a sheet of ice averaging at least 1.0 mile (1.6 km) thick. The continent has about 90% of the world's ice (and thereby about 70% of the world's fresh water). If all of this ice were to melt, sea levels would rise about 200 ft (60m). Antarctica is divided into two contrasting parts by the Transantarctic Mountains that cross the continent close to the 'neck' between the Weddell and Ross Seas.

West Antarctica, which includes the Antarctic Peninsula, is smaller and consists of four land units each with a different history. There has been major volcanic activity here in recent geological times and there are still a few active volcanic centers. Deep waters exist between land units and the West Antarctic Ice Sheet, which can be considered to a be floating ice mass held in place by land peaks. The West Antarctic Ice Sheet has been of recent concern because of the real, if small, possibility of its collapse. If the sheet were to break down, ocean levels would rise by several metres in a relatively geologically short period of time, perhaps a matter of centuries. ALE has been supporting researchers from the University of New South Wales who are investigating how West Antarctica has responded to temperature changes in the recent geological past. www.ellsworthmountains.com and tv.unsw.edu.au/video/antarctica-1912-discovering-science-on-ice

Most of East Antarctica is still not well known by geologists but it does include the Transantarctic Mountains. The shield is very depressed in the centre, where it carries the bulk of the Antarctic ice sheet. Large areas lie deeper than 3,280ft (1000m) below sea level.

Mountains & Volcanos

Antarctica's highest peaks are located in the Sentinel Range of the Ellsworth Mountains. Mount Vinson is the highest mountain in Antarctica at 16,050ft (4892m). Peaks in the Transantarctic Mountains commonly exceed 13,000ft (4000m) elevation. Mount Erebus, located on Ross Island, is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on Deception Island, which is famous for a giant eruption in 1970. Mount Sidley 14,058ft (4285m), located in the Executive Committee Range of Marie Byrd Land, is the highest volcano in Antarctica. Read about ALE's Mount Sidley Experience

Craters

Planetary scientists have found evidence of a meteor impact much larger and earlier than the one that killed the dinosaurs - an impact that they believe caused the biggest mass extinction in Earth's history. The 300-mile-wide (482km) crater lies hidden more than a mile beneath the East Antarctic Ice Sheet. And the gravity measurements that reveal its existence suggest that it could date back about 250 million years - the time of the Permian-Triassic extinction, when almost all animal life on Earth died out. Its size and location - in the Wilkes Land region of East Antarctica, south of Australia - also suggest that it could have begun the breakup of the Gondwana supercontinent by creating the tectonic rift that pushed Australia northward. http://researchnews.osu.edu/archive/erthboom.htm

Subglacial Lakes

More than one hundred and forty five subglacial lakes have been discovered beneath the Antarctic ice sheet. These lakes have been isolated from the surface for considerable periods of time and each represents a unique environment. Several lakes have been the focus of exploratory research: the Whillans Ice Stream Sub-glacial Resarch Drilling project (WISSARD); the Russian Antarctic Expedition (Lake Vostok); and the Lake Ellsworth Project in West Antarctica, supported by ALE. The UK based Subglacial Lake Ellsworth Consortium aimed to explore Lake Ellsworth to look for life in the lake and acquire records of past ice and climate change.

Geology

More than 180 million years ago, Antarctica, along with Africa, South America and peninsular India, was part of the supercontinent Gondwana. Over time, Gondwana gradually broke apart and Antarctica drifted to its present location centered at 90S latitude. Ultimate separation of Australia and South America from Antarctica about 35 million years ago created a circumpolar current that resulted in an isolated continent. This in turn led to long-term snowfall and preservation of glaciers and an eventual ice sheet, beginning some 14 million years ago.

Like all other continents, Antarctica has at its core an ancient shield. The rocks of the East Antarctica shield are as old as 4 billion years, which means that they are amongst the oldest known rocks on Earth. Geologists are now studying this shield to help them gain insight into the early geological processes of the Earth's history.

Geologically, West Antarctica closely resembles the Andes mountain range of South America. The only anomalous area of West Antarctica is the Ellsworth Mountains region, where the stratigraphy is more similar to that of the Transantarctic Mountains and East Antarctica. This suggests that the Ellsworth Mountains must have broken away from a direct connection to the Transantarctic Mountains and rotated 90 degrees to reach their present location in West Antarctica.

Perhaps the historically most significant evidence of earlier vegetation, well preserved in Antarctica, is the leaf form Glossopteris which was at the heart of the concept of Gondwana, an hypothesis first proposed to explain the widespread distribution of glacial rocks and Glossopteris. When Robert Falcon Scott's party was found dead in its tent on the way back from the South Pole, specimens of Glossopteris from the Beardmore Glacier region were found with them. While they had jettisoned almost everything else on the way back, they recognised the immense scientific importance of Glossopteris and refused to leave the specimens behind. These are some 280-300 million years old. Read more www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/fact-files/geology/antarctic-prehistory-facts

Mineral Resources

The main known mineral resource on the continent is coal. It was first recorded near the Beardmore Glacier by Frank Wild on the Nimrod Expedition, and now low-grade coal is known across many parts of the Transantarctic Mountains. The Prince Charles Mountains contain significant deposits of iron ore. The most valuable resources of Antarctica lie offshore, namely the oil and natural gas fields found in the Ross Sea in 1973. The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty prohibits all activities relating to Antarctic mineral resources, except for scientific research.

Climate

Antarctica is a frozen desert with little precipitation; the South Pole itself receives less than 4 inches (10cm) per year, on average. Temperatures reach a minimum of between -112F (-80C) and -130F (-90C) in the interior in winter and reach a maximum of between 41F (5C) and 59F (15C) near the coast in summer.

East Antarctica is colder than its western counterpart because of its higher elevation. Weather fronts rarely penetrate far into the continent, leaving the center cold and dry. Despite the lack of precipitation over the central portion of the continent, ice there lasts for extended time periods. Heavy snowfalls are not uncommon on the coastal portion of the continent, where snowfalls of up to 48 inches (1.22m) in 48 hours have been recorded.

At the edge of the continent, strong katabatic winds off the polar plateau often blow at storm force. In the interior, however, wind speeds are typically moderate. During summer, more solar radiation reaches the surface during clear days at the South Pole than at the equator because of the 24 hours of sunlight each day at the Pole. Sunburn is often a health issue as the snow surface reflects almost all of the ultraviolet light falling on it.

Antarctica is colder than the Arctic for two reasons. First, much of the continent is more than 2 miles (3km) above sea level and temperature decreases with elevation. Second, the Arctic Ocean covers the north polar zone: the ocean's relative warmth is transferred through the icepack and prevents temperatures in the Arctic regions from reaching the extremes typical of the land surface of Antarctica.

Flora

The flora of the Antarctic consists of around 250 lichens, 100 mosses, 25-30 liverworts, around 700 terrestrial and aquatic algal species, an unknown number of (mostly microscopic) fungi, and 2 flowering plants. The main factor that determines the distribution of terrestrial plant life in Antarctica is the availability of free water.

A lichen is a organism formed from the symbiotic association of certain fungi and (usually) green algae. Lichens occupy many different habitats, often in extreme environments. Three main types of lichens exist in Antarctica. Crustose lichens, which form a thin crust on the surface of the substrate they grow on; foliose lichens, which form leaf like lobes; and fruticose lichens which have a shrubby growth habit. Lichens have very slow growth rates. In the harsh environment of Antarctica's interior, growth may be as little as 0.4 inches (1cm) per 1000 years.

Lichens have a number of adaptations that enable them to survive in Antarctica. They are able to exhibit net photosynthesis while frozen at temperatures as low as -4F (-20C). They can absorb water from a saturated atmosphere when covered by snow. Additionally, snow cover affords protection from the elements and most growth appears to occur when they are buried beneath at least a thin protective layer of snow. They can survive long unfavourable periods of drought in a dry and inactive state. In continental Antarctica, many lichens are able to absorb water vapour from snow and ice.

Fauna

Few terrestrial vertebrates live in Antarctica. Invertebrate life includes microscopic mites, lice, nematodes, tardigrades, rotifers, krill and springtails. Recently ancient ecosystems consisting of several types of bacteria have been found living trapped deep beneath glaciers. The flightless midge Belgica antarctica, up to 0.2 inches (6mm) in size, is the largest purely terrestrial animal in Antarctica. The snow petrel is one of only three birds that breed exclusively in Antarctica. The wide variety of marine animals includes blue whales, orcas, colossal squids, fur seals, and several species of penguins. Emperor and Adélie penguins make the Antarctic continent their true home, while others (chinstrap, gentoo, and macaroni) breed on the northern tip of the Antarctic Peninsula, where conditions are less harsh.

While searching for marine reptile bones, reasearchers came across unusual bones on the ocean bottom near James Ross Island. The fossilized remains included pieces with characteristics only seen in meat eating theropods or "beast-footed" dinosaurs like Tyrannosaurus rex and smaller carnivores. The team eventually concluded that they had found a species of dinosaur never previously recorded. Read more www.nsf.gov/news/special_reports/dino/lowebb.jsp

More Info
www.antarctica.gov.au/about-antarctica/fact-files www.antarctica.ac.uk/about_antarctica/index.php

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Antarctic Environment - Antarctic Logistics & Expeditions

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The coldest, highest, windiest, driest continent on Earth Antarctica is a vast, unspoiled continent that challenged explorers and inspired dreamers through the centuries. It is a place of beauty and mystery, covered with ice miles deep. But we just call it home. Size The Antarctic continent is a land mass covered with ice up to [...]

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r/shittyaskscience - How is there oxygen in Antartica when there are no trees?

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r/shittyaskscience: Reddit's new look is shit. Revert back to classic.

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Anders, M. "Backpack Basics." Boy's Life

Mark Anders gives basic facts about backpacks. He tells us parts of the backpack that have big impacts. He tells of how to find a backpack that is fitting for you. He shows what certain things on the backpack are for and how to find one you like.

It tells us what details on the backpack are for. We could use the paragraph about the structure of the backpack. One structure allows airflow and the other is more fitting. For the cold and wind we do not want airflow.

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The Thermo Pack was developed specifically for more efficient, easy access. The Thermo Pack is designed with magnetic bars in replacement of the commonly known zipper. This efficient feature allows you to access the inside of the Thermo Pack with no extra strength needed even with gloves on. This magnetic feature also is resistant to the cold unlike the zipper which would freeze. Another feature of the Thermo Pack is the light weight aluminum structure with keeps the Thermo Pack from caving in. Since the Thermo Pack has a strong lightweight structure, your belongings are kept safe and clean. The Thermo pack also has a side pocket where you can deposit the ice cores   to keep them cold and away from the heat. This idea was specifically designed for Antarctic scientists.

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Conover, E. "New Lightweight Steel is cheap, yet strong." Science

Emily Conover  introduces the new lightweight material. Scientists make a new metal out of aluminum and iron.