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After Ivan the Terrible, Peter created a dynasty in Russia. He basically transformed their methods and styles and modernized them with Western manners and ideas. He also became the czar, which in Russia means caesar.

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Frederick William the Great Elector laid down the foundation for the Prussians. He maintained a nice army, along with overseeing the civil agencies dependent on the military.

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1714 August 1 - Death of Anne Stuart, beginning of the Hanover Dynasty with George I, Elector of Hanover.

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1714 August 1 - Death of Anne Stuart, beginning of the Hanover Dynasty with George I, Elector of Hanover.

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1666 The Great Fire of London, 5 September 

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1666 The Great Fire of London, 5 September 

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The event caused social tensions and the disaster was horrible in relation to the economy and social life.

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Thomas Hobbes really set the tone of legal and political thought because of his influential way he expressed government was the ultimate power that needed it in order to suppress tensions and and maintain order. John Locke was also influential and had an impact on the U.S Constitution.

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1640 Second Bishops' War hostilities renewed in Scotland     April-May the "Short Parliament" the Commonsrefuses to grant Charles financial support for the war.     August 28 Scots defeat Charles' forces atNewburn, Northumberland, and Durham     November - Treaty of Ripon temporary end tohostilities.     November 3 - the "Long Parliament" TriennialAct agreed to by Charles I.

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1640 Second Bishops' War hostilities renewed in Scotland     April-May the "Short Parliament" the Commonsrefuses to grant Charles financial support for the war.     August 28 Scots defeat Charles' forces atNewburn, Northumberland, and Durham     November - Treaty of Ripon temporary end tohostilities.     November 3 - the "Long Parliament" TriennialAct agreed to by Charles I.

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1639 First Bishops' War Scotland revolts over the impositionof Anglican liturgy into Scottish Presbyterian services.     June 18 Pacification of Dunse temporary compromisesettlement

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1639 First Bishops' War Scotland revolts over the impositionof Anglican liturgy into Scottish Presbyterian services.     June 18 Pacification of Dunse temporary compromisesettlement

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1577 Alliance with the Netherlands Republic in their war against Spain, although Elizabeth did not declare war against Spain.

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1577 Alliance with the Netherlands Republic in their war against Spain, although Elizabeth did not declare war against Spain.

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1568 Beginning of a period of mounting hostilities between Spain and England

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1568 Beginning of a period of mounting hostilities between Spain and England

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1562 England sends troops to France to aid the Huguenots.

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1562 England sends troops to France to aid the Huguenots.

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Both of the Louis established the major foundations of absolutism in Europe. The reign of Louis the X1V is the best example and they ruled from 1643 to 171

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In 1689, Parliament offered them the throne with a contingency that they accept the Bill of
Rights.

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English nobles invited him to come because all the people wanted a change. Mary thought it would be appalling if she rebelled against her dad, but William welcomed the opportunity just because he wanted to fight France with England's resources. He arrived in November, and they marched toward London.

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Around 1688, he and his wife had a son, and now people feared the possibility of a monarchy.

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It was well-known that he was devoted and dedicated to Catholicism. He appointed them to high positions in government and now religion again became the center of conflict.

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The beginning of another established monarchy began with Charles the Second. He was sympathetic toward Catholics and he suspended laws passed, which caused Parliament to issue the Test Act, which specifically stated that only Anglicans (Members of the Church of England) could hold public offices and military positions.

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Oliver Cromwell sets up Military Dictatorship

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Oliver Cromwell sets up Military Dictatorship

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He was made dictator of Ireland, Scotland, and England. It started in 1653 and lasted until his death in 1658.

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The execution was on January 30 in 1649. The event caused the end of monarchy and this started the commonwealth, a kind of republic.

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The Civil War in England, August 22, 1642

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The Civil War in England, August 22, 1642

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The supporters of Parliament, or Roundheads, were fighting the Royalists, or the supporters of King Charles 1. The conflict was started because of different principles that each group wanted.

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The whole idea behind it was to limit the power of the king by reducing the monarchy's ability to influence and demand taxes, imprison people without cause, and instituting a certain faith.

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The rebellious Parliament in England led to the government revolution movement against the monarchy. King James believed in the divine right of kings, which contrasts the ideas that Parliament had. It all started in 1603 with the rise of Stuarts. Many of the England's gentry, who were mostly landowning citizens, formed the Puritans, and that lead into them controlling the House of Commons.

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Religious disputes after the peace settlement was caused by the Calvinists spreading their faith, but the Catholics wanted to stop it. The conflicts allowed Sweden and other nation-states to begin to expand their territories and the war also completely destroyed Germany. The war ended after the Treaty of Westphalia.

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Because of all the social, economic and racial tensions, people began to believe witches existed, and this is especially true after the Inquisition. Heretics led to people hunting down suspected women. As governments became established, the hysteria decreased and fewer public officers were doing trials.

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The rise of inflation and the policies of sovereign states caused political upheaval and economic instability. Also, around the same time, the population of Europe was in sudden decline in the 1650's. Warfare, plague, famine, and social tensions were horrible for Europe.

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The French Civil War from March 1562 - 1598

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The French Civil War from March 1562 - 1598

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The relations between the noble families was terrible and they all wanted the throne in France. The Huguenots wanted Protestantism but the French kings were known to persecute them because they weren't Catholic. The cause and effect is Henry lV of Navarre was made king because he converted to Catholicism to gain power. When he took control, the power struggles ceased and he instituted the Edict of Nantes in 1598. The tremendous reason he did this was to give freedom to the Huguenots.

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The Peace of Augsburg separates Christianity in Germany, September 25, 1555   

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The Peace of Augsburg separates Christianity in Germany, September 25, 1555   

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The event was important because it allowed rulers to be Protestant or Catholic. It ended the religious struggles between the two groups.

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The Unsuccessful Spanish Armada Invasion,

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The Unsuccessful Spanish Armada Invasion,

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In August 1588, King Phillip decided to send a fleet of warships to England to conquer and stop the spreading of Protestantism.

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Elizabeth Tudor ascended to recover the English crown in 1558, in November on the seventh teeth.

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Elizabeth Tudor ascended to recover the English crown in 1558, in November on the seventh teeth.

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The total affect Queen Elizabeth had should not be underappreciated. One influential decision she made, The Act of Supremacy, stated that she had total supreme governing control over both the church and state.
She was also moderate in her foreign policy and she took sides in order to prevent the French or Spaniards access to power.

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King Phillip of Spain, and the Spanish Militant Catholicism

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King Phillip of Spain, and the Spanish Militant Catholicism

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The Spaniards stunning, resounding win over the Turks in Lepanto was a crucial point in 1571, in August on the 14th. King Phillip was strictly about Catholicism. His military capacity allowed him to invade England- Cause and Effect

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Conflicts and Absolutism in Europe, 1550-1715

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Conflicts and Absolutism in Europe, 1550-1715

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The Beginning of a tumultuous time in Europe and all the revolutions and drastic changes