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The Separatists were strict English Protestantism. United by their dislike of the Church of England, the Separatists wanted to either do away with the Church or sever all ties with it.

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Roger Williams was an English colonist who founded the colony of Rhode Island. He was born in England and came to America in 1631.

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Peter Stuyvesant was the son of a director in the Dutch West India Company. In 1645, he was named Director General of all Dutch colonies in North America and the Caribbean.

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John Rolfe was a colonial official and planter who played a vital role in the economic success of the Jamestown colony. In the early years of the Jamestown settlement, the colony failed to yield any profits for the investors, the Virginia Company of London.

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Thomas Hooker was a pastor who came to America in 1633, landing in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. He disagreed with the rules in the Bay Colony that restricted voting rights to members of the church.

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Like many other early American colonists, Anne Hutchinson was born in England. She came to America in 1634 and settled with her husband and children in the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Hutchinson had her own beliefs about religion. She felt that a relationship with God was a personal one and that you didn’t need to go to church to maintain that relationship.

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The Virginia Company was the English company that founded the colony of Jamestown, Virginia, in 1607. The previous year, King James I gave the company a charter to create a colony somewhere between current-day North Carolina and New York State on the east coast of North America.

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A staple crop is a crop that is most commonly grown in a particular region. Staple crops can be food sources that are used to feed a great number of people, such as rice in China.

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The term Protestant Church refers to several different sects of Christianity that began to split off from the Catholic Church during the Protestant Reformation, which took place in the 1500s.

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The word pilgrim means someone who takes a long journey, usually to a religious site—a journey known as a pilgrimage. In U.S. history Pilgrims refers to the group of English men, women, and children who sailed from England to the Netherlands and then to Plymouth, Massachusetts, in 1620.

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Mercantilism is an economic theory that was practiced by European powers from the 1500s to the 1700s. Nations that practiced mercantilism believed that a nation could become more powerful if it followed certain economic principles. One of these principles was accumulating wealth in the form of precious metals like gold and silver. These metals were used as currency.

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The Mayflower Compact was a document drawn up by the Pilgrims who sailed to Plymouth on the Mayflower. It was signed on November 21, 1620, before the Pilgrims landed and left their ship.

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The Massachusetts Bay Company was the British joint-stock company that founded the Massachusetts Bay Colony. In 1629, the company had been granted a charter from King Charles I.

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Imagine for a moment the amount of work that would be involved in setting up a colony on a distant land. You would have to transport people and goods over long distances. You would need to earn a living in the colony, so you would need farming equipment or other tools. You also might be required to make several trips back to the home country to stock up on supplies. These were the realities that European countries faced when they considered starting colonies in North America.

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The Dutch West India Company was a trading company. It had a monopoly on trade with Africa, the Americas, and every place in between.

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Economists use the term commodity to refer to a particular kind of good. Commodities are usually agricultural products, minerals, or other raw materials.

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A colony is an area of land or a settlement that is ruled by another country. From the 1400s through the 1600s, European powers became interested in establishing colonies in the Western Hemisphere.

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The Church of England has been the official church in England for about 450 years.

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Vaquero is the Spanish word for a cattle herder, and vaqueros in Mexico were the first cowboys in North America. Vaqueros herded cattle in Mexico and brought longhorn cattle north to what is now Texas in the 1860s, where the cattle were left to roam free.

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The triangular trade was a series of transatlantic trade routes that—when plotted on a map—roughly resembled triangles.

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The forced migration of millions of captured and enslaved people from Africa to the Americas is known as the transatlantic slave trade.

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Trade is the exchange of goods and services by sale. It is driven both by the need for resources and by the amount of resources that a trader has on hand.

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A mission is an organized effort by Christians to spread their religious faith. In the 1600s and 1700s, the term was used to described settlements in North America that were established by Spanish Catholic priests to spread their religion to Native Americans.

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The Middle Passage was a term used to describe the middle part of an enslaved person’s journey from Africa to the Americas.

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An indentured servant is a worker who agrees to provide a service for a specified time in return for some form of payment. For example, a young man wishing to learn the cobbler’s trade might indenture himself as an apprentice to an experienced cobbler for three years.

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An epidemic is an outbreak of an infectious disease that affects an unusually large number of people and lasts for a long time.

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The term environment refers to the physical surroundings in which plants, animals, and humans live. Different locations have different environments. These differences are based on the soil, climate, and other living things that are located at each location.

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The encomienda was the system that the Spanish government used to try to control Native Americans in the American colonies in the 1500s. Through this system the Spanish crown granted a certain number of Native Americans in a particular area to Spanish conquistadors, soldiers, or other officials.

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During the Age of Exploration, people wanted to learn more about the world. European nations sent out explorers to discover new lands and resources. Many notable Spanish explorers went on voyages across the world during this golden age of world discovery. They were called conquistadors, which in Spanish means "conquerors."

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A quadrant is a tool that allows people to accurately measure the altitude of the sun or a star above the horizon. It is made of an arc that shows angle measurements up to 90 degrees and a movable radius to measure the angle of the sun above the horizon.

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A patron is an individual or a group who provides financial, moral, or political support to someone in need.

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Beginning in the late 1400s, European explorers searched the land and waters of North America for the Northwest Passage. This sea route, if it existed, was said to connect the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean.

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A mutiny is an active rebellion or resistance to a military authority by someone who is under the command of that authority. The term is sometimes used to describe any rebellion against a commander on a ship, even if it is not a military ship.

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The lateen sail represented a significant breakthrough in water transportation. Although the exact origin of this type of sail is unknown, some believe the Egyptians invented it sometime before the 100s BCE(Before Common Era).

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An expedition is a journey taken for a specific purpose. One of the best-known expeditions in U.S. history is the Lewis and Clark expedition, which took place from 1804 to 1806.

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During the Age of Exploration, people wanted to learn more about the world. European nations sent out explorers to discover new lands and resources. Many notable Spanish explorers went on voyages across the world during this golden age of world discovery.

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A compass is a navigational tool for finding direction on Earth's surface. The oldest and most common type of compass is the magnetic compass. Magnetized iron, when allowed to move freely, will swing around until the iron is pointing north and south.

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Circumnavigate means "to travel, or navigate, all the way around something." The prefix circum comes from "circumference," which is the distance around a circle. Although the term can refer to simply traveling around something such as an island, it usually refers to traveling all the way around the globe.

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Used by Spanish and Portuguese sailors in the 1400s to 1600s, caravels were small sailing ships. The ships were light, fast, and more maneuverable than many other ships of the time.

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Astrolabes are ancient scientific instruments used by astronomers and ship navigators. They were used as early as the 500s, and by about 800 they had been fully developed in the Islamic world. From there the use of astrolabes spread to Europe. Astrolabes became widely used in Europe during the Middle Ages.

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According to the beliefs of Native American cultures in the Pacific Northwest and parts of Canada, a totem is a guardian or ancestor that watches over people.

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A tepee was a cone-shaped tent used by some Native American groups for shelter. This type of housing was most common in the Plains region of the United States. The women in the tribe were responsible for building and maintaining the tepees, which could be easily dismantled and reassembled, making them ideal for hunters.

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Pueblo comes from the Spanish word for “village.” The Pueblo Indian emerged around 100 CE. This group settled in the region that spanned from central Utah to northern Mexico.

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Natural resources are substances, materials, and living things that occur on or within the earth and that have economic value. These can include natural gas, fish, and forests. A natural resource has economic value only when people learn how to use or extract it.

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A longhouse was a type of home that a number of different Native American tribes built, especially tribes who lived in the forests of the Northeast. A longhouse was made of a framework of poles that the Native Americans then covered with sheets of bark.

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a chamber, built wholly or partly underground, used by male Pueblo Indians for religious rites.

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The Iroquois League was a confederation of five Indian nations, including the Mohawk, Oneida, Onondaga, Cayuga, and Seneca. The Tuscarora joined the confederation in 1722.

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An empire is a large group of territories and people who are ruled by a single leader or nation. Throughout history countries or groups of people have built empires by using their military, or the threat of military power, to conquer other territories.

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relating to a family of North American Indian languages formerly spoken across a vast area from the Atlantic seaboard to the Great Lakes and the Great Plains.

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The system of checks and balances is used to keep the government from getting too powerful.

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A change or addition to the Constitution.

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The Bill of Rights is the first 10 Amendments to the Constitution. It spells out Americans' rights in relation to their government.

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To confirm or approve.

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A way of reaching agreement in which each person or group gives up something that was wanted in order to end an argument.

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a set of rules that guides how a country, state, or other political organization works.

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the governing body of a nation, state, or community.