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Definition: States a new position that is preferred instead of an old one can be the complete opposite of the null or just slightly different.

Example: If you had two different types of fertilizers, your null or assumption would be that they work equally as good and your alternative could state that one works better than the other.

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Definition: Experimental subjects are arranged in subgroups, then subjects in each group are randomly assigned to different treatment conditions.

Example: You're trying to find the effectiveness of a covid-19 vaccine. There is 1000 subjects and you split them by male and female with 500 in each group. Then, both groups are randomly assigned to treatment groups where 250 women get the vaccine, and 250 get a placebo and they do the same with the men.

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Definition: A sample including members of the population that are easily accessed

Example: A teacher picks the five students who sit closest to her desk to answer a survey.

Characteristic: Convenience samples are flawed because you are not able to make generalizations about the population as a whole, without using SRS.

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Definition: A statistic that describes or summarizes a given data set.

Example: You are given the numbers 5, 7 , 8 , and 14. The range of this data set would be 9, which is a measure/dispersion of variance.

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Definition: A controlled test used to investigate cause and effect relationships.

Example: I want to know how students at Leesville feel about remote learning. I choose a stratified sampling method and split the students up by their grade, and their gender. Then, I take a SRS of 25 males and females in each grade, sample them and get my results.

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Definition: A chart that has categories and counts the observed numbers .

Example: I wanted to see how many keep-ups I could do with different soccer balls(heavy, 1 regular, and 1 light). Then, I conduct three trials with each ball and compare the averages of each ball.

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Definition: An experiment without a set number of outcomes, trials are conducted until desired outcome is reached

Example: If your probability of success is .70, what is the probability of making a free throw on your second try. The equation would be p(x=2)=(.70)(1-.70)^1 and your answer would be (.21).

Characteristics: There are three assumptions you can make about Geometric distributions: Trials are independent, the probability of success is the exact same for each trial, and there are two possible outcomes for each trial.

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Definition: A diagram which uses rectangles to show the frequency of a variable in different intervals or categories.

Example: If you wanted to compare the number of the three-pointers made by each NBA team during the regular season you could use a histogram to compare.

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Definition: A statistic that describes the middle 50% of values in a data set(contains Q1, Median, and Q3)- to find IQR you subtract Q1 from Q3.

Example: You are given a data set of 5, 7, 8 , 9 , 10, 11. Q1 = 7, Q3 = 10, then the IQR would be 3 because 10 - 7.

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Definition: The entries in the body of a frequency table.

Examples: You have a two-way frequency table with men and women, and their are five columns that state their ethnicity. The counts in each category are you joint frequencies, such as 12 Colombian women.

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Definition: To be mutually exclusive the probability of two events occurring at same time must have a probability of 0.

Example: The Leesville Men's basketball team is playing Cardinal Gibbons on January 6th. The winner can be either Leesville or Gibbons it's impossible for both to occur.

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Definition: A probability distribution that is symmetrical on both sides of the mean.

Example: The mean of a data set is 15 and standard deviation is 5. The first standard deviation(10-20) makes up 68% of the data, the second standard deviation(5-25) makes up 95% of the data, and the third standard deviation makes up

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Definition: A type of study where researchers don't try to affect the outcome, instead they observe or measure for certain outcomes.

Example: If a researcher wanted to see how many bugs a poison dart frog ate a day, they would go and watch the frog in its natural habitat.

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Definition: Occurs when results/effects are seen in a group of people who did not receive treatment.

Example: A researcher wants to test the effectiveness of a new cold medicine. The subjects are split into two groups, one group takes a sugar pill(placebo) and the other takes the new medicine. Both groups displayed reduced symptoms of colds, even though one group didn't actually get real treatment.

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Definition: Numerical data, can be quantified(easier to analyze).

Example: The heights of the students in 4th period AP stat(continuous). The number of pet(s) each student has(discrete).

Characteristic: There are two types of quantitative data, discrete and continuous, discrete is usually counted while continuous is usually measured.

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Definition: A term to describe anything in a survey design that can influence responses/ cause inaccuracies.

Example: My friend is interviewing me for the yearbook. I know everyone will be able to see my response, therefore I answer the question differently than I would have if it was a regular conversation.

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Definition: A method for that selects individuals from the population completely randomly, giving each member of the population an equal chance of being chosen

Example: A teacher puts everyone's name in a hat and picks five names out of it.

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Definition: A error that occurs when the null hypothesis is rejected when it is actually true, false positive.

Example: My null hypothesis stated that boys and girls are equally as good at math. For a Type 1 Error to be occur I would have to reject this hypothesis, however the null would turn out to be true.

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Definition: A type of bias when part of the population is not represented or is underrepresented in the sample.

Example: If I didn't include engineers when trying to find the average salaries of STEM majors.

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Definition: When individuals can choose to be part of a sample or not

Example: The host of a T.V show asks fans at home to vote in a poll about their favorite guest. Many people will choose not to vote because they don't really care. however passionate fans of a celebrity may flood the poll with votes for them, giving biased results.

Characteristic: The resulting samples tend to be overrepresented by people with strong opinions, which is why the conclusions from these samples are usually inaccurate or can't be used to generalize.

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Definition: Occurs when wording of a survey influences the responses.

Example 1: "Should illegal immigrants from Mexico be stopped at the border?" (More people for it)

Example 2: "Do you think children should be separated from their families for long periods of time at the border?"(More people against it)

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Definition: The point where a line crosses the x-axis.

Example: If a line crosses the x-axis at (0,0) and (1,3) those are your two x-intercepts.

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Definition: A measure of how many standard deviations a raw score is located from the mean.

Example: The raw score is 350, the mean 300, and the standard deviation is 50; the resulting Z-score is 1.