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https://www.ucas.com/explore/subjects/art-and-design

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In most cases what upsets people in location, durability, safety, effect on property values, traffic patterns, how to fund the project, and other logistical issues. Many artists have used art to try to surprise or shock people. The art often outlives the controversy it creates.

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A policy that builder of large projects had to pay for public art piece. Many residents were not pleased with some of the resulting art. Although the guidelines were recently changed, the unpopular sculptures remain, and there is an ongoing debate about what to do with them.

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https://youtu.be/LCfBYE97rFk

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Feign

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A large, usually continous segment of surface or space; area

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Skimming :
- Read to got main idea
- Preview
+ title/ heading
+ picture/ table /character
+the 1st and last paragraph

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a set of different things of the same general type

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Topic [ˈtɒpɪk] : subject, theme

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Written by By Amy Bryzgel, The Conversation

Amy Bryzgel is a lecturer of Film and Visual Culture at University of Aberdeen. The views expressed in this commentary are solely those of the writer. CNN is showcasing the work of The Conversation, a collaboration between journalists and academics to provide news analysis and commentary. The content is produced solely by The Conversation.

Bulgarian artist Christo -- who is best known for his massive "wrapping" of buildings and other monuments -- unveiled his latest installation, "The Floating Piers."

If you visited Italy's Lake Iseo before July 3, you could have experienced what it's like to walk on water.

On setting foot on the piers, a floating dock system of 220,000 high-density polyethylene cubes which undulate with the waves, visitors will experience the closest approximation to what it's like to walk on water.

Seem like a gimmick, or even more of an amusement park attraction than high art? Maybe, but installation art, in its relatively short history, has always been controversial.

The use of installation in contemporary art began to develop in the 1970s as a way of democratizing the art experience. Installation enables the viewer to have a more active role in the consumption of the artwork, rather than passively viewing it.

As such, the meaning of the artwork was no longer just about what the artist wanted to express, but about the viewer's experience of and interaction with it.

For example, one of Allan Kaprow's earliest installations, "Apple Shrine," involved visitors navigating a basement labyrinth of chicken wire, newspaper, cloth and straw, at the end of which they were allowed to take a piece away with them. They had to choose between a real apple, which they could literally consume (eat), or a fake one, which they could keep and preserve forever.

Art in public

Installation artists seek to move art into the public space, so that those who don't usually frequent galleries could encounter it. This doesn't often pan out as expected.

One infamous example was Richard Serra's "Tilted Arc," a site-specific installation on New York City's busy Federal Plaza, constructed in 1981. The point was to alter the individual's path as she or he crossed the plaza.

It sparked such a strong reaction -- people were annoyed that they had to go around it, not to mention the fact that many found it ugly -- that a public trial was held and a jury voted to remove it.

Because of its strong imposition on the landscape and in public spaces, installation art can also be effective in communicating a political or social message.

At the end of last year, Danish-Icelandic artist Olafur Eliasson, together with the geologist Minik Rosing, installed "Ice Watch" -- 12 blocks of ice, taken from icebergs from a fjord in Greenland -- in the Place du Pantheon during COP21, the Paris Climate Conference 2015.

Over the course of 12 days, those 12 blocks, arranged in a clock formation, melted away. The artist made climate change and its effects, for which there are still many skeptics, visible to all -- not just the scientists and experts inside the meetings of COP21.

In February 2016, Chinese artist Ai Weiwei, who is outspoken on the subject of human rights and whose work is often political, covered the columns of the façade of Berlin's Konzerthaus with bright orange life vests taken from Lesbos, the Greek Island that has become a gateway for refugees fleeing to Europe.

The installation coincided with the Berlinale Film Festival. Although the intention was to commemorate those who died at sea in their attempt to escape war and persecution, the artist was criticized for the location of installation, seeing as Germany has taken in more refugees than any other European nation.

Art and beauty

But such "public" art does not always have to be political.

The work that Christo -- the walking-on-water artist -- began creating in the 1960s with his partner Jeanne-Claude didn't aim to pander to particular debates. They maintained that their principle aim was to create objects of beauty.

By intervening in a landscape or wrapping up a building in cloth, such as the Reichstag in Berlin, they invited the viewer to look again, see something anew, and appreciate the aesthetic qualities the new artwork brings.

The artists continued to make installations together until 2009, when Jeanne-Claude died.

"The Floating Piers" is Christo's first installation since his partner's death. Similarly, aesthetics and emotion seem to be the principle message.

The public nature of all of these installations enables the beauty of contemporary art to be appreciated by those who wouldn't normally set foot into an art museum or gallery -- and the placement of some of them allows for a social and political message to be communicated to a wider audience.

While Christo's piece enables the visitor to walk on water, Eliasson's and Weiwei's works both bring home powerful messages about important social issues in a more visceral manner than perhaps a news item or report might. And that, after all, is the power of installation art.

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why is public art so controversial?  - cnn

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Written by By Amy Bryzgel, The Conversation

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Art or amusement park? Tremendous public installations that will boggle your mind

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Written by By Amy Bryzgel, The Conversation Amy Bryzgel is a lecturer of Film and Visual Culture at University of Aberdeen. The views expressed in this commentary are solely those of the writer. CNN is showcasing the work of The Conversation, a collaboration between journalists and academics to provide news analysis and commentary.

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The act or process of publishing printed matter

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rational [ˈræʃnəl] : reasonable, logical

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The consequences of being bitten or stung by certain insects or spiders

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Posture

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policy [ˈpɒləsi] : rule, strategy

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enough for a particular purpose

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a particular government or a system or method of government

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either of a pair of people engaged together in the same activity.

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Ongoing : continuing, rolling

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for or out of every 100, shown by the symbol %

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partical, effective

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carefully choose as being the best or most suitable.

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mutual [ˈmjuːtʃuəl] : shared, common

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not saying or doing anything that would encourage or help any of the groups involved in an argument or war

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increase

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Pair

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Legislate [ˈledʒɪsleɪt] : enact, estabish

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very small in amount

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the distinctive clothing worn by members of the same organization or body or by children attending certain schools.

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Build

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to cause something to begin

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Interpret [ɪnˈtɜːprət] : explain, clarify

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Notion

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of, on, for, or coming from the outside

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Inspect [ɪnˈspekt] : look, review

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to guess or calculate the cost, size, value, etc. of something

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guideline [ˈɡaɪdlaɪn] : advise, recommendation

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Recording processes with Flow Charts

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communication with someone, especially by speaking or writing to them regularly

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Come near

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goal [ɡəʊl] : aim , purpose

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a fact or event that makes a situation the way it is

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any basic substance that is used in or produced by a reaction involving changes to atoms or molecules

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Fund [fʌnd] :account, reserve

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Ocean: https://slideplayer.com/slide/2492819/

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High school society: Who Belongs Where?

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Evidence

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UNIT 7: Pieces of a Puzzle: The Evidence for Pangaea|READING B1| Hayleymama

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Judging Roommates by Their Facebook Covers

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Judging Roommates by Their Facebook Cover

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Freshmen go online to check out the students they will live with - and reach some early conclusions The anxiety is supposed to subside for high-school seniors after they receive their acceptance letters and make their college choices. Each summer, however, many incoming freshmen relive the tense...

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a place of study or training in a special field

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to add something to the end of a piece of writing

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REVIEW: Scanning get specific detail
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- highlighting: use a bright marker to make important passages easy to see. You might also want to underline or circle parts of the reading
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Main idea :

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Fats are classified as either "saturated and "unsaturated". Foods high in unsaturated fats include vegetable oils,nuts and avocados. It caused weight problem and it improve brain performance ...Saturated fats such as meat, butter could effects heart disease,mental,antisocial...Omega-3 fatty acids promote intellectual development.

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Time Capsule

Amid the privations of World War II, 36 men voluntarily starved themselves so that researchers and relief workers could learn about how to help people recover from starvation.

By Dr. David Baker and Natacha Keramidas

October 2013, Vol 44, No. 9

Print version: page 66

6 min read

Cite this

Baker, D. B., & Keramidas, N. (2013, October). The psychology of hunger. Monitor on Psychology, 44(9). http://www.apa.org/monitor/2013/10/hunger

In November 1944, 36 young men took up residence in the corridors and rooms of the University of Minnesota football stadium. They were not members of the football team. Rather, they were volunteers preparing for a nearly yearlong experiment on the psychological and physiological effects of starvation. Known as the Minnesota Starvation Experiment, the study was a project of the newly established Laboratory of Physiological Hygiene at the University of Minnesota, an interdisciplinary research institution with an emphasis on nutrition and human biology.

At the time, World War II was raging around the world, and so, too, were hunger and starvation. Over the centuries, people had recorded anecdotal reports of the effects of famine and starvation, but there was little in the scientific literature that described its physiological and psychological effects. Just as important, doctors and researchers didn't know how to help people rehabilitate and recover from starvation.

Eager to take on the challenge was Ancel Keys, PhD, the physiologist in charge of the Minnesota lab. The lab's chief psychologist, Josef Brozek, PhD, was responsible for gathering the psychological data on the effects of starvation. Brozek had completed his doctoral degree in 1937 at Charles University in Prague with interests in applied psychology, physiology and physical anthropology, and joined the Minnesota lab in 1941.

Among his duties, Brozek assisted in recruiting subjects for the study. In previous nutrition studies at the lab, Keys had drawn subjects from the ranks of the Civilian Public Service (CPS). During World War II, the CPS provided conscientious objectors an alternative to military combat service. These objectors were often referred to as human guinea pigs because of their willingness to serve in medical experiments. Keys knew from experience that many conscientious objectors were eager to do meaningful work that would benefit humanity and was confident that the starvation experiment would attract the needed volunteers.

Subject selection was stringent. Subjects had to be male, single and demonstrate good physical and mental health (largely based on the newly developed Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory). They also had to show an ability to get along well with others under trying circumstances and an interest in relief work. The final 36 men were selected from more than 200 volunteers and in November 1944 made their way to the University of Minnesota to begin their service.

The research protocol called for the men to lose 25 percent of their normal body weight. They spent the first three months of the study eating a normal diet of 3,200 calories a day, followed by six months of semi-starvation at 1,570 calories a day (divided between breakfast and lunch), then a restricted rehabilitation period of three months eating 2,000 to 3,200 calories a day, and finally an eight-week unrestricted rehabilitation period during which there were no limits on caloric intake. Their diet consisted of foods widely available in Europe during the war, mostly potatoes, root vegetables, bread and macaroni. The men were required to work 15 hours per week in the lab, walk 22 miles per week and participate in a variety of educational activities for 25 hours a week. Throughout the experiment, the researchers measured the physiological and psychological changes brought on by near starvation.

During the semi-starvation phase the changes were dramatic. Beyond the gaunt appearance of the men, there were significant decreases in their strength and stamina, body temperature, heart rate and sex drive. The psychological effects were significant as well. Hunger made the men obsessed with food. They would dream and fantasize about food, read and talk about food and savor the two meals a day they were given. They reported fatigue, irritability, depression and apathy. Interestingly, the men also reported decreases in mental ability, although mental testing of the men did not support this belief.

For some men, the study proved too difficult. Data from three subjects were excluded as a result of their breaking the diet and a fourth was excluded for not meeting expected weight loss goals.

The men and the study became subjects of national interest, even appearing in Life magazine in 1945. But in some ways, world events overtook the study. The war in Europe ended on May 8, 1945, barely halfway through the starvation phase of the experiment. Keys and the men worried that the data they had sacrificed for would not get to relief workers and the starving people they wished to serve in time to help them. Relief efforts were underway and there was no clear guide for rehabilitating those who were starving.

In response, members of Keys staff prepared a 70-page booklet, Men and Hunger: A Psychological Manual for Relief Workers. The book provided practical advice based on lessons learned in the lab.

The Minnesota Starvation Experiment ended in October 1945. Its results painted a vivid picture of the physical and psychological decline caused by starvation and offered guidelines on rehabilitation. In the restricted rehabilitation, calories were increased in increments. The experiment also looked at unrestricted rehabilitation and - even though participants were warned against it - some engaged in extreme overeating. Of the various diets and supplements that were studied during the rehabilitation phase of the experiment, the most reliable weight-gain strategy was high caloric intake. Simply put, starving people needed calories. Food and lots of it was the key to rehabilitation. It was as true for those released from the laboratory in Minnesota as it was for those freed from the privations of war in Europe.

In 1950, Keys, Brozek and other members of the team published their data in the two-volume set "The Biology of Human Starvation," which is still a landmark work on human starvation. The men who served as subjects went their separate ways, some into relief work, the ministry, education and other service-oriented occupations. Brozek, who had developed an interest in the history of psychology, would go on to Lehigh University and became a recognized psychology historian. Keys, who is well-known for his work on the Mediterranean diet, is also remembered for popularizing the body mass index. His contributions and visibility were significant enough to earn him a place on the cover of Time magazine in 1961.

The story of the Minnesota Starvation Experiment is many stories rolled into one. It reminds us of the privilege we have; most of us can avoid the unpleasant sensation of hunger by simply reaching for something to eat. Hunger is debilitating and tragic, all the more so when it is created by human affairs. The Minnesota Starvation Experiment also tells the story of service and sacrifice among those who served in the Civilian Public Service and raised questions about the ethics of human experimentation. Mostly, it reminds us that in psychology studies of mind and body, science and practice can converge to deal with real problems in the real world.
David Baker, PhD, is the Margaret Clark Morgan executive director of the Center for the History of Psychology and professor of psychology at the University of Akron. Natacha Keramidas is a graduate assistant at the Center for the History of Psychology and a PhD student in the collaborative program in counseling psychology. Katharine S. Milar, PhD, is historical editor for "Time Capsule."

Further Reading

Kalm, L.M., & Semba, R.D. (2005). They starved so that others be better fed: Remembering Ancel Keys and the Minnesota Experiment. Journal of Nutrition, 135, 1347-1352.

Keys, A., Brozek, J., Henshel, A., Mickelson, O., & Taylor, H.L. (1950). The biology of human starvation, (Vols. 1-2). Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

Tucker, T. (2007). The great starvation experiment: Ancel Keys and the men who starved for science. Minneapolis, MN: University of Minnesota Press.

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Time Capsule Amid the privations of World War II, 36 men voluntarily starved themselves so that researchers and relief workers could learn about how to help people recover from starvation. By Dr. David Baker and Natacha Keramidas October 2013, Vol 44, No. 9 Print version: page 66 6 min read Cite this Baker, D.

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The author has not directly started
+
The reading implied
=> Making inferences based on the cleus

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https://ecoact.org/

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Scientific exploration tells us the movement of the Earth's outer and crust, interesting changes in the Earth's crust in part of the world. Does this movement follow a certain law or not? Why is there this movement?

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How the food you eat affects your brain - Mia Nacamulli

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Nations don't spur growth as much as dynamic region. The New Megas are the real economic organizing units of the world and the major source of global. The global economy takes shape around perhaps 20 great Megas. Mega-region sometime ignore borders and include more than one country. When order cities get too large, new cites emerge in the middle of nowhere. According to urbanologist Jacobs, people become more productive and creative when they gather together in cities.

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Crew, club

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About how young people form social groups and relationships in different school environments.

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Respond, rely

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https://en.reset.org/knowledge/megacities-07152014

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View, scene, vision

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https://youtu.be/OksiAQqsAZs

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Upgrade, raise

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Historical

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technical a model or example that shows how something works or is produced

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Survive: alive, live on

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General, on the whole

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The factual accuracy in news stories  and "reality" In news photographs

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Status: position

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Source: foundation

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Remove: take out

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Rely: depend

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able to be seen or understood

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Prespective: viewpoint

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psychological

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to give a particular job or piece of work to someone

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Network: web, net

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to remove or take away someone or something

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diary

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Migrate: move, travel

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the particular importance or attention that is given to something

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clearly separate

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Major: very large or important