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China and the other great powers refused to recognise the new state of Manchuko, claiming that it rightfully belonged to China. The League  responded by commissioning an investigation and a report to the assembly chaired by the British Earl of Lytton. The report, known as the Lytton report, found that the Japanese army's response to the Mukden Incident went far beyond self-defence. A motion was raised at the League of Nations to condemn Japan as an aggressor, and the League refused to recognise Manchuko. However, the Japanese delegation walked out of the assembly and the Japanese government formally withdrew from the League of Nations soon after. The League of Nations was thus unable to enforce its decision upon Japan.

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Impact of the invasion of Manchuria on international affairs and Japan's standing

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Impact of the invasion of Manchuria on international affairs and Japan's standing

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A full-scale invasion of Manchuria was launched on 19 September 1931. China was too preoccupied with its own civil war to resist the attack. The Japanese army established a satellite state called Manchuko, under the symbolic leadership of the last emperor of China, Puiyi.

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The Japanese invasion of Manchuria began on 18 September 1931, when the Kwantung Army of the Empire of Japan invaded Manchuria immediately following the Mukden Incident. Their occupation lasted until the success of the Soviet Union and Mongolia with the Manchurian Strategic Offensive Operation in mid-August of 1945.

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The western powers did not know how to respond to the rapidly developing crisis. Even as the Japanese moved far from the original site of the “attack” at Mukden to bomb the city of Jinzhou (Chinchow), there was little sense that U.S. interests in the area were anywhere near profound enough to make military intervention necessary or desirable. Given the 1930s worldwide depression, there was little support for economic sanctions to punish the Japanese. Instead, the United States sat in on League of Nations council meetings for the first time to try to convince the League to enforce the Kellogg-Briand Pact, which both Japan and China had signed. The pact was ineffective

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Within a few months, the Japanese Army had overrun the region, having encountered next to no resistance from an untrained Chinese Army, and it went about consolidating its control on the resource-rich area. The Japanese declared the area to be the new autonomous state of Manchukuo, though the new nation was in fact under the control of the local Japanese Army.

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Impact of the Mukden Incident on international affairs and Japan's standing

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Impact of the Mukden Incident on international affairs and Japan's standing

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On 18 September 1931, a bomb exploded near the Japanese-owned railway near Mukden, in Manchuria. The Japanese Army blamed the Chinese nationalists and demanded that the Japanese government take action to protect Japanese interests in Manchuria.