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a common optical problem that occurs when a lens is either unable to bring all wavelengths of color to the same focal plane, and/or when wavelengths of color are focused at different positions in the focal plane

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Posterization of an image entails the conversion of a continuous gradation of tone to several regions of fewer tones, with abrupt changes from one tone to another.

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aliasing is a form of distortion that occurs when two elements of the signal being processed to form a digital image become indistinguishable from one another. Aliasing often appears in an image in the form of moiré or false coloring

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JPEG artifacts are caused by compression when an image is saved in the . jpg format. Each time an image is saved in this format it is compressed and “non-essential” data is discarded. The result of compression is that an image can suffer from blockiness, mosquito noise (around edges) and color degradation.

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5. Barrel Lens Distortion & Pincushion Distortion

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5. Barrel Lens Distortion & Pincushion Distortion

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Commonly seen on wide angle lenses, barrel distortion happens because the field of view of the lens is much wider than the size of the image sensor and hence it needs to be “squeezed” to fit.

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Advanced Photo System - Type Classic is roughly two thirds the size of a full frame sensor, resulting in the field of view being multiplied by a factor of 1.5-1.6x that of a standard full frame model. These sensors feature mostly in the lower tiered offerings by camera companies, with the chips being less expensive to produce

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A full frame camera is an SLR or mirrorless camera with a full frame sensor. This allows you to take sharp photos in low-light situations. Another advantage of a full frame sensor is that no image is cropped.

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An image sensor is a device that allows the camera to convert photons – that is, light – into electrical signals that can be interpreted by the device

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“Crop factor” is the ratio of the sensor size to 35mm / full-frame

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10. Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte

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10. Byte, Kilobyte, Megabyte, Gigabyte, Terabyte

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Bits are usually assembled into a group of eight to form a byte. A byte contains enough information to store a single ASCII character, like "h".
Kilo = 1,000
Mega = 1,000,000
Giga = 1,000,000,000
Tera = 1,000,000,000,000

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Cubism was a revolutionary new approach to representing reality invented in around 1907–08 by artists Pablo Picasso and Georges Braque. They brought different views of subjects (usually objects or figures) together in the same picture, resulting in paintings that appear fragmented and abstracted

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Minimalist photography is a form of photography that is distinguished by extreme, austere simplicity. It emphasizes spareness and focuses solely on the smallest number of objects in the composition process.

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Pop art is an art movement that emerged in the United Kingdom and the United States during the mid- to late-1950s. One of its aims is to use images of popular (as opposed to elitist) culture in art, emphasizing the banal or kitschy elements of any culture, most often through the use of irony.

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Avant-garde photography The term is used where the artist is being innovative and experimental in an aspect of their art. The Avant-garde in photography are critical of existing aesthetic views. They reject conventional and established norms in photo-art or photo-method.

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In Surrealism Photography, otherwise quite believable scenes and situations are transformed into waking dreams or fantastical, hallucinatory scenarios by the photographer's creative vision.

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Appropriation is the intentional borrowing, copying, and alteration of existing images and objects.

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Double exposure photography is a technique that layers two different exposures on a single image, combining two photographs into one. Double exposure creates a surreal feeling for your photos and the two photographs can work together to convey deep meaning or symbolism.

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In a nutshell, a still life is a work of art that focuses on inanimate subjects. Usually, the subjects are commonplace objects. That can include both manmade objects (such as vases, items of clothing, and consumer products) and natural objects (like plants, food, rocks, and shells).

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Commercial photography includes a wide range of photography niches It’s the creation of high-quality images for commercial purposes. i.e. fashion, product, food, headshots, architecture, etc.

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Aerial photography (or airborne imagery) is the taking of photographs from an aircraft or other flying object.

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In photography, a histogram is a graph showing the distribution of light in an image.

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a loosely used term applied to an array of concepts and attitudes that reject prior definitions of art and question art in general. Somewhat paradoxically, anti-art tends to conduct this questioning and rejection from the vantage point of art.

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art that is made by assembling disparate elements – often everyday objects – scavenged by the artist or bought specially.

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A neutral density (ND) filter is a type of grey filter that easily attaches to a camera lens, to control how much light enters the camera’s sensor. Since a neutral density filter is neutral, it doesn’t have any impact on image color, contrast or sharpness. By reducing or blocking out light to your camera lens, a neutral density filter lets you manipulate your photos to achieve really creative results.

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Cross processing is a technique that was originally developed for processing film images. By processing the film in the wrong type of chemicals (e.g. processing film in slide chemicals), you could create a highly stylised image with drastically different colours and contrast.

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a tight structure of a similar shape to the honeycomb made by honey bees. It's affixed to the front of a studio strobe. The light shines through the grid and creates a tight beam of light. ... The aim is to create a focused beam with little diffusion.

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a photographic lighting device that uses a parabolic reflector to distribute light towards a focal point. The light created is between that of a direct flash and a softbox, giving the image a wrapped, contrasted look, which adds a more dramatic effect.

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a snoot is a tube or similar object that fits over a studio light or portable flash and allows the photographer to control the direction and radius of the light beam. These may be conical, cylindrical, or rectangular in shape.

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diffuses the light into a pleasing soft, even light. When used properly, it reduces harsh shadows. The closer the softbox is to the model or subject, the softer the light appears, emulating window light. The shape of a softbox can vary from rectangular to octagonal to square to a long strip of light.

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a self-contained photographic flash lighting unit usually found in a studio. Each monolight has its own independent power source. It does not depend on a centralized power supply as a "pack and head" system does.

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Aka Specular lights, A “catchlight’ is simply the highlight of a light source reflected off the surface of the eye. This highlight adds depth and dimension to the eye, and gives the eyes life in a portrait or snapshot. Catchlights come in all shapes and sizes, depending on the shape and size of the light source, and its distance from the subject.

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A photoshop tool, the Curves tool is similar to levels, but it gives you more power to control shadows, highlights, and midtones

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a tool in Photoshop and other image editing programs which can move and stretch the brightness levels of an image histogram. It has the power to adjust brightness, contrast, and tonal range by specifying the location of complete black, complete white, and midtones in a histogram.

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A ring light produces soft, direct light on a subject, minimizing shadows. When you take a photo using a ring light, place the camera lens in the center of the ring; this ensures that your subject is lit evenly from the direction of the camera.

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Tilt-shift photography is a creative and unique type of photography in which the camera is manipulated so that a life-sized location or subject looks like a miniature-scale model. It creates the illusion of looking down at a miniature model.

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“Straight Out Of Camera”, simply meaning that an image can be good enough to print straight from the camera without further processing.

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comprises an underexposed glass negative placed against a dark background. The dark backing material creates a positive image. Photographers often applied pigments to the surface of the plate to add color, often tinting cheeks and lips red and adding gold highlights to jewelry, buttons, and belt buckles.

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A Polaroid transfer is an image manipulation technique in which you transfer the image from a Polaroid instant print onto paper, wood, or other substrate.

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A photogravure is the most sophisticated of the photomechanical processes. Strictly speaking, it's not a photograph. The image isn't made in a darkroom. Rather, the photographer's negative is transferred onto a copper plate, which is used to print or engrave the image with ink.

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a 170 year old photographic printing process that produces prints in a distinctive dark greenish-blue

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an organic alternative photography process akin to the anthotype process. However, instead of printing on the crushed extract of fruit or plant matter, the prints are bleached by sunlight directly onto the surface of leaves using a positive.

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Split lighting involves “splitting” the face into two proportional halves, with one side being in the shadow and the other side being in the light. It can be done with a single light source, which makes it easy and inexpensive to execute even for beginners.

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Rembrandt lighting is a studio portrait-lighting technique where a small inverted triangle of light is visible under the subject's eye.

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Loop lighting is made by creating a small shadow of the subjects noses on their cheeks. To create loop lighting, the light source must be slightly higher than eye level and about 30-45 degrees from the camera (depends on the person, you have to learn how to read people’s faces).

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a portrait lighting pattern where the key light is placed above and directly centered with a subject's face. This creates a shadow under the nose that resembles a butterfly. It's also known as 'Paramount lighting,' named for classic Hollywood glamour photography.

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a portrait lighting pattern where the portion of the subject's face that is turned toward the camera is lit most brightly. This is the 'broad' side of the face - from camera position it is wider than the 'short' side of the face, the side that is turned away from the camera.

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a classic portrait lighting pattern where the subject is lit from the side of their face that is farthest from the camera. It is a flattering lighting pattern for most faces and has the effect of visually narrowing a wider face.

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Tintype, also called ferrotype, positive photograph produced by applying a collodion-nitrocellulose solution to a thin, black-enameled metal plate immediately before exposure.

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A static shot in film is a shot that is devoid of camera movement. Also known as a locked-off shot, or an immobile shot. The frame can be filled with the movement of vehicles, characters, props, weather, etc, but the frame itself does not move in a static shot.

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Visual Weight is a compositional device used in photography to attract your eye to a focal point. Visual Weight in photographs is influenced by a number of factors, which you can use to strengthen the focal point and create balance in your image.

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When talking about photography, specifically post-processing and image editing the term 'render' or the process of 'rendering' refers to the application of algorithms to a digital image file which convert the image information contained within the file into a viewable format on a viewing device.

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One of the aspects of great photographs is the illusion of depth; the sensation of looking into an image when, in fact, all we're really looking at is a flat surface. Illusory space gives the impressions that the photograph is three dimensional, when it is actually 2D

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Vortograph, the first completely abstract kind of photograph, composed of kaleidoscopic repetitions of forms achieved by photographing objects through a triangular arrangement of three mirrors.

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the process of capturing images using a flatbed scanner with a CCD (charge-coupled device) array capturing device. The subject (which can be 2D or 3D) is laid upon the glass platen and an image is made from that item or items.

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Solargraphy is the art of long exposure photography that captures of the image of the sun moving across the sky. These exposures can last days, months, even years.

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A photographic typology is a single photograph or more commonly a body of photographic work, that shares a high level of consistency. This consistency is usually found within the subjects, environment, photographic process, and presentation or direction of the subject.

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New topographics was a term coined by William Jenkins in 1975 to describe a group of American photographers (such as Robert Adams and Lewis Baltz) whose pictures had a similar banal aesthetic, in that they were formal, mostly black and white prints of the urban landscape.

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When talking about photography the term 'kelvin' refers to the unit of measurement of color temperature. Adjusting the white balance in a cameras settings changes the way the camera processes an image to compensate for the different color temperatures emitted by various light sources.

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An ICC profile is a set of data that characterizes a color input or output device (or a color space) according to standards promulgated by the International Color Consortium (ICC).

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Subtractive lighting simply involves the blocking of unwanted natural light to create a natural three-dimensional quality to the lighting of people outside.

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Refers to the comparison of key light (the main source of light from which shadows fall) to the fill light (the light that fills in the shadow areas). The higher the lighting ratio, the higher the contrast of the image; the lower the ratio, the lower the contrast.

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Basically, flat lighting is lighting that produces very little contrast in your scene.

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Chimping is another word for reviewing photos immediately after taking them – usually when you're still out on location with an interesting scene in front of you. Almost everyone has practiced chimping at some point, unless you're an all-film photographer. But it's still looked down upon by photographers as a whole.

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The term 'nifty fifty' is a photography colloquialism for a cheap 50mm prime lens, usually with a maximum aperture of f/1.8 or faster. Lenses in this range are fast, lightweight and extremely versatile for street and portrait photography.

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Nickname for Photographers

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When you use many Photoshop layers without naming them.

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A photograph without much contrast (either color, or luminance contrast). A lack of contrast could be caused by any number of factors. Poor exposure, poor. processing or poor printing being chief among them.

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They are teeny, tiny specs of dust, deep in the heart of the camera. This dust enters the camera during times of transition and susceptibility, like when the photographer switches lenses or lingers to put the body cap back on after taking a lens off.

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Clipping happens when you have areas with no information in your photo. When an area has no information, it is either pure white (clipped highlights) or pure black (clipped shadows). Photographers often refer to these as "blown out" areas.

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In short, tethering allows you to connect your camera to a computer or tablet and almost instantly view your digital images on the device within seconds after it is captured.

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Fill light photography is that second light source. It helps fill in shadows and balance the exposure

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Key light is the primary light source for your scene.

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Infrared photography is a look into the invisible world. The human eye can see wavelengths from about 400nm-700nm (from purple to red); infrared is the light beyond 700nm. IR photography can be done with either infrared film, or a digital camera, and typically involves near infrared light in the 700nm to 1200nm range.

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A photograph made by combining several distinct photographs either made one over another on the same plate or made on one print from a number of negatives.

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Lifestyle photography is a style of portrait photography that aims to capture real-life situations in an artistic manner.

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Urbex is a subfield of architecture photography, which takes many different forms. Mostly, it is about exploring the urban habitat and the countless exciting places within it. This usually involves entering abandoned buildings such as old factories, derelict residences or other urban ruins.

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Photography of astronomical bodies and celestial events including stars, the moon, the sun, planets, etc.

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referred to as an ND Filter, is a darkened piece of glass that’s mounted to the lens in order to reduce the amount of light reaching the camera’s sensor.

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stands for circular polarizer/linear – is a glass attachment that can reduce the glare from reflected surfaces. How does it help? Polarized light comes from light that has been reflected off of something.

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a phenomenon in which light rays passing through a lens focus at different points, depending on their wavelength

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A mirrorless interchangeable lens camera (MILC) is defined as a compact camera system that has interchangeable lenses and makes use of a digital imaging sensor instead of a movable mirror and pentaprism to reflect a digital preview of what the lens is seeing through the electronic viewfinder (EVF). The absence of the mirror mechanism that is typically found in DSLR cameras makes the mirrorless camera lighter and more compact

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in photography, the watermark is a superimposed image, logo, or text placed over a photograph—usually as a method of identifying the image's creator.