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Zora Neale Hurston also took part in the Harlem Renaissance. She was a notable writer in this period, especially with her novel Their Eyes Were Watching God, called in French Une Femme Noire. When she was a little girl, she lived in Eatonville which was a source of inspiration. In 1922, she worked for the magazine FIRE!! with other engaged people, including Aaron Douglas. This magazine was very important in the Harlem Renaissance because he was a perfect example of the ideas of this movement. She had problems in her studies at Howard University in Washington. for lack of means, so she continued later at Barnard College in New York City where she had a diploma of anthropology in 1928. Next, she did researchs about enography with a famous anthropologist of the University of Columbia : Franz Boas. Some of her works were very important because managed to filtrate some secret societies about Vaudou ceremonies.
Andréa G.

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Zora Neale Hurston (January 7, 1891 - January 28, 1960

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Zora Neale Hurston (January 7, 1891 - January 28, 1960

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Perhaps the most prominent in the visual arts, Aaron Douglas was a major figure in the Harlem Renaissance. In fact, his paintings are related with social problems about races and segregation in the United-States. He painted pictures which represent the African-American culture but his painting style is very abstract. Indeed, on almost of his paintings we only see shadows, we can't know exactly who are the people represented but we know that they are black people. Because, as we saif before, he is involved in the fight for the equality between white and black people. He graduated of the BFA in fine arts from the University of Nebraska and after, in 1922, Douglas taught art in highschools in Nebraska and Missouri. In 1924, he has been apprentice for two years to the German artist Winnold Reiss, who was the editor of opportunity. So, next, he got the opportunity covers of this magazine and the Crisis. Rest, he became the most famous. I think his most famous picture is "In the bondage" painted in 1936. In 1922, he also loaned his talents to the first and only issue of Wallace Thurman's magazine FIRE!! and he worked for him after.
Andréa G.

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Old sign for a swimming pool which was only for white people

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Old sign for a swimming pool which was only for white people

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Different drinking fountains for white and black people 

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Different drinking fountains for white and black people 

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Before the abolition of slavery in 1865 by Abraham Lincoln, African American were slaves. In 1876, the Jim Crow laws didn't allow African American to live freely. It means that, for instance, "colored" people were not allowed to go to the swimming pool. They couldn't drink at the same drinking fountain. Furthermore, white children didn't want to " go to school with "negroes" ".
The Jim Craw laws define and illustrate the notion of "separate but equal".
The racism towards African American was really important. Sometimes, they were lynched : they were tortured, mutilated, even hilled by groups of white people. Thanks to the Civil Rights Movement which was a movement fighting for the rights of African Americans, the Civil Rights Act was signed in 1964 by President Lyndon B. Johnson. They even acqured the right to vote in 1965.
Nowadays, the relationship between black and white people is much better even though there still are a lot of tensions and racism.
Alysée De J.

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African-American travelling during the Great Migration

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African-American travelling during the Great Migration

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What led the African-Amrerican to move to Harlem ? : The Great Migration

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What led the African-Amrerican to move to Harlem ? : The Great Migration

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The great migration began in 1910, this move lead more 6 millions african american from the south of united states in the direction of Midwest, the north east and the west. More precisely, black people fleed the poor south for the urban north and industrial.                                                                      We can do a distinction between the first great migration of  1910 to 1940 where 1,6 millions migrants follow the move and second great migration where 5 millions people migrate.            The main factor of this migration is the racism in the south, indeed the black people were discriminated and the segregation was allowed. Some general violences manifested by lynching who are the execution of person or group of person without reason in advance.                            African american went in city to work because wages were higher. However urban tension increase because afro american started in competition with the working class. When united states enter into the first international war in 1917, this created work for the black people. At the end of migration, 80 % of african american were urban.
Jeanne G.

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African American during the Harlem Renaissance

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African American during the Harlem Renaissance

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Throughout the 1920's, a neighbourhood in New York City which had a large African America comunity named Harlem experienced a black intellectual, social and artistic explosion, spanning the 1920's-1940's. Previously called the "New Negro Movement", this blossoming culture, particulary in the creative arts, became known as the Harlem Renaissance.

Where ?
Harlem is a large neighbourhood in the northern section of the New York City borough of Manhattan. Originally a Dutch village, it is named after the city of Haarlem in the Netherlands. It became a destination for African American throughout the early 1900's as part of the Great Migration (topic also discussed here). As more as black people made Harlem their home, it increasingly became well known as an African American center.

Who ?
The Harlem Renaissance involved the African American population who came to this neighbourhood. They were mainly artists : musicians, writers, poets and intellectuals : philosophers, politicians. They were all key parts of the movement.

What ?

One of the key component of the Harlem Renaissance was music. Jazz performers such as Jelly Roll Morton, Louis Armstrong, Fats walker and Duke Ellington, perfected their music, which became very popular amongst white audiences. The piano was incorporated into the Jazz style of music. Traditionally, Jazz bands had included primarily brass instruments.

Intellectuals like WED DuBois or Marcus Garvey argued and debated issues of racism, ethnic pride and other topics related to modern African American life.

Poets such as Langston Hughes introduced a new form of poetry known as Jazz poetry. It has been defined as poetry that "demonstrates jazz-like rhythm or the feel of improvisation". It's an "outsider" art form. For instance, they added repetitive phrases of blues and jazz music into their writing.

African American literature of the era included themes such as how slavery has affected the African American culture, as well as combatting stereotypes of black people.

African American clothing also drastically changed during the Harlem Renaissance. Black men started wearing zoots suits, these were suits which featured long coats with padded shoulders and white lapels. Women wore low-slung dresses, silk stockings and open-toed slippers. Both genders wore hats with white brims. Leopard skins items also became popular, as they were seen as a connection to traditionnal African American garb.

Harlem Renaissance had a profund impact on the US, as well as on the world. African American artists, musicians and writers began to be respected on an international level. Not only were white audiences listening to and enjoying black music but white composers and musicians began to incorporate African American rythms and harmonies into their own pieces.

Harlem Renaissance also helped to change the world's percception of African American. Prior to the 20's, black were thought of ineducated farmers. However, thanks to the Harlem Renaissance, a new image of sophisticated and intellectual African Americans began to emerge.

Kolyne V.

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Soup kitchen during the Great Depression

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Soup kitchen during the Great Depression

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Prohibition : people throwing away alcohol

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Prohibition : people throwing away alcohol

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That's in this context of the Roaring Twenties that borned the Harlem Renaissance, artistic movement focused on the arts of African American culture which is closely tied to Civil Rights. This movement ledd to a racial pride of African American People

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" Comin together is a beginning,
Staying together is progress,
and workin together is success. "

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Context of the Harlem Renaissance : The Roaring Twenties 

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Context of the Harlem Renaissance : The Roaring Twenties 

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The Roaring Twenties are a period of great social, political and economic change, especially in the US. For American, during this period, life was "in full swing".

All begins during World War One, US sold a lot of weapons to the Allies ; more than 17 billions dollars were made. WWI dramatically changed the domestic economy which set the stage for the properity of the 1920's.

More people were living in cities than on farms. The 20's have seen many cultural changes, especially amoung the younger generation ; women were less dressed, they drank, smoke and were sexually free. People were, in a general way, happier thanks to a lot of the followings reasons.

1. Wealth : The American's weath doubled which led to a rise of consumerisum. Americans bought the latest home appliances, clothing ; they listened to the radio a lot (between 1923 and 1930, 60% of american families bought this popular product). Moreover, by the end of the 20's, 75% of american families went to a movie at least one a week. By the way, the twenties saw the birth of horror movies and Charlie Chaplin's movies. To summarize, people had a lot of money and a lot of time so the entertainment was in high demand.

2. Interests : During the 20's, the film industry exploded  (more than 800 movies were made in a year in Hollywood while today, there are no more than 500 in a year even if visual effects are way more developped). It was also a great time for music during this period also called the Jazz Age : music became accessible to everyone. So, literary and visual arts were impacted as well.

3. Inventions : The Roaring Twenties also knew new advancements in transportation and infrastructure, especially with the first affordable car, (the Ford T created by Henry Ford and produced to 10 millions models). In 1924, it only cost $260. Thanks to this, people could live further away from their jobs which led to the creation of suburbs.

4. Political changes : Even if the twenties were happy years for americans, the crime rates increased by 24% in 30 mayor cities. Speakeasies ang gangs illegaly sold alcohol. It led to the Prohibition, which is a period between 1920 and 1933 during what produce, import, transport and sell alcoholic beverages was punished by a nationwide constitutional ban.

The Roaring Twenties had several effects.

1. Short impacts : during this period, bank credits and loans increased so people can bought things without having the money for so the consumer debt doubled while the stock market kept rising until 1929. Investors were way too confident and optimistic but they had to rush to sell because they were heavily in debt. The stock market crash markedd the beginning of the Great Depression, that is to say the largest economic recession in the US history.

2. Lasting impacts in the modern world : many inventions of the Roaring Twenties are still used nowadays like traffic lights, penicillin but also the assembly line popularized by H. Ford for a mass production.

Kolyne V.