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dealing with freedom of speech and freedom of assembly

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speech or writing that is defamatory is likely to damage someone's good reputation by saying something bad and untrue about them

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Libel is a written or published defamatory statement, while slander is defamation that is spoken by the defendant

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addresses citizenship rights and equal protection of the laws and was proposed in response to issues related to former slaves following the American Civil War

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Excessive bail shall not be required, nor excessive fines imposed, nor cruel and unusual punishments inflicted

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codifies the right to a jury trial in certain civil cases and inhibits courts from overturning a jury's findings of fact (right to a jury, speedy trial)

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speech directed at the overthrow of government

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The part of the United States Bill of Rights that sets forth rights related to criminal prosecutions (you have the right to an attorney)

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concerning the constitutionality of Executive Order 9066, which ordered Japanese Americans into internment camps during World War II regardless of their citizenship

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protects individuals from being compelled to be witnesses against themselves in criminal cases (no self incrimination & no double jepordy)

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Racial segregation, especially in public schools, that happens “by fact” rather than by legal requirement

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The right of the people to be secure in their persons, houses, papers, and effects, against unreasonable searches and seizures

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A well regulated Militia, being necessary to the security of a free State, the right of the people to keep and bear Arms, shall not be infringed

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prevents the government from respecting an establishment of religion, prohibiting the free exercise of religion, or abridging the freedom of speech, the freedom of the press, the right to peaceably assemble, or to petition for a governmental redress of grievances

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Supreme Court had to decide if states could give money to religious schools to hire teachers even if it was specified that the teachers couldn't teach religion

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judicial suppression of material that would be published or broadcast, on the grounds that it is libelous or harmful

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The Free Exercise Clause accompanies the Establishment Clause of the First Amendment to the United States Constitution

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a test courts may ise to determine the constitutionality of a statute or ordinance

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states are required under the Sixth Amendment to the U.S. Constitution to provide an attorney to defendants in criminal cases who are unable to afford their own attorneys

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upheld the constitutionality of racial segregation laws for public facilities as long as the segregated facilities were equal in quality – a doctrine that came to be known as "separate but equal"

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an enslaved African American man in the United States who unsuccessfully sued for his freedom

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is a landmark decision issued in 1973 by the United States Supreme Court on the issue of the constitutionality of laws that criminalized or restricted access to abortions

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US labor law in the United States that outlaws discrimination based on race, color, religion, sex, or national origin

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laws were state and local laws that enforced racial segregation

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an action or policy favoring those who tend to suffer from discrimination

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a test that determines the qualification of a voter based on his/her his ability to read and write or ability to read and understand any section of the State or Federal Constitution

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evidence obtained in violation of the Fourth Amendment, which protects against "unreasonable searches and seizures," may not be used in state law criminal prosecutions

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no state shall deny to any person within its jurisdiction "the equal protection of the laws"

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detained criminal suspects, prior to police questioning, must be informed of their constitutional right to an attorney and against self-incrimination

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state laws establishing separate public schools for black and white students to be unconstitutional

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it is unconstitutional for state officials to compose an official school prayer and encourage its recitation in public schools

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The Bill of Rights are made applicable to the states through the Due Process clause of the Fourteenth Amendment

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actions that purposefully and discernibly convey a particular message or statement to those viewing it

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a university's use of racial "quotas" in its admissions process was unconstitutional, but a school's use of "affirmative action" to accept more minority applicants was constitutional in some circumstances

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the standard by which police authorities have reason to obtain a warrant for the arrest of a suspected criminal or the issuing of a search warrant

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the legal separation of groups in society

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any classification of groups meeting a series of criteria suggesting they are likely the subject of discrimination

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peaceful expression of thoughts, ideas, or opinions before a willing audience

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the prosecution of a person twice for the same crime

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the state must respect all legal rights of a person

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forms the constitutional right of freedom of religion

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prohibits the use of illegally obtained evidence in a criminal trial