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Nations take Sides:
*Mid August 1914, battle lines clearly drawn
*One side was Germany and Austria-Hungary
*Austria-Hungary/Germany were known as the central powers because of their location in the heart of Europe
* Bulgaria and the Ottoman Empire would later join the Central powers in hopes of regaining lost territories
*The other side was Great Britain, France and Russia
*Known as the Allied Power or Allies
* Japan joined the Allies within weeks, Italy joined later
*Italy had been a member of the triple alliance w/ Germany/Hungary
*Italians joined the otherside after accusing their former partners of unjustly starting the war
*Late summer of 1914, millions of soldiers marched happily off to battle, convinced that war would be short
*Few foresaw the horror ahead

Central Powers: Their location was in the heart of Europe. Includes Germany, Austra-Hungary, Bulgaria, and the Ottoman Empire.

Allies: Includes Great Britain, France, Russia, Japan and italy.

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Western Front: It is the deadlocked region in Nothern France.

The Conflict Grinds Along:
*War on two fronts, Germany developed battle strategy known as the schielfen plan
*early September, German forces had swept into France and reached the outskirts of Paris
*Major German victory appeared a few days later
*September 5th, Allies regrouped and attacked Germans northeast of Paris in valley of Marne river
*After 4 days of fighting German generals were forced to retreat
*In the east, Russian forces already invaded Germany
*Germany had to fight two fronts, realizing this, German high command sent thoussands of troops from France to aid its forces in east
*War on the West Front settled into stalemate

Schliefen Plan: Germanys battle strategy, named after it's designer, Gerneral Alfred Graf von Schlieffen. The plan called for attacking and defeating France in the West and then rushing east to fight Russia

War in the Trenches:
*Early 1915, opposing armies on the Western Front had dug miles of parallel trenches to protect themselves from enemy fire
*In this type of warfare, soldier fought each other from other trenches
*armies traded huge losses of human life for pitifully nsmall land gains
*Life in trenches was pure misery
*Space between the opposing trenches won the grim name "no man's land"
*When officers ordered an attack, their men went over the top of their trenches into bombed out landscape
*new tools for war had not delivered the fast moving war they had expected
*All this new technology did was kill greater numbers of people more effectively
*slaughter reached a peak in 1916

Trench Warfare: These are trenches that help protect soldiers from enemy fire.

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Rise of Nationalism:
* Growth of nationalism or deep devotion to one's nation
* can serve as unifying force within the country
* cause intense competition among nations, seeking to overpower one another
* 20th century, fierce rivalry developed among Europe
* Competition for materials and market was one and territory was another (Rivalry among Europe)

Imperialism and Militarism:
* quest for colonies sometimes pushed European nations to the brink of war
*  Compete for overseas colonies, sense of rivalry and mistrust deepens
* 20th century, the rise of European arms race
* 1914, all Great powers except Britain had large standing armies

Militarism: policy of gloryfying military power and keeping an army prepared for war.

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The Gallipoli Campaign:
*Promising strategy for Allies seemed to be attack region in Ottoman Empire known as the Dardanelles
*By securing Dardanelles, Allies believed that they could take Constantinople, defeat the Turks/ establish supply to Russia
*Began in Feb 1915: known as Gallipoli campagin
*British, Australia, New Zealand and French troops made repeated assults on Gallipoli Peninsula on western strait
*Turkish troops defended the region vigorously
*December, Allies gave up campagin and began to evacuate, suffered 250,000 casualities

Battles in Africa and Asia:
* various parts of Asia/Africa, Germany's colonial possessions came under assualt
*Japanese quickly overran German outposts in China
*Also captured Germany's Pacific island colonies
*English/French troops attacked Germany's four African possesions
*Elsewhere, British/French recruited subjects in colonies for struggle
*many fought/died on the battlefield

America Joins the Fight:
*1917, focus of war shifted to the seas
*Germans intensified submarine warefare
*Jan 1917, Germans announced their suybmarines would sink w/o warning any ship in waters around Britain
*May 7, 1917, German submarine sunk the British ship Lusitanis
*Left 1,918 people dead, including 128 U.S citizens
*American public was outraged, It stopped two attacks
*Germans returned tounrestricted submarine warfare in 1917
* gambled that their naval blockade would starve Britain intodefeat before the United States could mobilize
* February 1917, another German action pushed the United States closer toward war
* America’s eco-nomic ties with the Allies were far stronger than those with the Central Powers
*April 2, 1917, President Wilson asked Congress to declare war on Germany

unrestricted submarine warfare: Submarines would sink w/o any ship in waters around Britain

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Woodrow Wilson: Known as one of the "Big Four", is of the United States
Georges Clemenceau: Known as one of the "Big Four", is of France

Wilson's Plan for Peace:
*Jan 1918, war was still raging, president Wilson drawn up series of peace proposals
* first four points included an end to secret treaties, freedom of sea, free trade/reduced national armies/navies
*fifth goal was the adjustment of colonial claims with fairness toward colonial peoples
* sixth through thirteenth points were specific suggestions for changing borders and creating new nations
*fourteenth point proposed "General Associations of Nations" that would protect “great and small states alike
*Wilson's hope for organization that could solve the worlds conflicts

Fourteen Points: President Wilson's series of peace proposals
self-determination: the guiding idea behind those points,  process by which a country determines its own statehood and forms its own allegiances and government

The Versailles Treaty:
* Paris Peace Conference opened, Britain/France showed little sign agreeing to Wilson’s vision of peace
*Both nations concerned w/ national security, wanted to strip Germany's war making power
*Differences in French, British, and U.S. aims led to heated arguments among nations leaders, a compromise was reached
*Treaty of Versailles also punished Germany
*Defeated nation lost substantial territory and had severe restrictions placed on its military operations
*Toughest article was Article 231, AKA: "war guilt",  placed sole responsibility for the war on Germany’s shoulders
*As a result, Germany had to pay the pay reparations to the Allies
*All Germany’s territories in Africa/Pacific declared mandates, or territories to be administered by the League of Nations
*Under peace agreement, Allies govern mandates until judged ready for independence

Treaty of Versailles: Between Germany and the Allied powers was signed on June 28, 1919, five years to the day after Franz Ferdinand’s assassination in Sarajevo.
League of Nations: Adopting Wilson's 14th point, the treaty created this. The league was to be an international association whose goal would be to keep peace among nations

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Bismarck Forges Early Pacts:
* 1864 and 1871, Prussia's blood and iron chancellor, Otto von Bismark, used war to unify Germany
*  after 1871, Otto von Bismark stated that Germany was a "satisfied power"
* Saw France as a threat to the peace
* Believes France wants revenge because they were defeated in Franco-Prussian war
* Took action to isolate France
* 1879, formeda dual alliance (Germany and Austria-Hungary)
* 3 years later, Italy joined and created the Triple Alliance
* 1881, made a treaty with Russia

Triple Alliance: Italy joined the two countries, Germany and Austria-Hungary, making the triple alliance

Shifting Alliances Threaten Peace:
* 1890, German's foreign policy changed dramatically
* Let his nation's treaty w/ Russia lapse in 1890, Russia responded by forming defensive military alliance w/ France in 1892 or 1894
* Began tremendous shipbuilding program in effort to make German navy equal to that of the British fleet
* 1907, Britain made another entente, this time w/ France and Russia

Kaiser Wilhelm II: Forced Bismark to resign. Two years earlier, had become the ruler of Germany. Stubborn and proud man wished to not share any power with anyone
Triple Entente: Did not bind Britain to fight France and Russia

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Governments Wage Total War:
*World War I soon became a total war
*Britain,Germany, Austria, Russia, and France, the entire force of government was dedicated to winning
* wartime government took control economy
*Numerous facilities were converted to munitions factories
* rationing covered wide range of goods

total war: All the governments wage total war upon each other.  countries devoted all their resources to the war effort

rationing:  people could buy only small amounts of those items that were also needed for the wareffort

propoganda: one-sidedinformation designed to persuade

Women and the War:
*Total war meant that governments turned to help from women as never before
*Thousands of women replaced men in factories, offices, and shops
*most women left the work force when the war ended, they changed many people’s views of what women were capable of doing
*Women also saw the horrors of war firsthand, working on or near the front lines as nurses

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The Creation of New Nations:
*Western powers signed separate peace treaties in 1919
*1920 w/ each of other defeated nations: Austria-Hungary, Bulgaria/the Ottoman Empire
*Treaties lead to huge land losses for Central Powers
*New countries created out of Austro-Hungarian Empire: Austria, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, and Yugoslavia (all independent countries)
*Ottoman Turks forced to give up almost all former empire, remaining is known as Turkey

"A Peace Built on Quicksand"
*In the end, Treaty of Versailles didn't protect the peace
*U.S rejected the treaty
*Americans believed that the United State best hope for peace was to stay out of European affairs
*United States worked out a separate treaty w/ Germany/ its allies several years later
*Treaty w/ Germany (particular war guilt cause)  left legacy of bitterness/ hatred in the hearts of German people
*Africa/Asia, people in the mandated territories angry at the way the Allies disregarded their desire for independence
*Euro powers talked abt principle of national self-determination
*Some Allied Powers embittered by the outcome

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A Restless Region:
* early 1900's, Ottoman Empire, included Balkan region was in rapid decline
* Nationalism was powerful force in these countries
* Serbia had a large slave population
* 1908 Austria annexed or took over Bosnia and Herzegovina

A Shot Rings Throughout Europe:
* June 28, 1914 couple paid state visit to Sarajevo, capital of Bosnia
* the royal pair was shot at point blank range
* Since the assassin was Serbian Austria punished Serbia
* Serbia tried to negotiate but Austria was in a bad mood
* July 28, Austria rejected  Serbia's offer and declared war
* Same day Russia took action
* Russian leaders ordered mobilization of troops by the Austrian border
* Leaders took notice, everything collapsed and war had been set in motion

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Eastern Front: This area was stretched of battlefield among the Gernab abd Russian border. War in the east was more mobile war than in the west. Slaughter and stalemate were common.

Early Fighting:
*Beginning of the war, Russian forces had launched an attack into both Austtria/Germany
*At end of August, Germany counterattacked near town of Tannenberg
*During four day battle, Germans crushed the invading Russian army and drove it into full retreat
*More than 30,000 Russian soldiers were killed
*Russian forces defeated the Austrian twice in September 1914, driving deep into their country
*Decmeber of that year, Austrian army turned the tables and defeated Russia

Russia Struggles:
*1916, Russia's war effort was near collapse
*Unlike nations of Western Europe, Russia wasn't industrialized
*Russia was always short on supplies
*Russia only had one asset which was their numbers
*Russia lost many lives but rebuilt itself from the country's enormous population
*As war raged on, the fighting spreaded beyond Europe to Africa as well as Southwest and Southeat Asia

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Russia Withdraws:
*March 1917, civil unrest in Russia, due in large part to war-related shortages of food and fuel, forced Czar Nicholas to step down
*by 1917, nearly 5.5 million Russian soldiers had been wounded, killed, or taken prisoner
*Eight months after the new government took over, a revolution shook Russia
*November 1917, Communist leader Vladimir Ilyich Lenin seized power
*March 1918, Germany and Russia signed the Treaty of Brest-Litovsk, which ended the war between them

The Central Powers Collapse:
*March 1918, the Germans mounted one final, massive attack on the Allies in France
* German forces crushed everything in their path
*May 1918, the Germans had again reached the Marne River
*Allies then launched a counter attack
*arrival of 2 million more American troops, the Allied forces began to advance steadily toward Germany
*November 9, 1918, Kaiser Wilhelm II stepped down
*representative of the new German government met with French Commander Marshal Foch in a railway car near Paris, signed an armistice
*World 1 came to an end

armistice: agreement to stop fighting

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Summarize the new weapons that developed during the course of WWI:
During this time, there were new weapons. The four are called poison gas, machine guns, a tank and a submarine. Poison gas were used by soldiers who was gas masks. It was first introduced to the Germans but both sides used it. Some can cause blindness or severe blisters or death by choking. A machine gun fires ammunition automatically which could wipe out waves of attackers. A tank is an armored combat vehicle that moved on chain tracks which could moves across various terrains. A submarine was introduced by the Germans in 1914. It is an effective warship. The primary weapon against other ships was an underwater missle.

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General Notes:
*Involved the use of new tech
*ushered in the notion of war on a grand/global scale
*Both sides paid a tremdous price in terms of human life
*8.5 million soilders died
*21 million were wounded
*Also lead to civilian death as well (starvation, disease, and slaughter)
*Enormous suffering