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*BEFORE YOU START READING YOU MUST KNOW ALL THIS INFORMATION IS GATHERED FROM THE BOOK: INTERACTIVE SCIENCE (EARTH'S CORE)*

A system is when many groups of parts work together as a whole. Most things work thanks to systems even the Earth surface (water, land, and life)

The Earth as a System
-It involves constant flow of matter through different parts.  For example are the cycles, like water cycle, water evaporates and rises into the atmosphere, then falls as rain, then the rain water flows into Earth, and then back to the ocean. Or, rock cycle, new rock is formed from molten material inside earth called Magma. Magma rises to the surface then erode into little pieces, the pieces wash into sediment. In enough of the particles collect, the weight of the sediment crushes all the particles with each other. The this particles are cemented together.

Parts of the Earth System
-The Earth system has 4 main Spheres (Atmo, bio, Geo, and
Hydro spheres) however sun can also be considered part of Earth system since many energy processes. Each sphere is studied differently but they are still interconnected. One huge part of earth system is also the Humans the interact with air, land, water, and life.

Earth's spheres
-Atmosphere: Outermost technically thin layer formed by gases, mostly oxygen and nitrogen, also contains some dust particles, cloud droplets. It also has rain and snow formed from water vapor.

-  Hydrosphere: Contains all of Earth’s water like glaciers, rivers, lakes, groundwater, and water vapor

- Geosphere: All that is Earth’s metals and rocks, contains 3 parts: Metal core, Solid middle layer, and rocky outer layer.

- Biosphere: All living organisms living on Earth.

Feedback within a system.
-feedback is when a system returns (feeds back) to itself data about a change in the system. Eg. The melting of the glaciers in Glacier National Park, the ground around this melting glaciers feeds back or returns warmer temperatures to glaciers.

Destructive and Constructive forces in Earth
-Lands are always being destroyed and built around earth by competing forces.

-Constructive Forces:
Himalayas are Earths highest mountains however rocks in Himalayas contain fossils, remains of ocean animals like ammonites. How do animals from the ocean be in the highest peak of a mountain? Himalayas were made by the collision of the Earth's lithosphere (the top layer of stiff[solid rock]), this layer is broken in big pieces, or plates, that move slowly on Earth. This slow movement is named "plate tectonics"  Himalayas were made because of the collision of the plates that carries India and the one that carries China. During millions of years, as this plates were colliding, this process raised the ocean floor. This forces that construct or build up mountains are known as "constructive forces", this forces shape land's surface by creating mountains and other landmasses

-Destructive Forces: Due to forces as rain, ice, wind, and changing temperatures, landmasses are wore down or destroyed, this are "destructive forces". This forces wear down and destroy landmasses by processes as erosion(wearing down and carrying away of land by natural forces such as water, ice, or wind)  or/and withering.

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Chapter 1- Lesson 1 (The Earth System)

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Chapter 1' Lesson 2 ( Earth's Interior) 

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Chapter 1' Lesson 2 ( Earth's Interior) 

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Earth’s Interior

Geologist use two main types of evidence to learn about Earth’s interior

Direct evidence from rock samples

Indirect evidence from seismic waves

Evidence from rock samples | Evidence from seismic waves
Rocks give geologists clues about Earth’s structure and conditions deep inside Earth, where rocks are formed.In addition, volcanoes throw rocks that come even from 100 km deep. | Seismic waves are created by earthquakes or movements between the tectonic plates. The speed of seismic waves and the paths they take give geologists clues about Earth’s structure.

Features of Earth’s Crust, Mantle, and Core

The deeper inside Earth, the higher the pressure.

Pressure is the total force that is pressed on an area.

The temperature inside Earth increases as the depth increases too.

Basalt is a dark, fine-grained rock.

Granite is a light color rock and has coarse grains.

Both rocks contain more oxygen and silicon than other elements.

Crust |  Is a layer of solid rock that includes both dry land and oceanic floor. The main elements are oxygen and silicon.

Mantle | Made of very hot rock, but solid. Scientists divided the mantle into 3 layers based on th4er physical characteristics. Is nearly 3,000 km long.

Core | Made of mostly iron and nickel. Consists in two parts: Outer and Inner Core

1.  Oceanic Crust  ( Crust ) | Nearly constant. Much like basalt, with small amounts of ocean sediment on top.

2.  Continental Crust ( Crust ) | Varies Greatly. Much like Granite

3. Lithosphere ( Mantle ) | Strong, Hard, Rigid. About 100 km thick

4. Asthenosphere ( Mantle ) | Less rigid than Lithosphere, Hotter, and with more pressure.

5. Mesosphere ( Mantle ) |
Hot, but more rigid than Asthenosphere. Very high pressure. Have a region called transition zone, which lies just beneath the asthenosphere, includes the lower mantle, which extends down to Earth’s core

6. Outer Core ( Core ) |
A layer of molten metal surrounding the Inner Core, it’s is liquid despite the very high pressure.

7. Inner Core ( Core ) |
A dense ball of solid metal, with the very very high pressure, squeezes the Atoms of Iron and Nickel so much that they can’t spread out to become liquid.

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Chapter 1- Lesson 3 ( Convection and the Mantle 

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Chapter 1- Lesson 3 ( Convection and the Mantle 

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Convection and The Mantle

There are three types of heat transfer:

Radiation

Convection

Conduction

Radiation |
The transfer of energy that is carried in rays such as light is called radiation.

Convection  |
Heat transfer by the movement of a fluid is called convection

Conduction |
Heat transfer between materials that are touching is called conduction.

How does Convection occur in Earth’s Mantle?

Density is a measure of how much mass there is in a given volume of a substance.

The flow that transfers heat within a fluid is called convection current.

Heating and cooling fluid changes in the density of the fluid, and the force of gravity combine to set convection currents in motion.

Convection currents on Earth: Heat from the core and the mantle itself causes convection currents in the mantle