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Copernicus was a Renaissance mathematician and astronomer who formulated a model of the universe that placed the sun in the center rather than the earth. He distributed a handwritten book to his friends that set out his view of the universe. He did not publish the book until 1543, 2 months before he died. The church did not immediately condemn the book as heretical, most likely because the printer added a note that said even though the books theory was unusual if it helped with astronomers calculations, it didn’t matter if it was true. The church did eventually ban the book in 1616.Copernicus took a trip to italy and during his trip he visited Rome and studied at the universities of Padu and Ferra, before returning to Poland. For 7 years he worked as a private secretary to his uncle, now the bishop of Ermland. After the bishop died in 1512 copernicus moved to frauenberg, where he had a position as a cannon. In 1514, when the Catholic church was seeking to improve the calendar, one of the experts to whom the pope appealed was Copernicus

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Born in Caprese, Michelangelo di Lodovico Buonarroti Simoni is without a doubt one of the Renaissance's best artists. Michelangelo knew from the start that conventional education disinterested him, and instead opted for skipping out on his schooling to visit churches where artists thrived through painting. After his family found out that he skipped class instead of going to receive his education, they ostracized him for his disinterest towards the family business and schooling. At the age of 13, after his father’s reluctant blessing, the young artist was sent to become an apprentice of Domenico Ghirlandaio, a painter known for his detailed frescoes. Remarkably, although Michelangelo was set to study under the painter for 3 years, he left after just one year passed- due to there being “nothing more to learn.”

Michelangelo was a gifted artisan- specializing in not only sculpting, but also painting, engineering and architecture. His sculptures of David and La Pieta, as well as his paintings of The Sistine Chapel and The Creation of Adam are just a few of his selected works.

As said before, the Sistine Chapel is perhaps one of Michelangelo’s most well known works. Painted between 1508-1512, it was a commission by Pope Julius II. Initially refusing the Pope’s offer to instead focus on sculpture, the artist eventually gave in and began work. This was a very grueling task, that eventually paid off as the Chapel turned out to be absolutely stunning.

It is a very popular place for tourists in Vatican City to visit, with an estimated 5 million witnessing its beauty each year.

While a brilliant mind, the artist possessed his fair share of troubles; possessing a perfectionist streak that could not be satisfied and at times falling into states of melancholy. He was arrogant with people around him and lived by the phrase “There is always something to improve on”.

Michelangelo died in Rome in 1564 at the age of 88. He will always be remembered for his gorgeous works of art and impact on

“If people knew how hard I worked to get my mastery, it wouldn't seem so wonderful at all.”

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Donato di Niccolò di Betto Bardi, more famously known as Donatello, was one of the Renaissance's premier artists. Although not as popular as other artisans like Michelangelo and Leonardo Da Vinci, that does not invalidate his exceptional skill as a sculptor.

Born in 1386, in Florence, Donatello first started his artistic journey in the workshop of a goldsmith. From around 1404-1407, Donatello was working under Lorenzo Ghiberti in his workshop, who inspired his sculpture of David which showcased  a style of graceful, softly curved lines strongly influenced by northern European art that Ghiberti used.

A few of his more well known sculptures include Saint Mark, Saint George, David and Zuccone.

While not much is known about the man himself, some sources state that Donatello had a reputation for being emotionally unpredictable, with a temper and rude sense of humor. He never married or had any kids.

Donatello died in December of 1466, from unknown causes.

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John Calvin was born in 1509 and died in 1564. He was originally Roman Catholic, but he disingaged himself from the Roman Catholic Church in 1536. John Calvin was a French theologian, pastor, and reformer during the Protestant Reformation. In 1536, he published, “ The Institutes of Christian Religion” John Calvin believer that believers were predestined to salvation, god was in complete control over humanity’s actions, and nothing happens unless god wills it. His beliefs are now commonly known as Calvinism. Calvinism can be understood as T.U.L.I.P. Tulip consists of total depravity, unconditional election, limited atonement, irresistible grace, and perseverance of the Saints. John Calvin was the most important gunfire in the second generation of the Protestant Reformation.

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Martin Luther was born November 10,1483. He was born in Eisleben, Germany. He vowed to become an Augustinian monk, and he was ordained in 1507. Martin Luther used to believe that all men were hopeless sinners in the sight of God and that they were unworthy of salvation. However during his trip to Europe his views changed. Matin Luther had come to believe that Christians can only be saved by their faith and not by their own efforts or doings. During Martin Luther’s trip to Wittenberg, he was astonished by the amount of selling indulgences. He STRONGLY disagreed with the idea that you could essentially pay money to get into heaven. He was so disturbed that he wrote 95 arguments against the selling of indulgences, these arguments were called the 95 Theses and they were essential to the start of the Protestant Reformation. In 1517, he nailed his 95 Theses to the door of the Castle Church. In 1521, Charles V, the holy emperor called Luther to a large council called the Diet of Worms. After the Diet of Worms, Martin Luther was declared a heretic. Fredrick the Wose of Saxony kidnapped Martin Luther, and took him to the Wartburg Castle, there Luther translated the New Testament into German. he believed in faith alone, scripture alon, and the priesthood of all believers. He also believed that the Bible was the central source of religious activity. Overall, Martin Luther played a HUGE role in the Protestant Reformation, and he strongly disputed the Catholic view on indulgence

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Erasmus was born on October 27th 1466 in Rotterdam Holland, and died on july 7th 1536 in Basel Switzerland. He was a Dutch humanist of the northern Renaissance. He earned his living as a teacher for only a few years, but education remained a lifelong interest and a central theme in his writings. He proclaimed that human beings without education had no humanity.His educational writings contributed to the replacement of the older scholastic curriculum by the new humanistic emphasis on the classics. Erasmus first published works was the Enchiridion Militis Christiani, or Manual of the Christian Knight.It was written to an anonymous friend at court who asked Erasmus to compose for him a guide to life that would lead him to a state of mind worthy of christ.He encouraged the growing urge for reform, which found expression both in  the protestant Reformation and in the Catholic Counter-Reformation. Erasmus adds a controversial  endorsement of vernacular translations of the Bible, so that everyone can share the message of Christ. He believed in the preponderance of nature over nature, it used the duty of the parents and teachers to ensure that children fulfilled their potential and of the adults to live up to it

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Francesco Petrarch was born July 20, 1304 and died July 19, 1374.  Petrarch was an Italian poet who is best known for his lyrical poetry and is considered to be the greatest love poets of world literature.  In the beginning of 1316, Petrarch pursued legal studies at the University of Montpellier.  And in 1320, Petrarch and his younger brother, Gherardo, went to Bologna to attend the law schools.  They remained in Bologna until their father's death in 1326. Petrarch’s father did not want him to become involved in poetry and literature and had even burned some of Petrarch’s books. After his father’s death, he abandoned law and participated in the fashionable social life of Avignon.

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NICCOLO MACHIAVELLI

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Niccolo-Machiavelli

https://www.iep.utm.edu/machiave/

https://www.sparknotes.com/philosophy/prince/context/

https://www.biography.com/people/niccol%C3%B2-machiavelli-9392446

LORENZO MEDICI

http://www.themedicifamily.com/Lorenzo-de-Medici.html

https://www.florenceinferno.com/lorenzo-the-magnificent/
Erasmus

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Desiderius-Erasmus

https://www.iep.utm.edu/erasmus/

https://plato.stanford.edu/entries/erasmus/

Copernicus

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Nicolaus-Copernicus

https://www.space.com/15684-nicolaus-copernicus.html

http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/historic_figures/copernicus.shtml

Francesco Petrarch &Martin Luther
https://www.encyclopedia.com/people/literature-and-arts/italian-literature-biographies/petrarc

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Petrarch

https://www.poets.org/poetsorg/poet/petrarch
Baldassere Castiglione

http://www.oxfordbibliographies.com/abstract/document/obo-9780195399301/obo-9780195399301-0090.xml?rskey=UWampf&result=1&q=Baldassare+castiglione#firstMatch

http://biography.yourdictionary.com/baldassare-castiglione

https://www.britannica.com/biography/Baldassare-Castiglione

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Baldassere Castiglione was born Dec. 6, 1478 and died Feb. 7, 1529.  He was an Italian author, courtier, and diplomat.  He is primarily known for his “Book of the Courtier”. Castiglione was educated at the humanist school of Giorgio Merula and Demetrius Chalcondyles, and at the court of Ludovico Sforza located in Milan.  At Urbino, Castiglione collaborated with his cousin on a pastoral drama, Tirsi, in which the speeches of nymphs and shepherds conceal references to the court.  In 1513, he was sent to Rome as ambassador of the new duke of Urbino. His ‘Book of the Courtier’ was published in 1528 and was widely acclaimed and served as a model for civilized and polished behavior during the Renaissance and afterward.  The book was translated in Spanish, German, French, and English.