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Keep up the good wor

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Please, read the info of above link and learn about the herpatofauna of Greece!
http://www.herpetofauna.gr/

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herpetofauna.gr - Ελληνική Ερπετοπανίδα

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Όλα τα Ερπετά και Αμφίβια της Ελλάδας με φωτογραφίες και βασικές πληροφορίες

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Πατριδογνωσία-Geogreece

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Forests of Greece, the big picture: Map and General Information. Types of vegetation.

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https://www.geogreece.gr/refuge_en.php

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Καταγραφή.PNG

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Πατριδογνωσία-Geogreece

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Table and map of the 10 wetlands in Greece included in the Ramsar Convention

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-http://ec.europa.eu/environment/nature/natura2000/data/index_en.htm
-http://www.ekby.gr/ekby/en/Natura2000_main_en.html

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Dear Giannis,
Your BioArea is looking very good! Maybe you can complete it with some maps, photos or other pictures!

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I read your
Bio area and find it impressive! a lot of information with interesting links. I learned a lot about Greece and biodiversity!
Could you pleas also have a look at my bio area? Rita Vandeloo: https://padlet.com/rita_vandeloo/3rbt30yv2aea

thanks

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Compare my BioArea with the BioAreas of other learners.

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Compare my BioArea with the BioAreas of other learners.

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Now, that my BioArea is completed, I will compare it with the corresponding work of my co-learners. They will be:

Elina's BioArea IN and Molnár Ágnes's BioArea HU.

Firstly, Elina's BioArea looks quit interesting due to the intense diversity of my BioArea. In India there is different fauna, with Nasikabatrachus sahyadrensis be the interesting endemic spieces from this country. Another information is that biodiversity hotspots are specific areas in India and not all the country. But of course, as my BioArea, in India there are damaging human activities such as overpopulation like Attica!
Secondly, Molnár Ágnes's BioArea is seems to be affected by climate change. Also, there are a lot of National Parks and I observe a kind of different flora pattern (Querqus and Fagus forests) than my BioArea (Pinus and Abies forests). I think it is important to be mentioned that these kind of forests are reduced. Last, but not least, the fact there are more than 3700 caves in Hungary is interesting in terms of the study of cave fauna.

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THEME 3: Possible signs of climate change in Greece

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THEME 3: Possible signs of climate change in Greece

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In the last report of the International Panel on Climate Change it mentions that the temperature of the Aegean Sea will rise between 1.2 and 2.5 degrees Celsius, which means that ‘October summers’ will be something that Greeks won’t necessarily be feeling particularly proud nor happy about.
https://www.euronews.com/2015/10/22/climate-change-in-greece-more-visible-than-we-think---negative-future-ahead
Also, major wildfires affected Athens (Greece) on 23 July, with many fatalities beacause of rise degree mentioned below.
https://reliefweb.int/report/world/climate-change-signals-and-impacts-continue-2018

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In Greece, so the saying goes, they are blessed that summer lasts until the end of October. But is this true? Sure, most years the country's warm weather and summertime habits stretch further than they do in more northern European countries. But is this a blessing or a curse? Is it a cause for celebration or concern?

In 2015, summer in Greece arrived slightly later than normal but from July the temperatures topped 36 degrees almost every day. These are not heatwave conditions by local standards, but both its mainland and islands stayed consistently warm and, when combined with humidity, somewhat sticky.

According to both the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Japan Meteo Agency, 2015 saw the hottest March ever recorded. For , it was the third warmest Greek March after 2010 and 2002.

It seems that 2015 will pip 2014 as the warmest year in history. Michalis Petrakis, Research Director of National Observatory of Athens says that climate change is making Greece more tropical. As he says in Greek newpaper Ta Nea "the sea is getting warmer and even warmer than the land, so we have evaporation which gives us more humidity and this causes us more discomfort."

In the last report of the International Panel on Climate Change it mentions that the temperature of the Aegean Sea will rise between 1.2 and 2.5 degrees Celsius, which means that 'October summers' will be something that Greeks won't necessarily be feeling particularly proud nor happy about. There are also further consequences of climate change that are already starting to affect the everyday lives of Greeks.

WWW Hellas, with the National Observatory of Athens, forecasts in its research on climate change in Greece from 2021-2050 a bleak future for Greece. ( Read more about the research in greek). They warn that if the objective of keeping the rise in temperature to below 2 degrees above pre-industrial levels is not achieved, then the consequences will be serious and multifaceted: people in cities like Thessaloniki, Patra, Lamia and Larissa will feel more discomfort, with an extra 20 days of 'heatwave' conditions per year. Also Lamia, Volos, Thessaloniki and Athens will experience fewer rainy days globally but 10% more thunderstorms. This means more danger of floods and forest fires.

Climate change in Greece will also impact negatively the already-damaged economy of the country as the weather there is a key to the success of the Greek tourist industry.

According to the WWF, climate change will definitely "change" the tourist "wave" towards Greece. More heatwaves and more sticky, sleepless nights with temperatures higher than 20 degrees will become features of the Greek holiday experience, especially in the islands. While tourists appreciate warmth in the day, visitors - particularly those from Scandinavian countries, Russia and the UK - who are not used to these conditions will start to find Greece a turn-off and book elsewhere.

Then there's agriculture. The same research from the WWF says that less winter rain will increase incidents of drought, turning Greek fields to desert.

The same goes for the fisheries: warm sea waters could seriously damage fish populations and thus affect the entire food chain.

A report from the National Bank of Greece, concludes that if climate change continues as expected until 2050 and 2100 without a global effort to reduce greenhouse gas emissions, then this will cause huge damage to the Greek economy, or 701 billion euros by 2100 to be precise.

It seems obvious that more measures are needed not only in Greece but also across Europe and beyond. Even if Greece is not as much of an 'industrial' country anymore, if it doesn't pollute as much as other European countries, it will not be immune to the consequences.

The cost of the measures that Greece has promised to undertake by 2100 amounts to 142 billion euros, according to National Bank of Greece. So Greece must do whatever it can to reduce even her own damage to the country.

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Climate change in Greece: More visible than we think - Negative future ahead

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In Greece, so the saying goes, they are blessed that summer lasts until the end of October. But is this true? Sure, most years the country's warm weather and summertime habits stretch further than they do in more northern European countries. But is this a blessing or a curse?

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THEME 3: Possible invasions of alien species in Greece during the last decade

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THEME 3: Possible invasions of alien species in Greece during the last decade

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The total number of the alien plant taxa reported for Greece (343) is relatively low compared to those of other Mediterranean and Southern European countries.
The smaller number and density of alien
plant species observed in Greece may be related to the fact that it has lower levels of industrialization and of transportation network development, a higher proportion of scarcely if at all populated or cultivated mountainous
areas, and a highly dissected physiography with many high and often inaccessible mountain ranges spreading
across the mainland.
Ailanthus altissima, Amaranthus albus, Chenopodium ambrosioides, Datura stramonium, Eleusine indica, Erigeron bonariensis, Nicotiana glauca, Opuntia ficus-barbarica, Oxalis pescaprae, Paspalum distichum, Solanum elaeagnifolium, Symphyotrichum squamatum and Xanthium spinosum are typical cases of plants characterized as invasive, having established in a variety of habitats in Greece.
https://www.ciheam.org/publications/170/013_-_Arianoutsou.pdf
Also, there is a newly established population of Podarcis siculus in Greece comming from Italy,
http://fupress.net/index.php/ah/article/view/18075
Trachemys scripta from America,
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/270157855_Report_of_two_subspecies_of_an_alien_turtle_Trachemys_scripta_scripta_and_Trachemys_scripta_elegans_Testudines_Emydidae_sharing_the_same_habitat_on_the_island_of_Zakynthos_Greece
https://www.researchgate.net/figure/Reported-sightings-of-the-common-slider-Trachemys-scripta-in-Greece-including-one_fig1_310600080
and Podarcis vauchery from Spain.
https://www.researchgate.net/publication/325303683_Podarcis_vaucheri_Sauria_Lacertidae_far_away_from_home_A_new_invasive_species_in_Greece
https://brill.com/view/journals/amre/39/3/article-p363_10.xml

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THEME 3: Species of Greece that appear on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

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THEME 3: Species of Greece that appear on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species

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There are a lot of spieces that appear on the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species in Greece.
Some of them are Algyroides moreoticus (NT),  Chamaeleo chamaeleon (CR),  Eurotestudo hermanni (VU) and Macrovipera schweizeri (EN). Ather species appear at the link below.
http://dipe.ker.sch.gr/kainotomes/To_Kokkino_biblio.pdf

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Established in 1964, the IUCN Red List of Threatened Species has evolved to become the world's most comprehensive information source on the global conservation status of animal, fungi and plant species.

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THEME 3: Wildlife overexploitation in Greece

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THEME 3: Wildlife overexploitation in Greece

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Hunting is a legitimate activity that can nevertheless threaten species that feed on overexploitation and thus become threatening to preserve biodiversity. The expansion of hunting in Greece coupled with the lack of control and monitoring of the activity, intensify its negative impact on biodiversity. They reflect the current inadequacy of the state's mechanisms for the effective protection of the nature of Greece. Hunting should be subject to strict regulations to ensure the long-term viability of huntable species, with the ultimate goal of not jeopardizing European and national biodiversity targets. That is why a new, comprehensive and modern institutional framework for hunting is needed. A new framework that will be an important step towards the protection and sustainable use of Greece's biological resources.

Illegal activity, despite illegal activity, is particularly widespread in Greece and is particularly damaging to protected and migratory species of birds. Unfortunately, both the inadequate legal framework for hunting in Greece and its inadequate implementation often act as a cover for the rivers. The extent of illegal fishing in our country is another reason why we need an updated legal framework for hunting in Greece. This framework should focus both on the proper education, awareness and awareness of hunters to prevent collapse, and on the notion of zero tolerance for cases drifting from the door of the state.

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ελληνική ορνιθολογική εταιρεία

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Κυνήγι και λαθροθηρία - Ελληνική Ορνιθολογική Εταιρεία, προστασία για τα πουλιά και το περιβάλλον

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Το κυνήγι είναι μια νόμιμη δραστηριότητα η οποία παρόλα αυτά μπορεί να απειλήσει τα είδη που θηρεύονται λόγω υπερεκμετάλλευσης και να καταστεί έτσι απειλή για τη διατήρηση της βιοποικιλότητας. Η έκταση του κυνηγιού στην Ελλάδα σε συνδυασμό με την έλλειψη ελέγχου και παρακολούθησης της δραστηριότητας, εντείνουν τις αρνητικές επιπτώσεις του στη βιοποικιλότητα.

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https://theculturetrip.com/europe/greece/articles/the-most-beautiful-national-parks-in-greece/
https://www.discovergreece.com/en/nature

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Καταγραφή.PNG

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Possible reasons for the decision to reintroduce grey wolves into the National Park.

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Possible reasons for the decision to reintroduce grey wolves into the National Park.

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The correct reason is number 3.
The wolves were brought in because the increased elk population was overgrazing the deciduous, woody species such as aspen and cottonwood. The wolf, as a predator, can maintain the elk populations in balance. In this way, the overgrazing is reduced and the ecosystem is balanced.

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THEME 1: Biotic and abiotic characteristics of your BioArea

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THEME 1: Biotic and abiotic characteristics of your BioArea

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Abiotic:
The soil of Greece present a significant variety that is also reflected in the vegetation variety. according to the classification of FAO-UNESCO, in Greece there are also the following categories of soils: Lithosol, Luvisol, Fluvisol, Cambisol, Andosol, Regosol, Planosol, Vertisol, Leptosol. The climate is characterized as a Mediterranean type with warm and dry summers and cool and humid winters (koppen climate classification). Greek ecosystems are divided into six categories: Coastal, Fresh water, Phrygana, Forest, Grass Land and Rocks.
(Legakis, 2010)
Biotic:
The fauna of Greece is not well thought out. Vertepbeates are best known, while the largest gaps exist in the Invertebrates. It is believed that if the Greek fauna is fully studied, it should include about 50,000 species! (Legakis, 2007).
http://users.auth.gr/~elvoults/pdf/Homeric%20fauna%2005.pdf
The Greek flora includes about 6,000 species and subspecies of plants, of which about 1,100 are endemic. It is unique in Europe for its wealth, but also for the large proportion of endemic to its extent. This is due to the wide variety of biotopes and ecosystems.
http://portal.cybertaxonomy.org/flora-greece/intro
- https://www.cbd.int/doc/world/gr/gr-nr-05-en.pdf

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THEME 1: Does it contain volcanoes or mountains?

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THEME 1: Does it contain volcanoes or mountains?

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More than ten million years ago, the sea penetrates Aegias and separates the present-day land Greece. From five million years ago to 20.000 years, the sea is upsizing with constant climate change.
Greece is a predominantly mountainous country with more than 300 larger or smaller mountains in its territory. The most important Greek mountainous axis is the mountain of Pindos, which forms the backbone of the mainland and has as a natural continuation the mountains of the Peloponnese and Crete. Moreover, most islands are, in fact, the mountaintops of the submerged Aegean, which once connected mainland Greece to Asia Minor.

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THEME 3: Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation or habitat degradation in Greece.

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THEME 3: Habitat loss, habitat fragmentation or habitat degradation in Greece.

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http://io.teiion.gr:8080/bitstream/handle/123456789/780/1-s2.0-S1470160X07000623-main.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y
-
https://www.limnology-journal.org/articles/limn/pdf/2006/01/limno200642p33.pdf
-https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Thomas_Wrbka/publication/223276914_Landscape_and_vegetation_responses_to_human_impact_in_sandy_coasts_of_Western_Crete_Greece/links/5a1bfcb70f7e9be37f9c18bc/Landscape-and-vegetation-responses-to-human-impact-in-sandy-coasts-of-Western-Crete-Greece.pdf
-https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s11269-007-9179-7

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E. S. Papastergiadou

A. Retalis

A. Apostolakis

Th. Georgiadis

Abstract

Loss and degradation of terrestrial and aquatic habitats and degraded water quality are major environmental concerns worldwide. Especially wetlands are sensitive ecosystems that are subject to stress from human activities. Remote sensing techniques have been primarily used to generate information on land cover/use changes. Geographical Information Systems (GIS) and remote sensing can be used to provide a rapid or a large-scale understanding of lake change and in developing lake management strategies. The principal objectives of this study are to monitor and assess the spatial and temporal changes in land cover/use by using GIS, and to determine the main environmental factors affecting these changes. This paper presents a case study for the application of integrated remote sensing and GIS data for the classification and monitoring of the spatial and temporal changes in land use types. The study was conducted in a small natural wetland of Lake Cheimaditida, located in the East Mediterranean region of Northern Greece. Data analysis was conducted using GIS software. During the past several decades Lake Cheimaditida wetland has been influenced by many anthropogenic activities. The variables chosen for the assessment included condition of wetland and lake areas, present extent of wetlands relative to historic area, cover of natural habitat, wetland disturbances, etc. These variables address catchments properties that are important for maintaining and improving wetland habitats and water quality and assessment of trends useful for environmental monitoring. Land cover/land use patterns were assessed and compared using aerial photographs taken in 1945, 1969, 1982, and 1996. Over this period, reed beds enormously increased by 1,655.19%, while open-water areas and peat lands decreased by 74.05 and 99.5%, respectively. The significance of the changes in land cover distribution within the Lake Cheimaditida wetland are discussed in relation to the historical pattern of reed beds colonization, the importance of Phragmites australis in the process and the implications for strategic management of freshwater wetland resources.

Keywords

Aerial photographs GIS Greece Land cover/use Remote sensing Reed beds

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Environmental Monitoring of Spatio-temporal Changes Using Remote Sensing and GIS in a Mediterranean Wetland of Northern Greece

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E. S. Papastergiadou A. Retalis A. Apostolakis Th. Georgiadis Loss and degradation of terrestrial and aquatic habitats and degraded water quality are major environmental concerns worldwide. Especially wetlands are sensitive ecosystems that are subject to stress from human activities. Remote sensing techniques have been primarily used to generate information on land cover/use changes.

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THEME 1: Are there areas currently under protection from human presence and/or activities?

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THEME 1: Are there areas currently under protection from human presence and/or activities?

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National Parks usually include forests and aim in the preservation of significant flora and fauna species, geological formations, underground, atmosphere, water and nature in general. They usually consist of an absolute protection area, the core, and a buffer zone. Several activities are forbidden in the cores of National Parks, such as industries, settlements, buildings, grazing, logging, hunting, cutting and uprooting plants, etc.
Any human activity is forbidden in the core of national parks.
In Greece, there are 10 of them.

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Recently, another twelve National Parks were established. The first was the Northern Sporades National Marine Park (7) in 1992, which includes the terrestrial and marine areas of the Northern Sporades Archipelago, as they provide refuge for the Monk seal (Monachus monachus).

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THEME 1: Can you find evidence of damaging human activities? 

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THEME 1: Can you find evidence of damaging human activities? 

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On September 18, the tanker "Agia Zoni", caused a major oil spill in the Saronic coast.
https://int.ert.gr/wwf-expresses-concern-over-the-marine-environment/
Deforestation and urbanization significantly contribute to the genesis of floods. Deforestation, also related to soil erosion, is a major problem in Greece.

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κλιματική αλλαγή προσαρμογής στην κλιματική αλλαγή βιωσιμότητα παγκόσμια υπερθέρμανση

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Ελλάδα σε ένα μεταβαλλόμενο κλίμα. Όλα για την κλιματική αλλαγή, τα τρωτά σημεία και στρατηγικές προσαρμογής για όλες τις ευρωπαϊκές χώρες.

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THEME 1: Does it contain endemic species? 

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THEME 1: Does it contain endemic species? 

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Greece is included in the Mediterranean Basin biodiversity hotspot. Important terrestrial ecoregions for endemic species include the Crete Mediterranean Forests and the Pindus Mountains Mixed Forests.
There are among over 900 endemic vascular plants. There are also endemic land snails, invertebrates, unique butterflies, freshwater fish, reptiles and amphibians.
(Below, two references of endemic plants of Parnitha and one of Milos island)
Campanula celsii ssp. parnesia
Silene oligantha ssp. parnesia
Macrovipera schweizeri

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Greece is home to several mammals found nowhere else including the Cretan Spiny Mouse the Cretan Shrew (((( flickr), and an endemic subspecies: the Cretan Wild Goat or Kri-kri ( Wikipedia). Amphibians restricted to Greece include the Karpathos Salamander ( ARKive).

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THEME 1: Does your BioArea belong to a biodiversity hotspot area?

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THEME 1: Does your BioArea belong to a biodiversity hotspot area?

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A biodiversity hotspot area, is a biogeographic region with significant levels of biodiversity that is threatened with destruction. It must qualify as a biodiversity hotspot on Myers 2000 edition of the hotspot map, and the region must meet two strict criteria: it must contain at least 0.5% or 1,500 species of vascular plants as endemics, and it must have lost at least 70% of its primary vegetation. There are 35 hotspots areas and one of those is Mediterranean Basin. This area includes Greece. So, yes, my BioArea belong to a biodiversity hotspot area.

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Figure 1 from Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities - Semantic Scholar

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Figure 1 The 25 hotspots. The hotspot expanses comprise 30±3% of the red areas. - "Biodiversity hotspots for conservation priorities"

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1. Ixodes scapularis
It feeds on blood that absorbs from the skin of mammals in which it parasites. When it sucks blood, its tummy increases in volume. It is difficult to detach when it adheres to the skin. It is harmful to humans and animals because it can carry serious illnesses such as Borreliosis or Spring Meningoencephalitis.
It has eight legs and antennas. It resembles the size with a greyish grape grain when it is fast. But when it's full, the size of his belly is bulging. His skin is elastic.
https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/183/5/773/892071
2. Marchalina hellenica
Marchalina hellenica, is yellow in color and lives by the pine juice, mainly from Pinus brutia and, to a lesser extent, Pinus halepensis, Pinus sylvestris and Pinus pinea, producing sweet honeydews (reddish drops).
It can be found in cracks and under the dead cortex of the trunk of these trees, hidden beneath the white cotton it secretes. The main form of reproduction is virgin birth.
The insect produces a sugary secretion which is harvested by the bees. These secretions take place twice a year, during spring and autumn.
https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sofia_Gounari/publication/235730995_O_R_I_G_I_N_A_L_A_RT_I_C_L_E_Studies_on_the_phenology_of_Marchalina_hellenica_gen_Hemiptera_coccoidea_margarodidae_in_relation_to_honeydew_flow/links/02bfe512efb49391cb000000.pdf

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THEME 2: A trophic pyramid with plants and animals from your own BioArea.

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THEME 2: A trophic pyramid with plants and animals from your own BioArea.

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Below, is the trophic pyramid from Hymettus mountain.
(By the book of: A. Oikonomou et al, 2007, The Biotope of Hymettus, National Kapodistrian University of Athens, Botanical Museum.)
https://filotis.itia.ntua.gr/biotopes/c/GR3000006/
http://www.ornithologiki.gr/page_iba.php?aID=126&loc=en
http://www.topoguide.gr/mountains/attiki/advs_imittos/imittos_fauna.php

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Καταγραφή.PNG

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THEME 2: Two organisms that share the same food (niche partitioning) and the way that they manage it

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THEME 2: Two organisms that share the same food (niche partitioning) and the way that they manage it

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Podarcis peloponnesiacus & Hellenolacerta graeca.
The above spieces often coexist from sea-level up to over 1600 m. They manage it because of the abundance of the second spieces is in drier environments than the firts. Also, the Hellenolacerta graeca's abundance is at intermediate altitudes.
(By the book of: J. Speybroeck et al., 2016, Field guide to the amphibians & reptiles of Britain and Europe, British Wildlife Field Guides, Bloomsbury Natural History.)

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THEME 2: The ecological niche of two characteristic animals

# data[].attributes.subject
THEME 2: The ecological niche of two characteristic animals

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-Elaphe quatuorlineata:
It is found in hedgerows, close to woodland edges, in open woodland, rocky overgrown areas and traditionally cultivated land. Animals may also be found near to waterbodies but also away from them. Animals tend to have very large home ranges. Habitats in Greek islands may be drier and characterised by maquis vegetation and dry-stone walls. Normally below 900m, but up to 1400m in the S of its area.
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/157264/5065135#habitat-ecology
-Podarcis peloponnesiacus:
Occupies a wide variety of sunny habitats at all altitudes. It occurs in dry scrubland, rocky areas, olive groves and vineyards, in traditionally cultivated areas and in old buildings. The females lay two clutches of one to six eggs annually.
https://www.iucnredlist.org/species/61551/12514581#habitat-ecology

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THEME 2: Τwo examples of animals with a predator-prey relation:

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THEME 2: Τwo examples of animals with a predator-prey relation:

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1. Vipera ammodytes - Μus musculus
Vipera ammodytes is mainly a terrestrial snake but has both climbing skills and swimming  skills. Its diet is based on small mammals (Mus musculus), birds and lizards, while young people feed on insects.
http://www.herpetofauna.gr/index.php?module=cats&page=read&id=179

2. Vulpes vulpes  - Alectoris graeca graeca
All kinds of foxes are omnivorous. Their diet consists largely of invertebrates. However, they also have a special preference for fruits, fish, birds (Alectoris graeca graeca), eggs and beetles. Most species are highly adaptable to many different foods and consume an average of 1 kg of food per day.
https://www.britannica.com/animal/red-fox-mammal