# data[].attributes.headline
Ways the doctors can find the cancer are:

# data[].attributes.subject
Ways the doctors can find the cancer are:

# data[].attributes.body
Looking at family background or inheritance.

# data[].attributes.body
Contains carcinogens that cause cancer. More than a third of all bladder cancer are caused by smoking. People that smoke can be up to 4 times more likely to develop bladder cancer than non-smokers.

# data[].attributes.body
Urinalysis:
Collecting your urine samples for testing to see if there is blood, bacteria or abnormal cells.

Urine cytology:
Uses a microscope to look for cancer cells or pre- cancer cells in urine.

# data[].attributes.body
Bladder cancer is when tissues or cells that make up the urinary bladder develop a malignant tumour which can spread into other parts of the body.

# data[].attributes.body
Epithelial tissues:
The epithelial tissues inside the bladder(the hollow organ in the lower pelvis), the renal pelvis, and ureter.

Connective and nerve tissues:
Contains blood vessels, nerve and glands in or around the bladder.

Muscle tissues:
Located in the outer layer of the bladder.

This can also affect other parts of the urinary tract such as the kidneys, ureters, and urethra.

If the cancer is not treated fast enough, the cancer can spread to other parts of the body.

# data[].attributes.body
Urothelial carcinoma: This type is 90% of all bladder cancer and begins in the urothelial cells found in the urinary tract.

Squamous cell carcinoma: This type is 4% of bladder cancers. Squamous cells develop in the bladder lining due to irritation and inflammation. These cells can become cancerous overtime.

Adenocarcinoma: This type is 2% of all bladder cancers and develops from glandular cells.

# data[].attributes.body
Exposure to industrial chemicals is the second biggest factor for bladder cancer.

Chemicals that increase the risk of bladder cancer include aniline dyes, 2 naphthylamine, 4 aminobiphenyl, xenylamine, benzidine, and o-toluidine.

Manufacturing jobs that increase the risk of bladder cancer involve dyes, textiles, rubbers, paint products, plastics, truck driving and leather tanning.

# data[].attributes.body
A thin tube with a camera and a light in the end which is used in a procedure that allows a specialist to examine the inside of your bladder by passing a cystoscopy through your urethra(tube where you urinate) with gel that helps lessen the pain and helps the cystoscopy pass through easier.

# data[].attributes.body
Known as a transurethral resection of bladder tumour (TURBT) to remove small pieces of the suspected tumour so it can be tested to see if it is cancerous.

# data[].attributes.body
Can be offered to do a CT scan which is a x-ray or a MRI scan which uses magnetic fields and radio waves. Both used to produce detailed images of the structures inside your body.

# data[].attributes.body
May be used to look at your whole urinary system before or after the treatment. They inject dye into your bloodstream and x-rays are used to study it while the dye passes through your urinary system.

# data[].attributes.body
Specialists/doctors grade your bladder cancer and what stage you’re in.

Grades rage from G0 to G5 and the  higher the grade is, the more likely the cancers is to spread.

There are three stages T,N,M. T stands for how far into the bladder the tumour has grown. N stands for if the cancer has spread into nearby lymph nodes. M stands for whether the cancer has spread into another body part(metastasis).

# data[].attributes.body
Blood in urine

A need to urinate more on a daily basis

Burning sensation when urinating

Pelvic pain

Bone pain

Loss of appetite and unintentional weight loss

Swelling of the legs and feet

Lower back pain on one side

# data[].attributes.body
Cancer usually is not Inherited, but can increase the risk of getting

Bladder birth defects: Before birth, an urachus is the connection between the belly button and the bladder and if this part remains after birth, it can become cancer

The risk of bladder cancer increases with age

Having menopause before the age of 45

# data[].attributes.body
Radiotherapy and chemotherapy from previous treatment

Exposure to radiation

# data[].attributes.body
Having diabetes

Long-term or repeated urinary tract infections

Long-term bladder stones

# data[].attributes.body
Arsenic in drinking water, but the chances of exposure depends on where you live or where you get your water from

Dehydration

Certain medicines and dietary supplements

# data[].attributes.body
Low-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is treated with transurethral resection of a bladder tumour(TURBT). This is where they use a cystoscope to locate the visible tumours and cut them away from the lining of the bladder through surgery and the wounds are sealed using a mild electric current.

After surgery, chemotherapy is used directly in your bladder for about an hour and then drained away.

You may be offered follow-up appointments at 3 to 9 month. If cancer returns, you are offered a treatment called fulguration that involves the use of an electric current to destroy the cancer cell.

# data[].attributes.body
Chemotherapy is a chemical which helps prevent cancer cells from spreading.

Intermediate-risk non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer is treated with at least 6 doses of chemotherapy and placed in your bladder using a catheter for about an hour and then drained away.

You may be offered follow-up appointments at 3 to 9 month. If cancer returns, you will be referred back to a specialist.

# data[].attributes.body
Radiation therapy is used to destroy the cancer cells, but can also damage healthy cells.

Many side effects include:
Diarrhea
Inflammation of the bladder
Tightening of the genitalia
Erectile dysfunction
Loss of pubic hair
Infertility
Tiredness
Difficulty passing urine

# data[].attributes.body
This is where a BCG vaccine is passed into your bladder through a catheter for two hours and then drained away.

Side effects of the BCG include:
A frequent need to urinate
Pain when urinating
Blood in your urine
Flu-like symptoms
Urinary tract infections

You may be offered follow-up appointments every 3 months for the first 2 year, then every 6 months for the next 2 years, then once a year.

# data[].attributes.body
It can be treated with a cystectomy where your surgeon creates an alternative way for your urine to leave your body.

# data[].attributes.headline
Percentages of survival from bladder cancer in 2017

# data[].attributes.subject
Percentages of survival from bladder cancer in 2017

# data[].attributes.body
For people with bladder cancer, the general 5-year survival rate is 77%.

For people with bladder cancer, the general 10-year survival rate is 70%.

For people with bladder cancer, the general 15-year survival rate is 65%.

# data[].attributes.headline
Percentages of survival from bladder cancer in 2017

# data[].attributes.subject
Percentages of survival from bladder cancer in 2017

# data[].attributes.body
The 5-year survival rate for people with bladder cancer that has not spread beyond the inner layer of the bladder wall is 95%.

The 5-year survival rate for people with bladder cancer that has a tumour invasive, but has not spread outside the bladder is 69%.

The 5-year survival rate for people with bladder cancer that has spread to nearby tissues, lymph nodes or organs is 35%.

The 5-year survival rate for people with bladder cancer that has spread to other parts of the body is 5%. 4% of people with bladder cancer are diagnosed with this stage.

# data[].attributes.headline
Ways to reduce the risk of getting bladder cancer is:

# data[].attributes.subject
Ways to reduce the risk of getting bladder cancer is:

# data[].attributes.body
Don’t smoke or quit smoking

Limit the exposure to certain chemicals in workplaces

Drink a lot of liquids, mainly water

Eat a lot of fruits and vegetables

Learn more about bladder cancer to prevent it from happening

# data[].attributes.body
About 9 out of 10 people with bladder cancer are older than 55

Average of people that are diagnosed with bladder cancer are 73 years old

Bladder cancer is more common in men than women

It is the fifth most common cancer and four most common in men

Anyone can develop bladder cancer

Bladder cancer is one of the highest recurrence rate and it very likely to come back after treatment

# data[].attributes.body
nhs.uk. (2019). Bladder cancer. [online] Available at: https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/bladder-cancer/ [Accessed 4 Mar. 2019].

# data[].attributes.body
Cancer.Net. (2019). Bladder Cancer - Introduction. [online] Available at: https://www.cancer.net/cancer-types/bladder-cancer/introduction [Accessed 4 Mar. 2019].

# data[].attributes.body
www.cancer.ca. (2019). What is bladder cancer? - Canadian Cancer Society. [online] Available at: http://www.cancer.ca/en/cancer-information/cancer-type/bladder/bladder-cancer/?region=on [Accessed 4 Mar. 2019].

# data[].attributes.body
Cancer.org. (2019). Can Bladder Cancer Be Found Early?. [online] Available at: https://www.cancer.org/cancer/bladder-cancer/detection-diagnosis-staging/detection.html [Accessed 4 Mar. 2019].

# data[].attributes.body
Healthline. (2019). Bladder Cancer Risk Factors and Tips for Prevention. [online] Available at: https://www.healthline.com/health/bladder-cancer-risk-factors#risk-factors [Accessed 4 Mar. 2019].

# data[].attributes.body
BladderCancer.net. (2019). 6 Facts To Know About Bladder Cancer | BladderCancer.net. [online] Available at: https://bladdercancer.net/living/6-facts-to-know/ [Accessed 5 Mar. 2019].