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Use all the documents and write a synthesis + find one or two key questions

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Séance axée sur la protection de la nature et pose la question de la responsabilité de l’homme et de son rôle dans la défense et la préservation de notre environnement.
La sauvegarde du patrimoine naturel est-elle un devoir ?
La Grande Muraille verte, projet phare de l’Union Africaine, est-elle la solution pour lutter contre les effets du changement climatique ?
Quelles conséquences pour les peuples autochtones ? À quels dilemmes sont-ils confrontés ? Quelles idées défendent-ils ?

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Why is the preservation of territories an intrinsic and necessary factor in our efforts to protect the environment?

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Patrimoine commun et capital pour l’avenir, il ne fait plus aucun doute que la nature doit être respectée et protégée. Si nous la chérissons, notre Terre nous procure eau et nourriture, nous fournit énergie et matériaux pour nous loger, contribue à la prospérité de notre économie. Les écosystèmes sont également des alliés incontournables de la lutte contre les dérèglements climatiques. Pour toutes ces raisons, il est urgent de placer la protection de l’environnement au cœur de nos politiques pour relever ce défi de taille que représente le changement climatique. La reconquête de la biodiversité et des milieux naturels est donc devenue un enjeu planétaire qui mobilise hommes et femmes au-delà des frontières.

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DOCS 1:The Conservation Legacy of Theodore Roosevelt 

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DOCS 1:The Conservation Legacy of Theodore Roosevelt 

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-Who was Theodore Roosevelt?what did he do?

pick out the words used to describe the Grand Canyon

what was Roosvelt's will and why?

what is the value of the heritage today? how inspiring is it?

learn more about the Roosevelt 's legacy and about the making of "National Parks Adventures" and explain the reference to TR.

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(CNN) - Many travelers hear the words "national park" and immediately imagine vast expanses of land with no people around for miles.

But there's much more to America's National Parks Service than destinations such as Joshua Tree and Yellowstone.

Quite a few of the country's designated parks and historic sites are in urban sections of the USA, making them easy to fit into a city weekend break or to access without a car.

There's even a clue in the logo of the NPS -- it's shaped like an arrowhead, which is intended to represent history.

What better place to begin our tour of urban national parks than the home of the man who created the Parks Service as we know it?

Theodore "Teddy" Roosevelt, America's 26th president, was born in the Gramercy Park neighborhood of Manhattan.

Although the house is on the same spot where Roosevelt grew up, it has been renovated and changed several times over the years.

Luckily, many original objects and pieces of furniture are still here thanks to the family's preservation efforts, so it's possible to walk from noisy Union Square to a home in 19th-century New York in about 10 minutes.

Commonly referred to as the Boston Freedom Trail, this park is a collection of key historic sites throughout a whopping 47 acres of the city.

Some of the sites are among the most iconic in US history, including the Old North Church (where Paul Revere hung his lights to warn that the British were coming), Faneuil Hall, the Charlestown Navy Yard and the Bunker Hill monument.

You can visit the sites separately or as one walking tour, but a word of advice: If you're looking for the Bunker Hill monument, don't try going to Bunker Hill -- the battle bearing its name was mostly fought on neighboring Breed's Hill.

After $380 million in renovations, Missouri's famous landmark is even more welcoming to visitors with an event space, bike trails and a new museum.

Formerly known as the Jefferson National Expansion Memorial, this silver arch swoops over St. Louis' skyline and is one of America's most recognizable symbols.

The arch, designed by Eero Saarinen, pays tribute to the United States' expansion westward.

But the days of clunky Lewis-and-Clark animatronics and enormous taxidermied bison are over.

A significant modernization of the park's museum was completed and unveiled in summer 2018, with new interpretive exhibits including Native American perspectives and new pathways making it easier for visitors to access the park on foot or by bike.

Welcome to "America's front yard."

The 146-acre expanse in the District of Columbia is home to some of the country's most famous and important sites, from the White House to the Capitol.

You could easily spend a week straight just exploring the Mall, both indoors and out -- favorites include the Lincoln and Washington memorials, the Smithsonian Museums (including the breathtaking National Museum of African American History and Culture) and the annual beauty of cherry blossom season.

Puerto Rico is home to the only tropical rainforest in the US National Parks system (that would be El Yunque), but you don't even have to stray far from the hotels and nightclubs of Old San Juan to learn about history.

Built in the 1500s by the Spanish, the structures comprising the San Juan National Historic Site were part of a fortification for the island.

The best-known of the group is Castillo San Felipe del Morro, usually just called "El Morro." The mix of architecture, history -- it was the site of attacks by the English and Dutch, then used as a military base by the Americans in World Wars I and II -- and beauty make it an exceptional place to visit.

Philadelphia was the first capital of the United States, and Independence National Park is sometimes known as "America's most historic square mile."

Within that square mile is Independence Hall, where the Declaration of Independence was signed on July 4, 1776, as well as the famous Liberty Bell.

The fundamental principles of democracy pair nicely with an on-site tavern designed to look like a popular one where politicians such as John Adams hung out in the 18th century. We can't promise the beer recipes are historically accurate, though.

December 7, 1941, was the day of the attack on the USS Arizona at Hawaii's Pearl Harbor, which brought the United States into World War II.

Now, visitors travel by boat to the floating white memorial designed by Austria-born, Hawaii-based architect Alfred Preis, which is particularly symbolic since he was held as an "enemy combatant" by the US government because of his birth country.

The shape of the memorial is tall on the sides and lower through the middle to represent America's highs before and after the war.

World War II Valor in the Pacific National Monument, 1845 Wasp Blvd., Honolulu, HI 96818, +1 (808) 422-3399

The Statue of Liberty, full name "The Statue of Liberty Enlightening the World," is arguably the most famous symbol of the United States.

She was designed by Frédéric Auguste Bartholdi and gifted to the United States in 1886.

Now, travelers can visit Liberty Island to climb up to the top of the statue's pedestal or her crown and be inspired by the words of the poet Emma Lazarus -- "give us your poor, your weak, your huddled masses yearning to breathe free" -- on a tour led by a park ranger.

As San Antonio celebrates its 300th anniversary, see what makes this Texas city so vibrant.

Originally named Mission San Antonio de Valero, the Alamo was one of a string of missions built by the Spanish to convert the locals to Catholicism.

However, it's best known these days for being the site of a battle, where Texan soldiers -- including the famous Davy Crockett -- fought during the Mexican-American War.

Because of its historical and cultural significance, the Alamo and the surrounding missions are also a UNESCO World Heritage site -- and they're right in downtown San Antonio.

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best urban national parks in america - cnn

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(CNN) - Many travelers hear the words "national park" and immediately imagine vast expanses of land with no people around for miles. But there's much more to America's National Parks Service than destinations such as Joshua Tree and Yellowstone.

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- watch the trailer: what do you learn about America's wild territories in the past?
-what words are used to describe the landscapes shown on the screen ? can you add some more? what do they make you feel?
- what message do the words convey?

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National Parks Adventure - Narrated by Robert Redford - Official IMAX Trailer - 4K

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- what do you know about the situation in Africa? what could be a solution? explain
- read the article: what does the title make you think of?
what do we learn about the origin of the project, its progress, its deadline?
- what is its objective?
- how has the original idea been adapted and refined? are there still issues that need to be worked out?
- is the overall tone of the document positive or negative?

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10 of the most popular Penguin Podcast episodes

Celebrate International Podcast Day, and find out what makes bestselling authors tick, with these insightful interviews, featuring Dolly Alderton, Zadie Smith, Stephen Fry and more.

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An extract from Joe Sacco's graphic novel 'Paying the Land'

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The journalist and cartoonist's new book reports from the frontlines of the Canadian Northwest Territories on how Canada's colonial legacy - from Residential Schools designed to destroy Indigenous cultures, to exploitative resource extraction - continues to affect the people of the Dene Nation.

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- study the infographic and describe the consequences of bushfires
- listen to the audio and pick out the figures. Explain what they correspond to
- say how news report contributes to calling for action.

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1. watch the video and summarise it

2. focus on the facts and figures? where? size? people ? building animals?

3. what are the causes of the wildfire crisis,

4. is it likely to happen again? why? why not?

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Bushfires in Australia: What ignited the deadly crisis

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1. Concentrate on animal species, number problems, causes, consequences

2. pick out two scenes that particularly marked you explain why

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Almost 3 billion animals affected by Australian bushfires

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1. who is the letter addressed to? who is it from? why is this significant?

2. What is the key message of the letter? quote the text

3. according to the letter what is almost certain to happen in the future? why?

4. How does the letter qualify Australia's current emission reduction targets?

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1. find info about "Brandalism"

2. read the article and explain what coal is mainly used for in Australia. Comment the consequences.

3. Explain why the government supports coal power

1. find out the decisions of Australia's customers of coal regarding this sector

2. comment on the gradual transition to renewable energy around the world.

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1. Pick out the elements showing that Scott Morrisonadmits his mistakes

2. Explain his new measures

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find out about Australian politicians' attitudes toward climate change

explain Australia's tactics to do less to tackle greenhouse gas emissions
how the news report contributes to denouncing Australian politicians' decisions

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Does Australia's government take climate change seriously? | A New Climate

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1. where are the fires burning?

2. what conditions allowed the firs to spread?

3. comment on the destructiveness of the fires

4. what gov Gavin Newsom of California and Gv Jay Inslee of Wash State with to pass on? Who do you think this message was intended  for?

5. what is the problem according to Seneca Smith?

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Sunday Journal: Apocalyptic Western wildfires

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Can the great fires lead to a shift in Australia's environmental policies?

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Have the recent wildfires in California and Australia finally lit a match under the climate change debate?

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1. Who or what its the main cause of wildfires? Does this surprise you?

2. What percentage of fires start from natural causes?

3. What percentage of human caused fires are deliberate?

4. What is the single largest factor contributing to wildfires

5. graph 2 : what statistics does the  graph give?

6. graph 3: how is climate change affecting temperatures in the US?how is it affecting snow melt and humidity? what effect does it have on forests?

7. Explain the link between wildfires and climate change?

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Read the text and answer the questions.

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1. what is the document about?

2. are wildfires part of  California's ecosystem?

3. explain how Westerners and indigenous peoples view fire differently

4. how do Westerners try to manage fires? how do indigenous people try to manage fires? who is more successful?

5. what has changed recently?

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To what extent are climate refugees exacerbating national and international migration tensions?

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1. what problem is underestimated?

2. how many people will be displaced?by when?

3. what are the main causes ?who will be most affected?

4.  are climate refugees protected under international law? why, why not?

5. what are national governments concerned about? what are they doing?

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1. what is the UNHCR? who created it? when was it?why?

2. explain the difference between slow onset factors and rapid  onset factors. Give examples of each

3. from line 35 until the end: what is the migration nexus?

4. is there a legal problem with the language used? what is the difference between migration and displacement ? Is "Climate Refugee" a legally valid term? why? why not?

5. what is the difference between "internal border migration" and "cross-border migration"?

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1. where is the Sahel situated?

2. What is happening in Sahel? what are the causes the displacement?

3. how many refugees have field across bordes? how many have been displaced within their own country?

4. what is the attitude fo the chiffon Burkina Faso? dO YPU THINK HE IS A GOOD LEADER? why? why not

5. what factors make it more difficult to provide humanitarian aid?

6. is the Sahel crisis a human rights issue?why? why not?

7. find out more about how the Sahel crisis has evolved recently.

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United Nations High Commissioner for Refugees

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Sahel: Fastest Growing Crises! 2 million people displaced

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Sahel: Fastest Growing Crises! 2 million people displaced

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1. Describe the profile of people who migrate through the Sahel. Do all of them want to come to Europe?

2. What factors contribute to instability in the region and the drive to immigrate?

3. what role does climate change play?

4. read from line 33 tot he end: what impact  has the covid 19 pandemic had on the Sahel region? will the pandemic help increase or decrease illegal migration? Develop your answer.

5. would you call migrants from the Sahel "climate refugees"? why? why not?

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Use adjectives and adverbs to improve your writing
An adjective modifies a noun whereas an adverb modifies a verb. It is important to include both in your writing because they add detail and nuance. “people are understandably worried” ; “

conditions” ; “
conditions” ; “are

migrating internally” ; “Australia’s Manus and Nauru detention centres” ; “the world’s border” ; “Reduce your carbon

footprint – dramatically”.

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1. who is represented?

2. use your own knowledge or search on the internet to explain who is criticised and what is denounced more specifically?

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1. what is Jacinda Adern's stance on climate change? Have her views made her popular or unpopular?

2. How does her position compare to the position of the Australian government?

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1. go on the internet and find information about the European "Green Deal"(its goals, actions, financial tools).

2. article 1: what are your opinions on the EU leaders?

3. article 2: from line 1 to 16: what is the EU leaders' goal? what do they want to reduce to achieve this goal? how? what is their ambition?

4. from 17 to 33: explain the EU 's strategy to tackle methane emissions

1. from line 34 to 45 : what is the "renovation strategy" of the European Commission ? According to Frans Timmermans, what is essential to succeed? why can it be a "win-win" solution?

2. last paragraph : what do they want people to become aware of? why? why not? what do they plan to do?

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1. - what is the earth shot prize?

2. consider the expression "earth shot". What is the origin of this term? what image does it convey?

3. explain David Attenborough's quote" the most prestigious environment prize in history".

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En savoir plus

En savoir plus

Annonce des lauréats de la première édition du Prix Earthshot créé par prince William

En savoir plus

Le Prix Earthshot dévoile son trophée officiel inspiré de l'emblématique " lever de Terre "

En savoir plus

Réparer notre planète

Le Prix Earthshot est le plus ambitieux et le plus prestigieux du genre ; il a été conçu pour encourager le changement et aider à réparer notre planète au cours des dix prochaines années.

S'inspirant du projet "Moonshot" du président John F. Kennedy qui a réuni des millions de personnes autour de l'unique objectif d'envoyer un homme sur la Lune (qui a permis de catalyser le développement de la nouvelle technologie dans les années 1960), le prix Earthshot est centré autour de cinq objectifs, ou "Earthshots", simples mais ambitieux pour notre planète qui, s'ils sont réalisés d'ici 2030, amélioreront notre qualité de vie et pour les générations à venir.

" Le monde est arrivé à un seuil critique et nous sommes confrontés à un choix difficile : soit nous ne changeons rien et continuons à endommager irrémédiablement notre planète, soit nous nous souvenons de notre pouvoir unique en tant qu'êtres humains et de notre capacité constante à diriger, innover et résoudre des problèmes. Les gens peuvent réaliser de grandes choses. Ces dix prochaines années présentent nos plus grands défis - une décennie d'action pour réparer la Terre".
Prince William

Trouver les solutions

Cinq prix, d'un million de livres chacun, seront présentés chaque année au cours des dix prochaines années, apportant au moins 50 solutions aux principaux enjeux environnementaux du monde d'ici à 2030.

Le prix Earthshot ne se limite pas à récompenser des réalisations - c'est une décennie d'action et de rassemblements entre monde environnemental et des bailleurs de fonds, des entreprises et des particuliers afin de maximiser l'impact et adopter des solutions à grande échelle, pour célébrer les personnes et les lieux qui conduisent le changement; et d'inspirer le monde entier à travailler ensemble pour réparer la planète.

Voir nos finalistes et lauréats

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En savoir plus En savoir plus En savoir plus En savoir plus Réparer notre planète Le Prix Earthshot est le plus ambitieux et le plus prestigieux du genre ; il a été conçu pour encourager le changement et aider à réparer notre planète au cours des dix prochaines années.

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1. who is Paul Watson ? what has he devoted his life to?

2. what are his convictions?

3. how do PW and the Sea Shepherd operate? what nickname has PW been given?

4. explain how the public reacts to their methods?

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WATSON | Official Trailer | Sea Shepherd Captain Paul Watson

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watch the video and summarise.

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Joe Biden for President: Official Campaign Website

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Page not found - Joe Biden for President: Official Campaign Website

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Joe is in. Chip in today to kickstart our campaign.

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How Biden is reversing Trump 's assault on the environment?

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How Biden is reversing Trump 's assault on the environment?

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Read the text and answer the question above.

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aced with an unfolding climate crisis that is fueling more powerful storms, enormous wildfires and scorching heatwaves in the US, Donald Trump unapologetically set about dismantling policies to cut planet-heating emissions, mocked or ignored climate science, and threw open vast tracts of American land and water to fossil fuel development.

The systematic reversals in environmental protections pose a challenge to Joe Biden, Trump's successor as US president, who has called climate change the "existential threat of our time". Biden has set about the task of undoing Trump's legacy with hyperactive zeal, through a flurry of executive actions. In all, about 100 Trump-era environmental policies are being targeted, although some may take several years to reverse. Here's how Biden is doing it.

1) Protecting endangered animals and their habitats

What Trump did In an attempt to offer up more area for oil and gas drilling, which the industry said would be a boon for jobs, the Trump administration weakened key interpretations of the Endangered Species Act, making it harder to protect endangered species and their habitats. Rules banning the killing of migratory birds were loosened, companies were allowed to "incidentally" kill animals as they went about drilling, and creatures suffering large population declines, such as the monarch butterfly, were denied endangered species listing.

What Biden is doing Biden is reviewing, and will probably reverse, Trump's wildlife rollbacks, such as those involving the protection of migratory birds and the application of endangered species rules. Other planned reforms should aid species facing what scientists say is the Earth's sixth mass extinction event, such as clean water rules that safeguard streams and wetlands, environmental reviews of potentially destructive projects and the halting of fossil fuel development in places such as the Arctic national wildlife refuge, a vital, pristine wilderness for birds, caribou and other creatures.

2) Protecting land that was opened up to drilling

What Trump did Trump immediately approved the Keystone XL pipeline and the Dakota Access pipeline, two contentious projects moving vast amounts of oil that were cheered by industry but enraged various farming, climate and Native American groups. The former president opened up almost all of the federally managed land and ocean for oil and gas drilling including, for the first time, Arctic waters. He also shrank two national monuments in Utah - Bears Ears and Grand Staircase-Escalante.

What Biden can do Biden has halted oil and gas leasing on public lands, opening up a pathway for a total ban, and is set to reverse the shrinking of the protected national monuments. The new administration has set a goal of protecting 30% of America's land and oceans by 2030 and has a plan to create a "civilian climate corps" that would work to restore degraded landscapes and waterways. The Keystone pipeline has been blocked, with other similar projects now looking highly uncertain.

3) Strengthening rules on air quality and carbon emissions

What Trump did Under Trump, the US stalled or weakened various measures aimed at curbing greenhouse gas emissions and direct air pollutants that cause various respiratory and heart conditions. Pollution standards for cars and trucks were scaled back and California was barred from enacting tougher rules. Also axed were rules to reduce leaks of methane, a potent warming gas, and standards to limit pollution from airplanes and refrigeration. The clean power plan, the linchpin Barack Obama-era plan to reduce carbon emissions from power plants, was scrapped and replaced with a weaker alternative.

What Biden can do Biden is working, in concert with car manufacturers, on a new, higher standard of fuel efficiency for vehicles. He has ordered his administration to help accelerate the rollout of clean energy such as solar and wind to shift the US away from polluting sources such as coal and gas that contribute to climate change and poor air quality. The methane standards will be reinstated and a particular focus will be placed upon communities, typically people of color, who have suffered poor health from living next to pollution sources such as highways and industrial facilities.

4) Regulating toxic chemicals according to the science

What Trump did In a flurry of deregulatory actions, the Trump administration loosened rules on storing petroleum products, weakened standards around lead in paints, fast-tracked toxic flame retardants and declined to restrict or ban a host of chemicals, from crop pesticides to paint strippers, that scientists have warned pose a threat to human health.

What Biden can do Biden's Environmental Protection Agency has been ordered to review how the Toxic Substances Control Act is used to protect people from harmful substances. There will also be a review of the fast-tracking of chemicals in the Trump era, as well as the decision to not ban other harmful substances. The president has said he wants to aid communities such as those found in Louisiana's "cancer alley" that have been blighted by nearby chemical facilities.

5) Protecting waterways and drinking water

What Trump did The federal government's role in protecting the nation's waterways has been a contested issue for some time and the Trump administration decided to settle upon a very narrow definition that meant it would not oversee pollution that occurred in various wetlands and temporary streams. There was also a tepid response, advocates say, to protecting Americans' drinking water supply in the wake of the Flint water crisis.

What Biden can do Biden has committed to regulating PFAS chemicals, known as "forever chemicals" found in the drinking water of almost all Americans, as well as reviewing the application of the clean water act.

6) Enforcing environmental regulations

What Trump did Businesses or individuals that carelessly pollute the environment risk being prosecuted by the federal government but enforcement of such rules dropped off dramatically during the Trump years. Environmental reviews for major projects were weakened, enforcement of air pollution rules was relaxed and agencies were restricted from setting new environmental rules.

What Biden can do The new administration has signaled it will aggressively pursue polluters, particularly those operating in communities that have long been overlooked. Biden himself has backed the idea of fossil fuel companies being sued for damages for the pollution and climate change they have caused.

7) Rescinding rules that benefit industry at the cost of the environment

What Trump did The Trump administration removed a large burden of rules from companies, even if they seemingly had little impact other than to harm the environment. Clothes washing machines and lightbulbs were allowed to be less efficient and environmentally friendly, coal plants were allowed to more easily dump their waste into waterways and the air and offshore drilling regulations, implemented after the Deepwater Horizon disaster in the Gulf of Mexico, were repealed.

What Biden can do Most of the regulations jettisoned by Trump are being reviewed by Biden's administration and will likely be reinstated, although court challenges will probably slow the process.
Noa Yachot and Rashida Kamal contributed to this piece

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How Biden is reversing Trump's assault on the environment

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aced with an unfolding climate crisis that is fueling more powerful storms, enormous wildfires and scorching heatwaves in the US, Donald Trump unapologetically set about dismantling policies to cut planet-heating emissions, mocked or ignored climate science, and threw open vast tracts of American land and water to fossil fuel development.

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Analyse the documents

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1. Analyse the front cover, who are the people  represented ?

2. give a definition of what the "COP" is.

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Analyse the video.

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Say what you understood about this video

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Youth delegate says COP26 offers Canada a leadership opportunity

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summarize what happened ?

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In a series of powerful 'hopes' for Egypt, 20 leading researchers from across the University have recorded wishes and warnings in videos and written messages for the delegates to COP27.

Net Zero delivery

The most popular 'wish' among researchers was to see real evidence at COP27 that countries are following through on their promises from Glasgow's COP26 and have put in place policy measures necessary to achieve net zero - and limit temperature rises to 1.5.

A tracker co-led by Oxford Net Zero shows more than 90% of global GDP is covered by net zero pledges - up more than 20% in two years.

But in 2021, Professor Thomas Hale, from the Blavatnik School of Government, who heads the tracker, pointed out only a fraction of governments had given strong commitments on how they are going to fulfil these commitments.

This week, looking to COP27, Professor Hale maintains, 'COP27 is about delivery. I'll be looking for everyone who made pledges at COP26 - countries, businesses, investors, cities, regions, to tell the world what progress they've made.'

This critical issue is at the heart of concerns for many going to COP27 or monitoring events.

Professor Cameron Hepburn, Director of the Smith School of Enterprise and the Environment, insists, 'Every second year, our leaders announce what they have actually achieved; only every other year can they make promises for the future to raise ambition. Accountability is now central to getting to net zero.'

Over 120 countries have now pledged to go to net zero emissions. If we do all that, we put a massive dent in global warming On the path to net zero

And Dr Steve Smith, executive director of Oxford Net Zero, adds, 'I hope this COP is the start of delivering on pledges... Over 120 countries have now pledged to go to net zero emissions. If we do all that, we put a massive dent in global warming.'

Meanwhile, in his videoed message, Dr Pete Barbook-Johnson, senior researcher in the economics of environmental change, warns, 'We need the detail of how we implement those promises...there may be pain in the transition and we need to manage that.'

And Kaya Axxelson, a net zero researcher, highlights why some net zero pledges might not be as attractive as they first seem. She says, 'These [pledges last year] came alongside great concern about net zero narratives being used for greenwashing and delay tactics...our hope is that, at this COP, these criteria will be taken on board. This is a vital step on the journey to implementation through policy innovation and action in the real and financial economy.'

Climate justice

Although much focus at COP27 will be on how countries are delivering on their promises to reduce carbon, there is expected to be considerable attention on climate justice - and how countries in the Global South can meet the cost of reducing carbon. Concerns were voiced among researchers about Global South countries, who are trying to fund huge power or water infrastructure but face considerable debt and problems.

In an impassioned video message, Dr Aoife Brophy, lecturer in enterprise and innovation, said her hope for COP27, is that we come away with a renewed commitment 'to see energy systems in Africa and other lower income countries' on a path to net zero' - as part of an 'inclusive net zero' strategy.

At the African COP, there is an opportunity to address the difficult debt positions of many developing countries, which limits their scope to act on climate. Many nations spend more on interest repayments than they do on climate action Climate justice

Ben Franta, a climate litigation researcher, maintains action may be needed to ensure Global South countries are not left behind:'We need to centre climate justice...one way is through the law...help those who are suffering today and hold to account those who are an obstacle to climate justice.'

Meanwhile, Brian O'Callaghan , a climate justice and finance researcher, insists, 'At the African COP, there is an opportunity to address the difficult debt positions of many developing countries, which limits their scope to act on climate. Many nations spend more on interest repayments than they do on climate action.'

And Professor Sam Fankhauser, climate economics professor, points out, 'This will be an opportunity to make progress on issues that are of particular concern to developing countries: global support to deal with the consequences of climate change, which we can increasingly see; the provision of climate finance, long since promised and still not delivered; and progress on the delicate issue of loss and damage.'

The natural world

Academics from the life sciences and beyond use their 'wishes' to highlight the need to protect the natural world and make sure environmental action is not used as a cover for greenwashing. Researchers are also concerned that potential nature-based solutions are not integral to the discussions, and account is not being taken of the opportunities offered by nature and the potential problems of this failure.

In a wide-ranging video, Professor Yadvinder Ma lhi, Professor of Ecosystem Science, says, 'I would really like to see tangible progress where countries are showing their commitments to nature as part of their commitment to climate change.'

We have to be thinking about the big picture...the interplay between biodiversity and human induced climate change Climate change and biodiversity

Dr Laurence Wainwright , a lecturer in sustainability, enterprise and the environment, insists in his videoed message, 'We have to be thinking about the big picture...the interplay between biodiversity and human induced climate change.'

And, while calling for environmental protection, Professor EJ Milner-Gulland, professor bio-diversity and conservation, emphasises in her film that there is danger in not bringing the conversation together. She maintains, 'Hot on the heels of climate COP we're going to have a Biodiversity COP.'

Professor Milner-Gulland concludes with emphasis, 'We need a joined-up approach.'

Adaptation and science

While COP26 was mainly concerned with 'mitigation' - and winning support for taking action to reduce carbon and so keep global temperature rises to less than 1.5, there is a consensus that this year, COP will focus more adaptation - how to cope with the impacts.

Professor Jim Hall, environmental risk professor, writes, 'Countries and the global community need to commit to enhancing the resilience of their infrastructure systems in the face of intensifying climate extremes. Low- and Middle-Income countries cannot afford to do this alone, so the international community needs to commit strong support at COP27.'

Countries and the global community need to commit to enhancing the resilience of their infrastructure systems in the face of intensifying climate extremes Adaptation

In his video message, Professor Rob Hope, professor water policy, says he wants to see, 'More work on adaptation results...adaptation is a water story...how do we manage our water resources particularly the extremes of droughts and floods more effectively.'

Rebecca Peters, a developing world/water researcher, adds, 'I want to see water security more integrated into action plans going forward.'

In a thought-provoking video, Dr Sunghanda Srivastav, a researcher on climate compatible growth, maintains, 'I hope countries view this as the next industrial revolution. It's an opportunity for innovation.'

Meanwhile, Dr Alex Money, director of the innovative infrastructure programme, uses his video message for a two-fold call - one wish is to see alternative protein sources be adopted more widely. His second wish is, 'for the debate to 'move away from platitudes'.

But Professor Philip Stier, professor of atmospheric physics, gives what is potentially the most chilling video message. He warns global warming could actually increase, if air pollution emissions are reduced, without delivering on net zero.

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COP27 must deliver fast action, swift justice and protect nature -

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Professor Sam Fankhauser: 'Negotiators must not get distracted by high fuel costs and energy security concerns, important though these are'Professor Cameron Hepburn: 'Accountability is now central to getting to net zero'Dr Sunghanda Srivastav: 'I hope countries view this as the next industrial revolution.