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Hazard resistant design Andy engineering defences. New buildings and structures including bridges can be designed to resist earthquakes known as Aseismic buildings. For example Tokyo Skytree 2080 feet tall which is also an equilateral triangle shape structure.

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Organisations such as PHIVOLCS and USGS help monitor and predict disasters and where they will affect. These companies can also help international disasters to prevent deaths and damage.

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https://youtu.be/BLEPakj1YTY

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Launched in 1963, 13 leading UK aid agencies raise money at times of humanitarian crisis in poorer countries. They rebuild shattered communities.
They have a large global impact and have run 70 appeals raising more than £1.5 billion saving millions of lives and rebuilding communities.

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By reinforcing timber frames with a bamboo lattice and using lightweight, fibreboard-cement roofing. Housing is less likely to collapse for less money. A lightly reinforced slab and 2 layers of reinforced hollow bricks can also be used as strong foundations of the housing as well.

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Japan invested in better quality infrastructure

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In Nepal they set up a system and created a Go Bag and this was a bag each individual can create to have all the essential in it. The essentials could include, water bottle, umbrella/raincoat, medicine, first aid kit, torch, telephone numbers for family and friends and emergency blankets and many more items.

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The Taipei 101 building in Taiwan has an 18ft diameter damper suspendede by 8 thick steel cables to prevent swaying

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Earthquake drills in Japan on the 1st September every year. Public information is provided by the government and private is provided by companies.

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“Cash for work” is an international organisation scheme funded by UN which was set up in Haiti to put displaced people in camps so they aren’t vulnerable to further disasters.

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Locals in very remote areas take recovery steps by themselves, as it can take aid a few days to arrive - after an earthquake in Afghanistan in October 2015,villagersin  mountain communities set up small groups to travel to the more remote areas to help with search and rescue.

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Methods such as building barriers and digging channels to try and divert the flows into safer directions. These methods have led to some success, for example barriers and channels successfully diverted a lava flow from the 1983 eruption of Mount Etna in Italy.

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The Japanese government had the provision of funding to mitigate and adapt, the funding to prevent, protect and prepare; known as the 3Ps. The disaster relief budget was ¥4 Million for the 2011 event alone.

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World Health Organisation (WHO) work is also aligned with and informed by international  framework.

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Many NGOs are involved in all stages of the hazard management cycle, and often remain in affected areas for years - helping communities to build up resilience.

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It’s up to the community to provide crucial immediate search and rescue efforts. In remote or isolated communities, it can take days or weeks for aid to arrive, so local people have to undertake the recovery steps themselves.

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PHIVOLCS,(Philippine institute of volcanology and seismology) a leading global science and technology institute in helping develop communities safe from and resilient to volcanic eruptions, earthquakes, tsunami and other related hazards.

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The Canadian international development agency provided water and sanitation facilities for the Asian tsunami.

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The food and agriculture organsiation (FAO) of the United Nations provides an early warning of impending food crisis and assesses global food supply problems.

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NGO’s can provide funds, co-ordinate search and rescue efforts, and help to develop reconstruction plans. They are especially important when the local government are struggling to respond. Eg Haiti 2010.

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With high/major profile disasters celebrities often come together to use their own status to help raise money/awareness. Eg. Making songs (Haiti) and pleading videos ( California fires)

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Chinese local governments have created posters advising on how people should best build their houses to be resistant to earthquakes.

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Responses from the government  help prepare for the next hazard by increasing funding to prevent hazards from causing such large impacts. For example the Japanese government spent 4 million Yen in 2011 which allowed new defences and warning systems to be created. This allowed the country to become more prepared for the next disatser.

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International federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent societies consists of 186 members and provides assistance to victims of natural and technological disasters. The international Organisation has an aim to strengthen the capacity to carry out effective disaster preparedness, health and social programmes.

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They recruit thousands of peopl as  staff to helps the victims, most of the people are Haitian, the organisation also provides inflatable hospitals

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Though the individuals may not be part of a rescue team, some will take it into there own hands to save and rescue others in more danger than themselves. A good example would be the 2010 Haiti earthquake, thousands of civilians helped save people trapped underneath debre from collapsed buildings.

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The local governments association creates management plans to create a co ordinated response to a hazard. They regularly hold ‘simulations’ in the midlands for flood mitigation. A more widely used system is used in the US called The Californian shakedown. The local governments aim is to prevent before and help recover after. Local governments will use Land Use Zoning to protect people and property.planners will regulate how land in a community may be used. Areas in New Zealand are divided into zones based on the likely type and level of damage from a hazard.

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The US organisation FEMA helps people before, during and after disasters.

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OXFAM - international cooperations of 18 NGOs working with partners in 90 countries such as Afghanistan, Bolivia, Brazil, Colombia and South Africa just to name a few.

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Disaster Emergency Committee - since 1963 they have run 70 appeals and raised more than £1.5bn

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Individuals can donate to charities and NGOs. Overall, 12.5 million people have donated to the Disaster Emergency Committee. £187 million was donated to Oxfam from individuals after the 2004 Asian Tsunami.

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Local governments can learn lessons from previous events to improve local resilience

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Californian shakedown - a preparedness exercise for Californians. They provide land use and zoning maps to help people find different services during a disaster.  The landuse mapping are used to assess where hospitals and services can be placed. Some communities may be more isolated than others so the size of the hospital may differ depending on the population. Areas are split into categories that are all at different risks and how vulnerable they are to damage.

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It works in over 80 countries, the principle supplier of relief food aid. WFP helps the most vulnerable people strengthen their capacities to absorb, adapt, and transform in the face of shocks and long-term stressors. Climate change is increasing the frequency of climate-related disasters, creating greater risks of hunger and the breakdown of food systems. The World Food Programme is working with governments, international partners, researchers and local communities to analyse and understand the impacts of climate change. Goal 2 – Zero Hunger – pledges to end hunger, achieve food security, improve nutrition and promote sustainable agriculture. https://www1.wfp.org/

1992

Europe's first large-scale emergency relief operation is carried out in Yugoslavia

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The british Red Cross, Oxfam and MSF work to alleviate poverty but also provide aid and assistance in emergency situations around the world. They work with local communities to save and rebuild lives by providing medical care, temporary shelter, building supplies and tools. However, they are independent and rely on donations from the public.