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Thalamus is a near but apart of the limbic system in the brain. It is located right in the centre of the brain, in between two lobes, on the hypothalamus.

Thalamus serves as a relay station for almost all information that comes and goes to the cortex. It plays a role in pain sensation, attention, alertness and memory. In detail, it is responsible with consciousness, sleepiness, alertness, and transmitting sensory information to cerebral cortex.

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Cingulate Gyrus

It is a part of the limbic system. It is located around the corpus callosum. The area highlighted with green in the picture below is 'cingulate gyrus'.

Cingulate Gyrus is associated with pain processing, emotion, memory, self-regulation and behavior regulation. It regulates emotions and pain. It drives the body's conscious responses to unpleasant experiences. It is involved in predicting and avoiding negative consequences. It is important for the memory to learn to avoid negative consequences. . In addition it also helps to regulate autonomic motor functions. These are bodily functions conducted unconsciously such as heart rate, digestion, urination etc.

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The Orbitofrontal Cortex
As highlighted in the MRI scan below, the orbitofrontal cortex is located in the front part of our brain, which is the frontal lobe. It is specifically a part of the prefrontal cortex and belongs to the limbic system. The limbic system is responsible for the emotional and behavioural responses. The function of the orbitofrontal cortex is that it  helps us weigh the consequences of events, especially socially. It is highly involved in the process of decision-making. It also compares the different outcomes of an event, helping us to choose the realtively best option when making decisions. Additionally, it is connected with the amygdala and it is hypothesized that the orbitofrontal cortex is also responsible for the physical responses to emotions, such as the nervous feeling in the stomach.

Neurosci. (2015, May 13). Know your brain: Orbitofrontal cortex. Retrieved from https://neuroscientificallychallenged.com/blog/know-your-brain-orbitofrontal-cortex

https://www.brainfacts.org/3d-brain#intro=true&focus=Brain-cerebral_hemisphere-frontal_lobe-orbitofrontal_cortex

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ENTORHINAL CORTEX
The entorhinal cortex is located in the medial temporal lobe of the brain. It is part of a widespread network responsible for memory and navigation. It is the main interference between the hippocampus and the neocortex. This system plays and important role in memory formation, memory consolidation, and memory optimisation in sleep. It is also responsible for pre-processing the input.

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The Subiculum
The subiculum is located in the primary output region outside the hippocampus, and is part of the temporal lobe of the brain. As it is in the output region of the hippocampus, its functions include learning and memory. It is also important for spatial navigation, mnemonic (symbol) processing, and regulating the stress of the body by inhibiting the HPA axis - our central stress response system. Although the subiculum has been associated with the onset of epilepsy, neuroscientists observe an inconsistency when connecting it to cognitive disorders. Damage to the subiculum may result in memory impairment, disorientation, and stress.

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Medulla Oblongata is located between the brain and spinal cord. It is the lowest position of hindbrain.
It carries communications between these two areas. It is responsible for control of autonomic functions, regulation of mood, motor movements and relaying the nerve signals between the brain and spinal cord.

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Thalamus is located in the middle of the brain, where it is a part of the forebrain and below the corpus collosum.

It is responsible for relaying information from the sensory receptors to proper areas of the brain where it can be processed.

It diagnoses different sensory information that is being transmitted to the brain including auditory, visual, tactile (relating to touch),  and gustatory (relating to taste) signals. After that, it directs the sensory information to the different parts and lobes of the cortex. If this part of the brain is damaged, all sensory information would not be processed and sensory confusion would result.

Thalamus is a part of the limbic system.

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The basal ganglia are structures found deep within the cerebral hemisphere.

The composition of the basal ganglia includes: Puttamen , Caudate nucleus, Globus pallidus , the Subthalamic nucleus and the Substantia nigra.

The Basal Ganglia’s functions include control of voluntary motor movements such as when someone tries to make an intentional movement the basal ganglia helps to aid the movement by allowing motor plans linked to that movement to become activated. In addition, the Basal Ganglia controls emotions, habitual behaviors and eye movements.

Basal ganglia support the fluid movement. Damage to the Basal ganglia may cause rigidity along with Parkinson’s disease and ticks such as uncontrolled repeated movements.

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Precuneus is a part of the superior parietal lobule, located in the cerebral cortex, in between the two cerebral hemispheres. Among the many cognitive processes of the precuneus, the most significant ones relate to episodic memory retrieval, motor imagery, and visuospatial processing. For example, FMRI brain imaging techniques revealed that precuneus is activated when patients are asked to remember certain images that they have seen before with verbal questions.

Precuneus is also related with imagination and mental images. When a setting, object or even a human face is described to an individual through words (auditory stimuli), the process of creation of a mental image takes place in the precuneus.

The process of motor imagery also takes place in the precuneus. This way, when an individual performs a motoric activity such as dancing, riding a bike or swimming, the individual feels and imagines themselves doing that activity, and a mental image of themselves doing the activity
is created.

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The brain is comprised of two distinct hemispheres connected by fibers.The pineal gland is located in the middle of the brain, in between the two hemispheres.The pineal gland contains mainly pinealocytes, which are cells that produce the hormone melatonin; and glial cells, which are a particular type of brain cells that support neurons (the cells that transmit information to other cells).

The pineal gland is key to the body's internal clock because it regulates the body's circadian rhythms. Circadian rhythms are the daily rhythms of the body, including signals that make someone feel tired, sleep, wake up, and feel alert around the same time each day. The pineal gland secretes melatonin, which is a hormone that helps regulate circadian rhythms. Melatonin is produced according to the amount of light a person is exposed to however, the pineal gland releases greater amounts of melatonin when it is dark, which points to melatonin's role in sleep.
Many supplement manufacturers offer melatonin as a "natural" sleep aid.

The pineal gland was one of the last brain organs to be discovered and has been the subject of much mythology and speculation. The seventeenth-century French philosopher Descartes thought the soul was located in the pineal gland.

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Orbitofrontal cortex is a part of the prefrontal cortex that is placed right above the eye sockets. It has connections with sensory areas as well as the limbic system's structures which are involved in emotion and memory.

It plays a crucial role in decision-making process, especially when it comes to evaluating the values of different behaviour under different social interactions. It plays a role in impulse control and  response inhibition too.

It has been hypothesised that damage to orbitofrontal cortex will severely influence a person's ability to distinguish between different options with different results or rewards as they simply can't make healthy comparison due to the damaged orbitofrontal cortex.

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It is part of the temporal lobe and brain region know as hippocampus.It is a simple cortical region.The dentate gyrus is thought to contribute to the formation of new episodic memories,spontaneous exploration of novel environments. The dentate gyrus is one of the few regions in the brain where adult neurogenesis has been confirmed. It may play an important role in translating neural codes for creating memories.

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Basal Ganglia:
The basal ganglia is found within the cerebral hemisphere. When looked at it as a whole the basal ganglia is linked to movement. The basal ganglia send information received from the cortex back into the cortex after being processed. Overall it helps how much control a person has within their movement. For example how far they have to jump or exactly to where they have to reach. Which overall results a harmony and flow within a movement. Most importantly it creates a balance between facilitating and inhibiting a movement.In addition it is mostly associated and connected to limbic system and the cortex.

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Primary Visual Cortex
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Location: Occipital Lobe, back side of the brain, on both sides
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The primary visual cortex, is essential to the conscious processing of visual stimuli. The visual cortex is the primary cortical region of the brain that receives, integrates, and processes visual information that is relayed from the retinas, Primary Visual Cortex is one in 5 parts of this area. It is very important as demonstrated in cases where patients have experienced damage to their primary visual cortex, they generally experience disruptions in visual perception that can range from losing specific aspects of vision (e.g. depth perception) to complete loss of conscious awareness of visual stimuli.

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Also known as the medulla, medulla oblongata is the lowest part of the brain and the lowest portion of the brainstem. The medulla oblongata is connected by the pons to the midbrain and is continuous posteriorly with the spinal cord.

Its functions are involuntary and it's one of the most important parts of the brain as it regulates respiration, heart rate and blood pressure. It is a part of the brain stem with structures such as the midbrain and the pons.

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Corpus Callosum, which is Latin for 'tough body' , connects the left side of the brain to the right side which are both known as the hemisphere. It serves as a big connective pathway for the brain and connects the physical movement and the arrival of complex information.  It is a part of the limbic system, located near the center of the brain and has a structure just like a bridge along with its four parts named as " Rostrum, Genu, Body, Splenium" that serve various roles at the process of connection.
Even though the chances are quite low, if the person is born without the corpus callosum, which is known as agenesis, they may suffer from physical and behavioural disorders.

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Medulla Oblongata, located in the lower part of the brain stem and in front of the cerebellum, regulates important life functions such as breathing, swallowing, and heart rate. As it is part of the brain stem, the Medulla Oblongata helps transfer neural messages from the brain to the spinal cord.  It controls ANS (autonomic nervous system) responses automatically.

Damage of the Medulla Oblongata can have serious effects as it carries a critical role in the human body. Paralysis, loss of muscle coordination, having trouble swallowing, and difficulty breathing are all results of a damaged Medulla.

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The precuneus is located deep in the cerebral cortex, in the left hemisphere of the brain, between the two cerebral hemispheres in the rear region between the somatosensory cortex and forward of the cuneus.  Its functions include imagination, self-consciousness, cue reactivity(a type of learned response which is observed in individuals with an addiction), affective responses to pain and reflection on memories of past events. It was found by David Borsook et al. in 2015 that migraines are related to the precuneus.

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The visual cortex

The visual cortex is the part of the brain which is responsible of processing visual information. The visual cortex is divided in to five different parts according to structure and function.It is known that in the brain the visual cortex is located inside the occipital lobe. Also visual nerves which play a crucial role in our sight run directly from our eyes to primary visual cortex located in the occipital lobe. The primary visual cortex which is the part of the visual cortex that first receives the sensory inputs which is the, objects and generally all things wee see.This area of the visual cortex is also known as striate cortex.Both of the hemispheres of the human brain contains visual cortex. As it can be interpreted the the visual cortex in the left hemisphere receives signals from the right visual field and the visual cortex in the right hemisphere receives signals from the left visual field.. Shortly the visual cortex is the most crucial and primary region of the human brain that receives, integrates and processes the things that it observes which can also be inferred as visual information that is relayed from our retina.

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The cingulate gyrus, which lies immediately above the corpus callosum, is an important part of the limbic system. It aids in the regulation of emotions and pain. The cingulate gyrus not only drives the body's conscious response to unpleasant experiences but also it is involved in fear and the prediction of negative consequences, helping orient the body from negative stimuli.

Pain processing, emotion, memory, and self-regulation are among its associated functions.

Because of its role in emotion-processing, the cingulate gyrus is also associated with several cognitive disorders including autism, depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia.

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The basal ganglia are a group of structures found deep within the cerebral hemispheres. Basal ganglia are connected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, brainstem and other brain areas.

The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including control of voluntary motor movements, procedural and habit learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion.

The functions of the basal ganglia in motor control are to facilitate movement and inhibit competing movements. The balance between these two movements is kept by the basal ganglia, since a balance between the ability to inhibit and facilitate movement is necessary to make normal and smooth movements.

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Corpus Callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebral cortex into left and right hemisphere which is located underneath the cerebellum. With nearly 200 million axons on its structure Corpus Callosum facilitates the communication between left and right hemispheres. It transfers motor,sensory and cognitive information from one hemisphere to another.

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The ventricles are a network of cavities throughout the brain.

They are located within the brain parenchyma (the functional tissue in the brain). It's a part of the brain stem.

They produce and distribute cerebrospinal fluid which surrounds and protects the brain.

FUNCTION: To remove waste and control the circulation of nutrients in the brain with the help of the cerebrospinal fluid.

There are two ventricles (left and right) symmetrically placed in the left and right part of the brain.

They are a part of the body’ ventricular system which consists of four ventricles.

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Cingulate cortex is a section of cerebral cortex found in the medial portion of the hemispheres. It consists of cingulate gyrus which sits on top of corpus callosum. It is also considered a part of the limbic lobe, thus being associated with emotional response system. Some of its functions include coordinating sensory input with emotions, showing emotional responses to pain, regulating aggressive behavior, communication, maternal bonding, language expression and decision making.

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The premotor cortex is a structure that is located in the frontal lobe of the left cerebral hemisphere. It is primarily responsible for the selection of voluntary movements in response to internal or external stimuli. Some of these movements include reaching or grasping with hands, or even maintaining posture when standing. The premotor cortex plays a very essential role in our daily lives, as it is required in every basic task that involves a person to move a part of their body. The signals sent from the premotor cortex combine with the signals from the primary motor cortex in the brain stem, in order to create unified and intentional motions. A secondary function of the premotor cortex is that it is involved in the processes of decision-making, similar to the prefrontal cortex.

Extra Info on Structure: The premotor cortex is generally considered to be composed of four distinct parts: the upper, lower, dorsal and ventral premotor cortex.  These are further divided into the region towards the front of the brain and the region towards the back, named the rostral premotor cortex and caudal premotor cortex.

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Nucleus Accumbens (Ventral Striatum)

Nucleus Accumbens is found in the basal forebrain. There is one in each hemisphere, and it is between the caudate and putamen. The nucleus accumbens is considered part of the basal ganglia and also is the main component of the ventral striatum.

It controls reward, motivation, and addiction. Dopamine is released into the neurons in nucleus accumbens when a rewarding behavior occurs. This results in a repetition of that behavior.

Dopamine is useful in storing memories because it can link certain environmental stimuli to pleasure. Later on, these memories help us recognize stimuli that could give us pleasurable experiences. In addictive processes, it may be that the memories of the initial pleasurable drug experience and the stimuli associated with it becomes too strong.  However, in cases like using heroin, this expectation is not met and the person injects excessive amounts of the drug to achieve the pleasure level in his/her memory which can eventually lead to death.

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Basal ganglia

The basal ganglia are a group of subcortical nuclei in the brain, and localized under the forebrain and top of the midbrain. They are positioned deep within the cerebral hemispheres.

Basal ganglia are strongly interconnected with several brain areas such as the cerebral cortex, thalamus, and brainstem. The basal ganglia are responsible for voluntary motor movements control, procedural learning, habit learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion.

Basal ganglia supports smooth and fluid movement. Basal ganglia damage may cause rigidity and slow movement or Parkinson’s disease.

The main components of the basal ganglia are the striatum; both dorsal striatum and ventral striatum, globus pallidus, ventral pallidum, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. These structures have a complex internal anatomical and neurochemical organization.

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Superior Parietal Lobule

It is located in the lateral surface of the left cerebral hemisphere and it is part of the ‘default network’ of the brain. This rectangular-shaped area is involved in mental imagery and recall of personal experiences. It is engaged during activities such as daydreaming and introspection. It is also involved in aspects of attention and visuospatial perception, including the representation and manipulation of objects.

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Corpus Callosum
It is a part of the brain that  harmonises motor, sensory, and cognitive performances among the cerebral cortex. It is located beneath the cerebral cortex in the brain and is present only in placental mammals.It includes part of the longitudinal fissure, connecting the left and right cerebral hemispheres, enabling communication between them (interhemispheric communication). It is the largest white matter structure in the human brain.
Corpus Callosum is also responsible for the spread of epilepsy seizure impulses from one hemisphere of the brain to the other. In order to prevent this interhemispheric spread of epilepsy, the corpus callosum is disunited (corpus callosotomy).

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Emotions, habitual behaviours and voluntary movements are controlled by a group of structures: Basal Ganglia. They are found deep within the  cerebral hemispheres.

Even though every structure of Basal Ganglia has its own role, the overall system can be considered as a network. This network simply functions in motor control to inhibit competing movements as well as to facilitate movements. Intentional movements such as grabbing an object are associated with the motor plans controlled by Basal Ganglia.

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Cranial nerves help to send sensory information, control the movement of various muscles and  the function of certain glands. Vagus nerve is the longest cranial nerve. It runs from brain stem to part of the colon. Its sensory functions are providing somatic sensation information for ear and supplying visceral sensation information for lungs, heart, trachea. Its motor functions are stimulating muscles in the heart (lowers resting heart rate), pharynx, larynx and the soft palate.

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Sitting above the orbits, the orbitofrontal cortex is located in the area of prefrontal cortex. It has extensive connections with sensory areas such as the limbic system structures, which is involved in emotion and memory.

Orbitofrontal cortes (OFC) is generally associated with decision-making. It enables us to understand the consequences of complex behaviors and adjust those behaviors to reach in a desired outcome, particularly to fit the social norms.

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Medulla Oblongata

Medulla oblongata is located in the lower part of the brain system; it is located in front of the cerebellum (anterior to cerebellum) and is part of the brain stem. It is a cone-shaped, neuronal mass in the hindbrain which controls numerous autonomic –involuntary- functions.

It has many crucial functions that control human life. It helps regulate breathing, heart and blood vessel functions, digestion, sneezing and swallowing. It is the main center of respiration and circulation.

An interesting fact about medulla oblongata is that during a brain surgery, not damaging any part of the medulla is even more important than other parts of the brain. Because according to research other parts of the brain can be dealt with accordingly but any sort of damage on the medulla oblongata is the hardest to fix because of its numerous crucial functions.

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Basal ganglia

It is the part use for a group of structures found deep within the cerebral hemispheres. The structures that it includes are putamen, caudate, globus pallidus (in the cerebrum); the subthalamic nucleus in the diencephalon; the substantia nigra in the midbrain. It has got various functions such as: eye movements, emotion, motor movements (voluntary), cognition,procedural learning, habit learning.

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·     The orbitofrontal cortex is located in the frontal lobe. It helps us understand the consequences of complex behaviors and adjust those behaviors to reach a specific outcome particularly in the context of social behavior.

·     It is involved in cognitive process of decision-making.

·     Problems in this area can also be linked to depression

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Defne Erel- Precuneus
Defne Erel- Precuneus
The precuneus is located deep in the cerebral cortex, in the left hemisphere of the brain, between the two cerebral hemispheres in the rear region between the somatosensory cortex and forward of the cuneus.  Its functions include imagination, self-consciousness, cue reactivity(a type of learned response which is observed in individuals with an addiction), affective responses to pain and reflection on memories of past events. It was found by David Borsook et al. in 2015 that migraines are related to the precuneus.

Sıla Ceyhan - The Cingulate Gyrus
Sıla Ceyhan - The Cingulate Gyrus
The cingulate gyrus, which lies immediately above the corpus callosum, is an important part of the limbic system. It aids in the regulation of emotions and pain. The cingulate gyrus not only drives the body's conscious response to unpleasant experiences but also it is involved in fear and the prediction of negative consequences, helping orient the body from negative stimuli.

Pain processing, emotion, memory, and self-regulation are among its associated functions.

Because of its role in emotion-processing, the cingulate gyrus is also associated with several cognitive disorders including autism, depression, bipolar disorder and schizophrenia. 
Basal Ganglia- Eda Naz Gökdemir
Basal Ganglia- Eda Naz Gökdemir
The basal ganglia are a group of structures found deep within the cerebral hemispheres. Basal ganglia are connected with the cerebral cortex, thalamus, brainstem and other brain areas.
 
The basal ganglia are associated with a variety of functions, including control of voluntary motor movements, procedural and habit learning, eye movements, cognition, and emotion.
 
The functions of the basal ganglia in motor control are to facilitate movement and inhibit competing movements. The balance between these two movements is kept by the basal ganglia, since a balance between the ability to inhibit and facilitate movement is necessary to make normal and smooth movements.
Rafi Levi/Corpus Callosum
Rafi Levi/Corpus Callosum
Corpus Callosum is a thick band of nerve fibers that divides the cerebral cortex into left and right hemisphere which is located underneath the cerebellum. With nearly 200 million axons on its structure Corpus Callosum facilitates the communication between left and right hemispheres. It transfers motor,sensory and cognitive information from one hemisphere to another.
Lateral Ventricles Selin Sipahiler
Lateral Ventricles Selin Sipahiler
The ventricles are a network of cavities throughout the brain.

They are located within the brain parenchyma (the functional tissue in the brain). It's a part of the brain stem.

They produce and distribute cerebrospinal fluid which surrounds and protects the brain.

FUNCTION: To remove waste and control the circulation of nutrients in the brain with the help of the cerebrospinal fluid.

There are two ventricles (left and right) symmetrically placed in the left and right part of the brain.

They are a part of the body’ ventricular system which consists of four ventricles. 

Alara Kaplanoglu - Cingulate Cortex
Alara Kaplanoglu - Cingulate Cortex
Cingulate cortex is a section of cerebral cortex found in the medial portion of the hemispheres. It consists of cingulate gyrus which sits on top of corpus callosum. It is also considered a part of the limbic lobe, thus being associated with emotional response system. Some of its functions include coordinating sensory input with emotions, showing emotional responses to pain, regulating aggressive behavior, communication, maternal bonding, language expression and decision making.

Demir Timuray 11D SL
Demir Timuray 11D SL

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The Entorhinal Cortex
It is located in the medial temporal lobe and is a part of the limbic system. It is the main interface between the hippocampus and neocortex. It plays a crucial part in memory formation. It is associated with declarative memory, spatial memory and self-localization. It provides the main input to the hippocampus and pre-processes memorable information. It acts as the main component for memory, navigation and the perception of time in the brain, playing a major role in performing of all of those actions. Damage to the entorhinal cortex may lead to amnesia, impaired declarative memory and spatial learning.

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Precuneus
It is located in the cerebral cortex. It can be spared by stroke or head trauma. The precuneus is involved in satifyingly enigmatic functions like reflecting on memories of past events, self-consciousness and imagination.

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Substantia nigra(black subatnce) is a structure that is located in the brain stem. There a two substantia nigrae on each side of the midline of the midbrain. Substantia nigra is composed of two main regions: substantia nigra pars compacta and substantia nigra pars reticulata. The substantia nigra’s dark black colour comes from the substantia nigra pasr compacta region, where a large number of dopmaine-producing nuerons have accumulated. The dopamine-producing neurons express a dark pigment named neuromelanin. The dopamine neurons are projected to the striatum of the brain. These dopmaine neurons form fibers, which is named as the nigrostriatal pathway. This pathway plays a significant role in the facilitation of movement.Therefore, movement is the major concern of substantia nigra, which can also be deduced by observing patients with Parkinson’s disease, which is a neurodegenerative disorder that destroys the dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. People suffering from Parkinson’s disease tend to display movement deficits that become more severe over time.

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Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus "Sleep" - Mehmed Can Özkan SL

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Ventrolateral Preoptic Nucleus "Sleep" - Mehmed Can Özkan SL

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VLPO or VLPN is located in hypothalamus which is a lower part of Limbic System. It is like a switch between the states of sleep and wakefulness. The neurons found in the area inhibit certain aspects of the brain stem related with the state of being awake. While awake, certain the parts of the brain which keep us awake, inhibit VLPO, in turn. Although VLPO plays a crucial role in sleep, unlike previously thought there appears to be many sites in the brain that collaborate top keep us sleeping or awake.

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The premotor cortex is a crucial part of the brain, which is believed to have direct control over the physical movements of voluntary muscles. It is a part of the motor cortex which lies in the frontal lobe of the brain, towards the anterior of the primary motor cortex.

Alara Reyna 11K

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The medulla oblongata is a portion of the hindbrain that controls autonomic functions such as breathing, digestion, heart and blood vessel function, swallowing, and sneezing. It is located in the brain stem. It has a cone-shaped sturucture. It is anterior and partially inferior to the  cerebellum.

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The orbitofrontal cortex is located in the frontal lobe and is a part of the cortex. It has extensive connections with sensory areas as well as limbic system structures involved in emotion and memory. It helps us understand the consequences of complex behaviors and adjust those behaviors to reach a specific, desired outcome, particularly in the context of social behavior. Problems in the orbitofrontal cortex have also been linked to depression.

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The entorhinal cortex is a part of the limbic system and it is an area of the brain that holds grid cells. It is responsible for memory, the perception of time, and navigation. . The entorhinal cortex sits between the hippocampus and the neocortex, where it sends information. It is important to study this area of the brain because it is one of the first damaged by Alzheimer’s disease. Starting in the entorhinal cortex, the disease spreads through the brain, with tangled proteins clogging and damaging neurons, ultimately killing them.

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The Precuneus is located in the upper part of the parietal lobe, and in the medial surface of both the left and right hemisphere. It it between the somatosensory cortex and the cuneus. The Precuneus is responsible for episodic memory, one's reflections upon self and realisations of consciousness. An interesting aspect of this area of the brain is that it is responsible for visualising imaginations, scenarios that have actually never occurred. For this process, information from actual episodic memory is put together. In addition, it is also responsible for how one views themselves according to what they are imposed to be compared to. Certain labels that we put on ourselves are also caused by this area.

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The interconnected fluid-filled spaces that are extensions of the spinal cord. Have no specific function, but provide cushioning against brain damage. Schizophrenic patients are known to have enlarged ventricles (Johnstone 1976). This enlargement usually accompanies the progression of dementia.

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The basal ganglia are a group of neurons located deep within the cerebral hemispheres of the brain. Associated functions include movement regulation, skill learning, habit formation and reward systems. Damage on it may cause involuntary muscle movements, difficulty initiating movement etc.

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Found in the brain stem, beneath the medulla oblongata. Regulates deep sleep and breathing, as well as processing sensory information such as taste, balance etc.
Mr. Morris