# data[].attributes.headline
Louis Pasteur conducted a test proving that cells must come from pre-existing cells

# data[].attributes.subject
Louis Pasteur conducted a test proving that cells must come from pre-existing cells

# data[].attributes.body
(hazel)

# data[].attributes.body
> cells must come from pre-existing cells (Louis Pasteur)
- spontaneous generation of cells do not exist on earth
> Miller-Urey experiment explains the theory of how the first cell was generated
-amino acids, and living organisms are build up of proteins.

The endosymbiotic theory
> The origin of eukaryotic cells are from prokaryotic cells which was taken in by other prokaryotic cells.
> Not digested but live inside the host cell
>mitochondria and chloroplasts
>double membrane, 70s ribosomes, binary fission

# data[].attributes.body
we know that the earliest cells has the structure of a prokaryote then evolved to have a eukaryote structure and appearance

# data[].attributes.body
The first cells must have arisen from non living molecules

# data[].attributes.body
> Basic functions of the organelles in a cell.
> Osmosis and diffusion in and out of the cell.
> Prokaryote and Eukaryotic basic traits
> Basic structures and the organelles of the cell.

# data[].attributes.body
Pasteur's experiments debunked the idea of spontaneous generation of cells
The Miller-Urey experiment showed us that cells/ life originated from simple organic molecules such as amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrates.

# data[].attributes.body
1. The type that can utilise sunlight to make its own food (ancestor of chloroplasts)
2. The type that uses food to create energy (ancestor of mitochondria)
3. The type that engulfs other prokaryotic cells (possibly the ones that began the formation of eukaryotic cells when they engulfed other prokaryotes)

# data[].attributes.body
Cells can only be formed by division of predicting cells

# data[].attributes.body
2. The evolution of cell
eg: Pre-existing cells
3. Difference Between Prokaryotic and Eukaryotic cells
(Riya)

# data[].attributes.body
The endosymbiotic theory explains the origin of eukaryotic cells. (Shu Ai)

# data[].attributes.headline
Cells only arise from pre-existing cells (Ryan)

# data[].attributes.subject
Cells only arise from pre-existing cells (Ryan)

# data[].attributes.body
> cells cannot be formed from spontaneous generation
> cells can only come from pre-existing

# data[].attributes.body
Mitochondria and Chloroplasts were once prokaryotes

# data[].attributes.body
> Prokaryotes eventually evolved into Eukaryotic cells when larger prokaryotic cells began to engulf smaller cells and the engulfed cell managed to survive and still managed to carry out processes like respiration inside on the larger cell

# data[].attributes.body
eukaryotes might have came from prokaryotes (shannan)

# data[].attributes.headline
- there is a theory of cells arise from the preexisting cell  

# data[].attributes.subject
- there is a theory of cells arise from the preexisting cell  

# data[].attributes.body
- pasteur experiment
- the pasteur experiment tested on the chicken broth
- eukaryotes may have come from prokaryotes
- cell is the basic unit of life
- cell can mutiply through division being it mitosis or meiosis
- cells are highly complex structure that there is no way to simpifly it

(Joycelyn)

# data[].attributes.headline
cells can only come from pre-existing cells and are the basic unit of life (gen)

# data[].attributes.subject
cells can only come from pre-existing cells and are the basic unit of life (gen)

# data[].attributes.headline
There are two important cell theories relating to this topic; Cells are the smallest unit of life and cells come from preexisting cells. We also know that there are two types of cells - eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells. Examples of prokaryotic cells include bacteria while examples of eukaryotic cells include plant cells and animal cells. (Tejas)

# data[].attributes.subject
There are two important cell theories relating to this topic; Cells are the smallest unit of life and cells come from preexisting cells. We also know that there are two types of cells - eukaryotic cells or prokaryotic cells. Examples of prokaryotic cells include bacteria while examples of eukaryotic cells include plant cells and animal cells. (Tejas)

# data[].attributes.body
One difference between a prokaryotic cell and eukaryotic cell is that in a eukaryotic cell, the DNA is packed in the nucleus, however in a prokaryotic cell, the DNA will be floating inside the cell without an organelle to hold it in.

# data[].attributes.body
> supports the idea that mitochondria and chloroplasts were prokaryotes that were taken in by larger prokaryotes through endocytosis
>The cells are not broken down instead, they remain in host cells
>Those cells carry out aerobic respiration, providing energy to  host cell (e.g. evolved into a mitochondria)
DNA Strand
> All living organisms have same amino acid chain (ATGC) but what causes the genetic variation is the arrangement and order of the ATGC (nucleic acid sequence)
>E.g. in one human (attgcatttgccct) and in another (atgccgctaatgcc)

# data[].attributes.headline
Spontaneus generation are falsified by Louis Pasteur(Trang)

# data[].attributes.subject
Spontaneus generation are falsified by Louis Pasteur(Trang)

# data[].attributes.body
- Louis Pasteur's experiment (using a swan neck flask and meat broth) proved that cell cannot generate spontaneously but must come from pre existing cells.

# data[].attributes.body
Eukaryotes were evolved from cells which engulfed prokaryotes and did not digest them, resulting in prokaryotes contributing to the functionality of the cell via endocytosis. (ILIYAN)

# data[].attributes.headline
Mitosis results in genetically identical diploid daughter cells (Ryan)

# data[].attributes.subject
Mitosis results in genetically identical diploid daughter cells (Ryan)

# data[].attributes.headline
Prokaryotes are where eukaryotes originate from (Tejas)

# data[].attributes.subject
Prokaryotes are where eukaryotes originate from (Tejas)

# data[].attributes.body
In an endosymbiotic theory, it means that two organisms benefit each other , for example, the relationship between a bird and crocodile (    )

We also learnt about two experiments that are very important to this topic, Pasteurs experiment and Miller-Urey experiment.

# data[].attributes.body
it means before nucleus
(shannan)

# data[].attributes.body
> Functions of cell organelles in more detail
> Differences in prokaryotic and eukaryotic cells.
> Louis Pasteur's Experiment
> Endosymbiosis and how it happens
> The cell theory
> Symbiosis
> Ultrastructure of cells
> Miller Urey experiment
> Proteins are building blocks of life.
> Stem cells and how they can be used to treat diseases.
> The ethical issues surrounding the usage of stem cells.

# data[].attributes.body
mitochondria and chloroplasts were prokaryotic cells and they were taken in by larger prokaryotes. they then stayed in the host cell and became a permanent cell structure.

# data[].attributes.body
> the first amino acids were formed from non-living particles under certain conditions
> the miller-urey experiment was a recreation of these conditions to create amino acids without pre-existing cells or living things
> chloroplast and mitochondria support the endosymbiotic theory, in that they have evidence of once being prokaryotic cells, which were then engulfed by  larger prokaryotes which would then function as their hosts
> pasteur's experiment falsified the theory of spontaneous generation

# data[].attributes.body
Prokaryotes were kept inside the cell and performed important functions like respiration and photosynthesis. These then became organelles (Mitochondria and Chloroplasts.) over time. The evidence is that the organelles have a double membrane which is due to endocytosis. The organelles have circular/naked DNA.They have 70s ribosomes. and organelles divide like prokaryotes through binary fission. (ILIYAN)

# data[].attributes.body
- Louis Pasteur's experiment that verified the principle that cells can only come from pre-existing cells
-Chloroplast and mitochondria are examples of two organelles that support the endosymbiotic theory
-Endosymbiosis is when a larger cell takes in a smaller cell inside a vesicle in the cytoplasm of the larger cell
- The 3 types of prokaryotic cells
- Symbiosis is two organisms living together that benefit each other

# data[].attributes.headline
Endosymbiotic theory explains the existence of several organelles of eukaryotes. The organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplast originated as symbioses between separate single-celled organisms. (Ryan)

# data[].attributes.subject
Endosymbiotic theory explains the existence of several organelles of eukaryotes. The organelles such as mitochondria and chloroplast originated as symbioses between separate single-celled organisms. (Ryan)

# data[].attributes.body
Simple organic molecules such as amino acids are required
From these amino acids, RNA and DNA should be formed.

# data[].attributes.body
>Miller and Urey re-created the original environmental conditions of earth in a closed system by including low oxygen levels, high temperatures and electrical storms
>eventually after running the experiment for a week he had created some amino acids and some hydrocarbons
>amino acids were then proven to be the  building blocks of larger organic molecules like DNA and RNA

# data[].attributes.body
symbiosis means that two organisms that are beneficial to each other however , in endosymbiosis the smaller organism lives inside the bigger organism (shannan)

# data[].attributes.body
small prokaryotes could be taken in by larger prokaryotes through endocytosis
endocytosis: the taking in of matter by a living cell by invagination of its membrane to form a vacuole.

# data[].attributes.body
Eukaryotes have nucleus
no membrane bound organelles
nucleus within cell membrane

# data[].attributes.body
1) Simple organic molecules synthersized from non-living molecules.
2) Organic molecules became complex polymers which could replicate
3) These materials were then packed into membranes (ILIYAN )

# data[].attributes.body
- the miley urrey experiment that is carried out so that to prove cells arise from pre existing cells
- assembly of organic molecules into polymers
- self replicate can be done
- there is 64 condons
- endosymbiotic theory that explains existence of few general eukaryotes

# data[].attributes.body
2.

# data[].attributes.headline
A codon is a different combination of DNA bases. Condon produces amino acid and the sequence of amino acids in proteins which make our body. (Ryan)

# data[].attributes.subject
A codon is a different combination of DNA bases. Condon produces amino acid and the sequence of amino acids in proteins which make our body. (Ryan)

# data[].attributes.body
Pasteur disproved the theory that cells were spontaneously generated through the use of nutrient broth. He boiled the broth to kill off any possible life in it and placed the broth into two swan necked flasks. The purpose of the swan necked flasks was to trap any microbes in the air and prevent them from coming into contact with the nutrient broth. After three years, there was no sign of life in the two flasks. Pasteur then took one of the flasks and swirled it, exposing the nutrient broth to the microbes in the neck of the swan necked flask. He left the other one untouched. The flask that was swirled was soon found to have microbial growth, proving his point that cells don't just appear on their own and that there must be a prior source, a point that was later falsified(?) by the Miller-Urey experiment.

# data[].attributes.body
the spontaneous generation theory suggests that life arises from nowhere , for example , once a piece of meat gets rotten , maggots start to form , so maggots have spontaneously generated from the decaying meat .
(shannan)

# data[].attributes.body
Miller Urey came up with the experiment to make an atmosphere that represented the atmosphere a few billion years ago (consisted of high temperatures, electrical discharges etc.) When conducting the experiment. They realised a sludge forming at the bottom of the equipment and this sludge was amino acids that could be made into proteins. This proteins could have been able to create life. (ILIYAN )

# data[].attributes.body
The purpose of the swan-neck flask was to trap microbes in the air and prevent them from entering the nutrient broth. The experiment also disproved the Spontaneous Generation Theory. (Ruth)

# data[].attributes.body
To be of the same species, a fertile offspring must be reproduced (e.g liger)

# data[].attributes.headline
The first cell is suggested to originate from inorganic materials (Trang)

# data[].attributes.subject
The first cell is suggested to originate from inorganic materials (Trang)

# data[].attributes.body
The very first cell is suggested to be made from inorganic materials, based on Miller-Urey experiment (amino acids are formed from the reaction within an electric storm environment)

# data[].attributes.body
- The endosymbiotic theory suggests that eukaryotes are originated from prokaryotes by endocytosis, which means prokaryotes are engulfed by larger prokaryotes. Some examples of this are mitochondria and chloroplast, which has structures similar to prokaryotes and dividing by binary fission

# data[].attributes.body
>all living things contain DNA strands which are made up of genetic code
>DNA strands are made up of ATGC  bases
>but all living organisms have their ATGC bases arranged in a different arrangement

# data[].attributes.headline
There are bout 22 amino acids that makes up protein

# data[].attributes.subject
There are bout 22 amino acids that makes up protein

# data[].attributes.headline
Simple organic molecules, such as amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrates, must be formed to emerge life (Ryan)

# data[].attributes.subject
Simple organic molecules, such as amino acids, fatty acids and carbohydrates, must be formed to emerge life (Ryan)