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Averages 16-20 inches yearly across the watershed

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A large theme of the novel Ready Player One is that the human race takes for granite the resource the earth provides, to the point that people hide from everyday life in a pretend world because the real world is used up. In my watershed I feel that theme is most prevalently being applied to having clean fresh water over other issues such as the destruction of forests. Much of the Yenisey-Angara river shed water pollution problems are due to ignoring the issue at hand as long as possible, which is exactly what happened in the book. When resources where depleted, instead of working to fix them, people moved to different areas in search of a higher quality of life elsewhere, slowing causing the same issues elsewhere and larger because human consumption choices did not change. We see that largely in "The Stacks" (Cline) when instead of addressing issues outside the city, people just kept building the city higher until it would one day fall and no one would blink an eye at what just happened. (This occurred particularly when Wades stack was blown up, but never investigated as destruction of an area is normalized to people.)

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To maximize the quality of water for more people, water companies could offer discounts on water bills for the customer paying to install higher grade water filters in their home. People would be motivated to install them for a discount and cleaner water, while the overall water quality in the watershed would improve as more citizens are becoming aware of the extents of local water pollution, causing quicker government reactions in the long run.

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47% of Russia's freshwater is used for cooling plants. If 50% of that water flows back into the river system untreated, it can cause dangerous effects to ecosystems now, and in the future.

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In many areas, companies are going unchecked for pollution restriction abuse. To combat this, it would make sense to have government employees that are mandatory at each factory to ensure regulations are being followed at all time. This would also create more job openings for citizens to be involved with protecting the environment of their local communities.

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A Team Works on Examining a Section of River Water and "Returning Pollution" to Factories.

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A Team Works on Examining a Section of River Water and "Returning Pollution" to Factories.

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Some civilians feel the need to fight against companies as civilians as Russia falls short on enforcing their water pollution restrictions.
https://youtu.be/Ira950cYqj8

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From this map, on can see the flow of water from lake Baikal and Mountain ice/snow feeding the river (along with runoff precipitation) eventually poring out into the ocean.

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At this section of the river one can find larger amounts of plant species that do not survive down river do the colder temperatures.

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A section of the Yenisey River surface water frozen over in the Winter Season

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Over the last decade the United Nations has been pressing through regulating services the need for all first world countries to become more eco-friendly in regard to carbon emissions and water pollution. For example the U.S has added several amendments to our Federal Water Pollution Control Act to extend pass the need for companies to avoid ecosystem damage, but also provide replenishment of certain sources. (History of the Clean Water Act) Overall this helps the world as a whole compare what natural ways work in reducing pollution so that all nations can reduce together opposed to most reducing, then one country not feeling the need too

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I personally feel something that would assist in the reduction of water pollution by factories would be government set incentives to become cleaner past set regulation services. Perhaps reducing foreign trade taxes on their items in exchange for abiding by higher standards for cleaner products. A large amount of why the world produces products in the way that they do is because it is the range that yield the most profit. Therefore cutting back on some areas, may result in the willingness to increase priority on producing products in a eco-friendly way so that they may continue to have the resources to create their product.

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Currently Russia has put forward $25 billion Rubles ($452 million) into water clean up across the entirety of Russia. (Bramlett) A large amount of this is going towards the reconstruction of dams, and the replacement of lead piping that is causing water poisoning across older towns. Even though Russia has a fourth of the worlds liquid freshwater supply, so much has been tainted to estimate that 40-60% of their water supply would not meet the USA sanitary standards. Retreating water supplies would provide improved water quality to over 27 million Russian citizens within the next ten years, starting to move towards a healthier Russian landscape. (Davydova)

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=bfW5MqT7CSA

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yfZoq68x7lY

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The Yenisey suffers from side effects of it's dams construction over time. Time wears down all dams to the point that they must be repaired, or deconstructed. When neglected, they hold a lot of potential for pollution. On August 17, 2009, a second of the Sayano-Shushenskaya dam exploded due to being put back online before being fully repaired killing 75 people and injuring more. (Hasler) Through this incident over 40 tons of oil poured into the river along with concrete chunks immediately affecting wildlife along the way. Many animals will ingest oil which poisons them, while overs get coated in it so that they can no long repel water, which freezes them out in artic conditions. Overall the oil can collect on river edges so that it does not flush downstream, continuing to cause issues until clean up procedures are enacted. Even though not all cases are as dramatic as the dam explosion, dams can cause pollution in unintended ways. For example, the boat lifts along each major dam, boats have a greater potential to leak fuel when being shaken around, which will run off into the water supply. Dams can also affect a rivers turbidity through their ability to regulate a rivers flow. It the water is slowed, pollutants do not wash away from the area as quickly as before hurting marine life. Slower flows also allow for larger amounts of sediments to settle, which creates a quick change in turbidity when water is allowed through and the change in flow causes the bottom of the river to stir more than usual. Overall this negatively impacts the marine life as they either can not adapt to their new environments, or can adapt, but not quick enough to survive. (Bealliking)

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Today the Yenisey River suffers from point pollution of Radioactive water contamination from the countries factories. The largest source of this pollution is from the Krasnoyarsk-26 Mining and Chemical Combine (KMCC) which is 50 km away from Krasnoyarsk city. The KMCC is responsible for production and treatment of radioactive substances. However cooling water from several of it's nuclear reactors have been flushing some of the untreated water back into the river. (Linnik) This has increased the toxicity of the water downstream, effecting river life as well as creating a potential to harm people down the line. Some chemicals may not produce effects on their own, however once they are in a chemical cocktail, they pose unresearched issues. (Bealliking) In some river and ocean species, scientist are finding larger levels of unnatural chemicals within the flesh/systems of animals. (Radioactive Contamination of the Yenisei) Over time the concentrations of toxins in an animal can not be flushed out, therefore chocking the animal out in the process. When things are eaten, the saying "you are what you eat" applies so that toxins are released back into our oceans/soils or whatever animal decomposes the first. Depending on which species are effected, an ecosystem can then collapse due to lack of keystone species. This could potentially cause other issues such as fish related food shortages for the population. Furthermore, illnesses could transfer to humans through seafood as the food chain progresses causing unknown long term consequences.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=pjUPL2_Jzjg

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In the 1920's the Norilsk deposits were discovered causing a boom in Russia's mining industry. Today the area along the Yenisey is the world's leader in nickel and palladium production, while also being a significant supplier of copper. (Norilsk Mining Centre) An approximate 90% of it's metal sales are to foreign parties increasing the use of trade routes along the river, as well as supplying large amounts of pay outs to the Russia governmental system.

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Throughout the Yenisey river, there are small dams that help regulate water flow and water reserves for the people relying upon the river year round. These smaller dams fill lakes for people to draw from during the hotter seasons for continuous supplies of water. However along the river there are two significantly notable large dams that focus on creating electricity throughout the watershed. These dams are called the Krasnoyarsk, and the Sayano-Shushenskaya. Together the dams can produce over 40 TW an hour when running at maximum levels providing factories and civilians alike with power. (Geoshen) Both dams have built in boat lifts, which aid in the transportation of goods from one water level to the next. They both contain fish ladders as well which result in fish being able to move freely from one side on the dam to the other with minable causalities.

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Every year over 3 million tons of material is transported in cargo ships along the river by the Yenisei River Shipping Company, which provides nessicary resources to those within the watershed. (Yenisei River Shipping Company) These resources can be, but are not limited to items such as oil, coal, food, precious metals and timber. Overall this provides supplies for communities to grow through the trade of provisionary services.

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The Yenisey basin covers approximately 2,580,000km squared, overall allowing the river to discharge about 19,600 cubic meters of water per second into the Artic ocean. Overall 8 million people live within the Yenisey watershed, however many more rely upon the river for services such as transport. (Bada)

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Since a large amount of the river basin is exposed to harsh cold climates, it's plant life species have adjusted to match. In the northern section of the Yenisei, one will find low in height vegetation that is resilient to cold temperatures. However traveling upstream, or south along the river, one is going to be able to find grasslands and forests that have firs, cedar, and spruce trees. (Nag)

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The environment along the river changes throughout the year along with the seasons. the South end of the rivers see a less dramatic change as large areas are covered with plains used for farming, which stays more consistent when the temperature drops. However the northside of the river sees a large change yearly as the landscape turns from forests, into Artic vegetation. In the spring/summer this causes large amounts of snow/ice melt into the river creating marsh areas. The shores of the river provides habitat for many species of wildlife such as, by not limited to, deer, birds, moose, bears, and many migrating species. (Nag)

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The Yenisey-Angara River system is home to approximately 55 native fish species. (Nag) The section of river is going to affect what type someone will run across. For example if someone was fishing towards the opening into the Ocean it would be more likely to catch Artic Flounders, than to find Sterlet's which tend to be smaller and search for warmer climates in comparison.

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=387&v=sqWxGVMhKEY

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This river is referred to by multiple common names/spellings depending of a persons dialect. These include, the Yenisey, the Enisei, the Evenk Loanesi or the Jenisej. (Bada)

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The Yenisei runs primarily through Russia, but also flows in sections of Mongolia. Overall combining for about 2,136 miles worth of rivers that eventually flow out into the Arctic ocean north of Russia. Along with it's tributaries, the river drains water for over 1 million square miles of land. (Bada)

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The Yenisei has three main tributaries, the Angara, the Lower Tunguska, and the Tunguska rivers. (James)

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The Yenisei-Angara river averages 14 meters deep, but is known to have patches as deep as 24 meters deep. (James)

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Quick Introduction to the Yenisei-Angara River

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Quick Introduction to the Yenisei-Angara River

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Bada, Ferdinand. “What Is The Origin Of The Yenisei River?” WorldAtlas, 14 Nov. 2018,   www.worldatlas.com/articles/what-is-the-origin-of-the-yenisei-river.html.

Bealliking, Allyson, et al. Environmental Science and Sustainable Solutions. 3rd ed., Great River Learning, 2018.

Cline, Ernest. Ready Player One. Arrow, 2018.

Davydova, Angelina. “Russia's Green Economy.” IPS, IPS Journal, 29 Nov. 2018, www.ips-journal.eu/in-focus/2018/green-industry/article/show/russias-green-economy-3120/.

Geoshen. “10 Largest Hydroelectric Dams in the World.” 10 Largest Hydroelectric Dams in the World, geoshen.com/posts/10-largest-hydroelectric-dams-in-the-world.

Hasler, Joe P. “Investigating Russia's Biggest Dam Explosion: What Went Wrong.” Popular Mechanics, 14 Nov. 2017, www.popularmechanics.com/technology/infrastructure/a5346/4344681/.

“History of the Clean Water Act.” EPA, Environmental Protection Agency, 8 Aug. 2017, www.epa.gov/laws-regulations/history-clean-water-act.

James. “Yenisei River: Facts and Information.” Primary Facts, 27 Sept. 2016, primaryfacts.com/6950/yenisei-river-facts-and-information/.

Linnik, et al. “Patterns and Inventories of Radioactive Contamination of Island Sites of the Yenisey River, Russia.” Journal of Environmental Radioactivity, vol. 87, no. 2, Elsevier Ltd, 2006, pp. 188–208, doi:10.1016/j.jenvrad.2005.11.011.

Nag, Oishimaya Sen. “The Yenisei River.” WorldAtlas, 21 Mar. 2016, www.worldatlas.com/articles/where-does-the-yenisei-river-flow.html.

“Norilsk Mining Centre - Mining Technology: Mining News and Views Updated Daily.” Mining Technology | Mining News and Views Updated Daily, 22 July 2019, www.mining-technology.com/projects/norilsk/.

“Radioactive Contamination of the Yenisei River.” Radioactive Contamination of the Yenisei River, www.istc.int/en/project/C41E413B2C6F02C0C3256CB1004A338D.

"Yenisei River Shipping Company Transports 3.2 Mln Tonnes Cargo in 2017.” TASS, tass.com/economy/975388.