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pink = Wilson
blue = Taft
white = Roosevelt

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-Wilson promised people of color civil rights
-oversaw civil rights
-kicked civil rights leader William Monroe Trotter out of the Oval Office

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Students at Princeton University are protesting the ways it honors the former president, who once threw a civil-rights leader out of the White House.

AP

The Black Justice League, in protests on Princeton University's campus, has drawn wider attention to an inconvenient truth about the university's ultimate star: Woodrow Wilson. The Virginia native was racist, a trait largely overshadowed by his works as Princeton's president, as New Jersey's governor, and, most notably, as the 28th president of the United States.

As president, Wilson oversaw unprecedented segregation in federal offices. It's a shameful side to his legacy that came to a head one fall afternoon in 1914 when he threw the civil-rights leader William Monroe Trotter out of the Oval Office.

Power, identity, and speech in the new American university
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Trotter led a delegation of blacks to meet with the president on November 12, 1914 to discuss the surge of segregation in the country. Trotter, today largely forgotten, was a nationally prominent civil-rights leader and newspaper editor. In the early 1900s, he was often mentioned in the same breath as W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington. But unlike Washington, Trotter, an 1895 graduate of Harvard, believed in direct protest actions. In fact, Trotter founded his Boston newspaper, The Guardian, as a vehicle to challenge Washington's more conciliatory approach to civil rights.

Before Trotter's confrontation with Wilson in the Oval Office, he was a political supporter of Wilson's. He had pledged black support for Wilson's presidential run when the two met face-to-face in July 1912 at the State House in Trenton, New Jersey. Even though then-Governor Wilson offered only vague promises about seeking fairness for all Americans, Trotter apparently came away smitten. "The governor had us draw our chairs right up around him, and shook hands with great cordiality,'' he wrote a friend later. "When we left he gave me a long handclasp, and used such a pleased tone that I was walking on air." Trotter viewed Wilson as the lesser of other political evils.

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Students at Princeton University are protesting the ways it honors the former president, who once threw a civil-rights leader out of the White House. The Black Justice League, in protests on Princeton University's campus, has drawn wider attention to an inconvenient truth about the university's ultimate star: Woodrow Wilson.

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-1920
-women get equal voting rights
-right to vote should not be abridged by sex

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Teaching Tools | Resources for Teachers from Scholastic

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-central bank of the United States
-created by Congress
-establishes a safer, flexible, and more stable system of money

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Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System

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What is the purpose of the Federal Reserve System?

The Federal Reserve System, often referred to as the Federal Reserve or simply "the Fed," is the central bank of the United States. It was created by the Congress to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system. The Federal Reserve was created on December 23, 1913, when President Woodrow Wilson signed the Federal Reserve Act into law. Today, the Federal Reserve's responsibilities fall into four general areas.
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Conducting the nation's monetary policy by influencing money and credit conditions in the economy in pursuit of full employment and stable prices.

Supervising and regulating banks and other important financial institutions to ensure the safety and soundness of the nation's banking and financial system and to protect the credit rights of consumers.

Maintaining the stability of the financial system and containing systemic risk that may arise in financial markets.

Providing certain financial services to the U.S. government, U.S. financial institutions, and foreign official institutions, and playing a major role in operating and overseeing the nation's payments systems.

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What is the FOMC and when does it meet? How is the Federal Reserve System structured?

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board of governors of the federal reserve system

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The Fed - What is the purpose of the Federal Reserve System?

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The Federal Reserve System, often referred to as the Federal Reserve or simply "the Fed," is the central bank of the United States. It was created by the Congress to provide the nation with a safer, more flexible, and more stable monetary and financial system.

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-1913
-set up income tax
-no census

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16TH AMENDMENT (Sixteenth Amendment) - Simplified Summary, Definition, Rights - US Constitution | LAWS.com

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A tax is money that is paid to the government and will be added when buying or owning something valuable. The 16th amendment is an important amendment that allows the federal (United States) government to levy (collect) an income tax from all Americans.

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-1913
--cut and eliminated tariff rates
-encouraged sell of foreign goods and prices plummeted

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Congress passed The Underwood Tariff Act in 1913. Its purpose was to reduce levies on manufactured and semi-manufactured goods and to eliminate duties on most raw materials. To compensate for the loss of revenue, the act also levied a graduated income tax (made legal by ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment earlier that year) on U.S. residents.

Protective tariffs had been the subject of political debate since they were first passed in 1828. After the American Civil War (18611865) the controversy over duties had become partisan, with Republicans, for the most part, favoring them, maintained duties were favorable to U.S. industry, and Democrats believed to the contrary. Republican administrations during the 1890s raised tariffs to unprecedented levels: The McKinley Tariff Act of 1890 was followed by the Dingley Tariff Act, which raised duties to as much as 57 percent and caused the cost of living to increase. Around the turn of the century, however, Republicans began to support opposition to high tariffs as well. As a result rates were reduced somewhat by the Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act of 1909, but prices remained artificially high and Democrats continued to press for a reduction in duties.

The election of 1912 proved a turning point for the Democrats: Woodrow Wilson (18561924) was voted into office and the party won control of Congress. In 1913 Wilson supported the Underwood Tariff Act, cutting or eliminating tariff rates. The legislation, sponsored by Representative Oscar Underwood (18621929), passed both houses of Congress. The reduced tariffs encouraged the import of foreign materials and manufactured goods, and prices of goods came down. The federal government now collecting less revenue in duties on foreign goods.

To offset the effect of less revenue from tariffs, the government levied an income tax for the first time. Incomes less than $4000 per year were exempt by the Underwood act, thus, nearly all factory workers and farmers were not required to pay the taxes. Those earning more than $4000 but less than $20,000 paid a mere one percent tax. Rates rose from there, but the highest tax was still just a scant six percenton earnings exceeding $500,000.

The effect of the Underwood Tariff on foreign trade and on prices was limited: World War I (19141918) began the following year, curtailing imports. Protective tariffs became an issue again in the early 1920s, with the Emergency Tariff Act (1921) and the Fordney-McCumber Tariff Act (1922), which raised duties once again and gave the president authority to increase and decrease customs duties.

See also: Dingley Tariff, Fordney-McCumber Tariff, Sixteenth Amendment, Tariff, Tariff of Abominations

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underwood tariff act 
congress passed the underwood tariff act in 1913. its purpose was to reduce levies on manufactured and semi-manufactured goods and to eliminate duties on most raw materials. to compensate for the loss of revenue

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the act also levied a graduated income tax (made legal by ratification of the sixteenth amendment earlier that year) on u.s.

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UNDERWOOD TARIFF ACT Congress passed The Underwood Tariff Act in 1913. Its purpose was to reduce levies on manufactured and semi-manufactured goods and to eliminate duties on most raw materials. To compensate for the loss of revenue, the act also levied a graduated income tax (made legal by ratification of the Sixteenth Amendment earlier that year) on U.S.

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-1914
-prohibits unethical business practices
-no price fixing or monopolies
-protects various rights of labor

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What Is the Clayton Antitrust Act?

The Clayton Antitrust Act is a piece of legislation, passed by the U.S. Congress and signed into law in 1914, that defines unethical business practices, such as price fixing and monopolies, and upholds various rights of labor.

The Federal Trade Commission (FTC) and the Antitrust Division of the U.S. Department of Justice (DOJ) enforce the provisions of the Clayton Antitrust Act, which continue to affect American business practices today.

Understanding the Clayton Antitrust Act

At the turn of the 20th century, a handful of large U.S. corporations began to dominate entire industry segments by engaging in predatory pricing, exclusive dealings, and mergers designed to destroy competitors.

In 1914, Rep. Henry De Lamar Clayton of Alabama introduced legislation to regulate the behavior of massive entities. The bill passed the House of Representatives with a vast majority on June 5, 1914. Then the Senate passed its own version, and a final version, based on deliberation between House and Senate, passed the Senate on Oct. 6 and the House on Oct. 8. President Woodrow Wilson signed the initiative into law on Oct. 15, 1914.

The act is enforced by the FTC and prohibits exclusive sales contracts, certain types of rebates, discriminatory freight agreements, and local price-cutting maneuvers. It also forbids certain types of holding companies. According to the FTC, the Clayton Act also allows private parties to take legal action against companies and seek triple damages when they have been harmed by conduct that violates the Clayton Act. They may also seek and get a court order against any future anti-competitive practice.

In addition, the Clayton Act specifies that labor is not an economic commodity. It upholds issues conducive to organized labor, declaring peaceful strikes, picketing, boycotts, agricultural cooperatives, and labor unions as legal under federal law.

Sections of the Clayton Antitrust Act

There are 27 sections to the Clayton Act. The most notable among them are discussed more in-depth below.

Section Two

The second section deals with the unlawfulness of price discrimination, price cutting, and predatory pricing. This section prohibits a company from monopolizing or attempting to monopolize any part of interstate commerce. It also makes it illegal for a company to perform anti-competitive practices.

Section Three

The third section addresses tying arrangements. A tying arrangement occurs when one party enters into a contract with another, and one of the terms of the arrangement is to not conduct business with a specific third party. This section does not allow companies buying or selling to enter into such agreements.

Section Four

The fourth section states the right of private lawsuits. Any individual that has been injured by anything forbidden in the antitrust laws has the right to potential compensation via lawsuit.

Section Six

The sixth section covers labor and the exemption of the workforce. The section exempts labor unions and agricultural organizations with the premise that labor of a human being is not a commodity or article of commerce.

Section Seven

The seventh section handles mergers and acquisitions and is often referred to when multiple companies attempt to become a single entity. The section prohibits mergers and acquisitions where the end result is less market competition. This section also identifies specific concepts including holding companies that are used through the act.

Section Eight

The eighth section handles directors and officers and their board stewardship. The section prohibits directors, officers, or other executives of the corporate structure from serving on multiple boards at the same time in which the boards are for competing firms. This is subject to several exceptions.

Clayton Antitrust Act Amendments

The Clayton Act is still in force today, essentially in its original form. However, it has evolved over the years and is different today from when it was first drafted.

Robinson-Patman Act of 1936

The Clayton Antitrust Act was somewhat amended by the Robinson-Patman Act of 1936. The Robinson-Patman Act reinforces laws against price discrimination among customers. The law was passed in response to concerns that large retailers were able to negotiate better prices from manufacturers than smaller retailers.

The Robinson-Patman Act involves a variety of practices. For example, the act disallows giving preferential services or allowance to one customer over another. It also prohibits charging different prices for the same product to different geographic areas. Last, the act does not allow for discounts or incentives to be offered based on the condition that a competitor is not to be transacted with.

Celler-Kefauver Act of 1950

Another amendment is the Celler-Kefauver Act of 1950. The Celler-Kefauver Act prohibits one company from acquiring the stock or assets of another firm if an acquisition reduces competition. It further extends antitrust laws to cover all types of mergers across industries, not just horizontal ones within the same sector.

The act gives the government authority to block mergers that would allow a company to gain "significant market power", even if the new company technically is not a monopoly. The act also requires companies give the government notice should they meet certain size thresholds.

Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976

The Clayton Act was also amended by the Hart-Scott-Rodino Antitrust Improvements Act of 1976. This amendment requires that companies planning big mergers or acquisitions make their intentions known to the government before taking any such action.

Under the act, companies must file a premerger notification if the transaction is greater than a specific value or if the companies involved have a certain amount of total assets or annual sales. The act also imposes a waiting period of 30 days during which the transaction can't be completed, though this period can be extended should government agencies need more time to review the merger request.

Provisions of the Clayton Antitrust Act

Another way to consider the Clayton Antitrust Act is through the lens of the provisions contained in the legislation. Some major highlights of the act via the provisions are below:

Price Discrimination: The Clayton Act prohibits price discrimination. This is the act of selling the same product to different buyers and charging different prices based on who is purchasing the goods. The law prohibits such practices if they substantially lessen competition, as this practice may incidentally create a monopoly.

Tying Agreements: As discussed early, the Clayton Act prohibits tying agreements. Sellers can not require a buyer to buy a product or service under the premise that they cannot transact with another competitor for another product or service. This is done to prevent the seller's competitors from getting a foothold in the market which would reduce market competition.

Mergers and Acquisitions: The Clayton Act gives the FTC the authority to review mergers and acquisitions. This is done to decide whether the merger or acquisition would substantially lessen competition create a monopoly. If the FTC determines that a merger or acquisition would have anti-competitive effects, the FTC can disallow the companies from combining.

Interlocking Directorates: The Clayton Act prohibits interlocking directorates, as discussed above. This is the practice of having the same person serve on the board of directors of two or more competing companies. As that one individual can influence either aspect of the competition to their advantage, this composition is disallowed.

Private Enforcement: The Clayton Act allows private parties to sue for damages resulting from antitrust violations. This allows individuals to seek compensation for damages that arise due to any of the provisions mentioned above.

Clayton Antitrust Act and Labor Unions

As mentioned earlier, Section 6 of the Clayton Act provides protections for the right to organize and join labor unions. This section states that no court can stop a workers' strike or organization. This provision is intended to protect collective bargaining rights without interference from employers or the courts.

The Clayton Act also provides some protections for unions and their members against antitrust actions. Section 20 of the Clayton Act provides an exemption from antitrust liability for certain activities by labor unions such as collective bargaining and strikes. This means that, although certain activities would otherwise be considered anticompetitive, these activities may also be necessary to negotiate fair wages and working conditions.

It's important to note that the Clayton Act makes it clear that labor unions are not immune from antitrust liability for all of their activities. For example, if a union goes beyond the boundaries of a collective bargaining agreement, it can still be held liable for price-fixing. In addition, courts can issue injections against unions if their activities threaten to cause damage to property.

Enforcement of the Clayton Antitrust Act

The DOJ's Antitrust Division primarily enforces the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914 in the United States. In some cases, the FTC can enforce the law as well. The FTC and Antitrust Division investigate and prosecute alleged violations of the Clayton Act and other federal antitrust laws, and investigators can conduct investigations on their own or respond to complaints or referrals.

In the event that the Antitrust Division or FTC determines that a Clayton Act violation has occurred, they can take legal action to stop the anticompetitive conduct and seek compensation for any harm suffered. Some remedies include injunctions to stop behavior, divestiture of assets, or imposition of fines or fees.

As discussed earlier, the Clayton Antitrust Act allows for private parties to bring about lawsuits to seek damages for harm they have suffered related to antitrust matters. They may also seek injective relief to stop the behavior from continuing.

Clayton Antitrust Act vs. Sherman Antitrust Act

The Sherman Antitrust Act of 1890 was proposed by Sen. John Sherman of Ohio and later amended by the Clayton Antitrust Act. The Sherman Act prohibited trusts and outlawed monopolistic business practices, making them illegal in an effort to bolster competition within the marketplace.

The act contained three sections. The first section defined and banned different types of anti-competitive conduct, the second section addressed the end results considered to be anti-competitive, and the third and final section extended the provisions in the first section to include the District of Columbia and any U.S. territories.

But the language used in the Sherman Act was deemed too vague. This allowed businesses to continue engaging in operations that discouraged competition and fair pricing. These controlling practices directly impacted local concerns and often drove smaller entities out of business, which necessitated the passing of the Clayton Antitrust Act in 1914.

While the Clayton Act continues the Sherman Act's ban on anti-competitive mergers and the practice of price discrimination, it also addresses issues that the older act didn't cover by outlawing incipient forms of unethical behavior. For example, while the Sherman Act made monopolies illegal, the Clayton Act bans operations intended to lead to the formationof monopolies.

Is the Clayton Act the Only Piece of Antitrust Legislation?

What Is the Clayton Act's Overall Goal?

Is the Clayton Act Necessary?

What Are the 4 Main Points of the Clayton Antitrust Act?

The Bottom Line

While America is touted as a free market economy, there are several federal laws and regulations that prohibit anti-competitive practices and prevent the formation of monopolies. Among these pieces of legislation is the Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914, which made certain monopolistic practices illegal, enforceable by both the Federal Trade Commission and Dept. of Justice. Since then, other pieces of antitrust legislation have also been passed in order to promote competition, encourage fair practices, and benefit consumers.

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Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914: History, Amendments, Significance

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The Clayton Antitrust Act is designed to promote business competition and prevent the formation of monopolies and other unethical business practices.

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-joe cannon was house speaker from Illinois
-chairman of the house rules committee
-often disregarded or weakened progressive bills

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What did Taft do that angered progressive Republicans Taft signed the Payne

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What did Taft do that angered progressive Republicans Taft signed the Payne from APUSH ID at Anaheim High

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-1914
-established Federal Trade Commission
-outlaws unfair methods of competition
-prohibits unfair acts that effect commerce

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The Federal Trade Commission Act is the primary statute of the Commission. Under this Act, as amended, the Commission is empowered, among other things, to (a) prevent unfair methods of competition and unfair or deceptive acts or practices in or affecting commerce; (b) seek monetary redress and other relief for conduct injurious to consumers; (c) prescribe rules defining with specificity acts or practices that are unfair or deceptive, and establishing requirements designed to prevent such acts or practices; (d) gather and compile information and conduct investigations relating to the organization, business, practices, and management of entities engaged in commerce; and (e) make reports and legislative recommendations to Congress and the public. A number of other statutes listed here are enforced under the FTC Act.

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The official website of the Federal Trade Commission, protecting America's consumers for over 100 years.

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Loss in the 1912 Election Against Wilson and Roosevelt

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Loss in the 1912 Election Against Wilson and Roosevelt

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-Taft lost to Wilson
-Wilson 40 states
-won electoral vote
-took advantage of Republican party split
-democrat

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United States presidential election of 1912

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Alternative Title: U.S. presidential election of 1912

This article was most recently revised and updated by

United States presidential election of 1912, American presidential election held on November 5, 1912, in which Democrat Woodrow Wilson defeated Bull Moose (Progressive) candidate and former Republican president Theodore Roosevelt and Republican incumbent president William Howard Taft.

American presidential election, 1912 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

The rise of the Republican "insurgents"

Theodore Roosevelt first came to the presidency in 1901, following the assassination of William McKinley, but won election in his own right in 1904 and proved a very popular chief executive. Shortly after the election of 1904, he announced that he would not be a candidate four years later-though he was so much the idol of the masses that he could easily have gained the Republican nomination in 1908. Adhering stubbornly to his pledge, he arranged the nomination of his secretary of war, William Howard Taft, who was easily elected president in 1908.

Taft faced a restless public and a split Republican Party. National progressivism was nearly at high tide, and a large group of Republican progressives, called "insurgents," sat in both houses of Congress. These Republicans, like a majority of Americans, demanded such reforms as tariff reductions, an income tax, the direct election of senators, and even stricter railroad and corporation regulations. Taft, who thought of himself as a progressive, was more conservative philosophically and lacked the qualities of a dynamic popular leader. His troubles began when he called Congress into special session in 1909 to take up tariff reform. When the measure that emerged from Congress increased rates, Republican insurgents and a majority of Americans were outraged, but Taft signed the bill and called it the best tariff law the Republicans had ever enacted. Conflicts and misunderstandings over conservation and legislative procedure caused the rift between Taft Republicans and the insurgents to grow. By 1910 the Republican insurgents were clearly in the ascendancy in Congress. Taking control of the president's railroad-regulation measure, they added new provisions that greatly increased the Interstate Commerce Commission's authority. The following year they bitterly opposed Taft's measure for tariff reciprocity with Canada; it passed with Democratic support in Congress, only to go down to defeat at the hands of the Canadian electorate.

Taft, William Howard Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.

Republican insurgents were determined to prevent Taft's renomination in 1912. They found their leader in Roosevelt, who had become increasingly alienated from Taft and who made a whirlwind campaign for the presidential nomination in the winter and spring of 1912. Roosevelt swept the presidential primaries, even in Taft's home state of Ohio. But Taft and conservative Republicans controlled the powerful state organizations and the Republican National Committee, and when the Republicans gathered at their national convention in Chicago in June 1912 it proved a bitter, divisive affair. Taft, Roosevelt, and Wisconsin Sen. Robert M. La Follette, a leading reformer, sought the nomination, but so complete were Taft's supporters' control over the party machinery that delegate challenges made by Roosevelt were all beaten back-leading Roosevelt to refuse to have his name entered into nomination. In the event, Taft was nominated on the first ballot, and Vice Pres. James S. Sherman was easily renominated. Convinced that the bosses had stolen the nomination from him, Roosevelt led his followers out of the Republican convention. In August they organized the Progressive (" Bull Moose") Party and named Roosevelt to lead the third-party cause. Hiram Johnson, the reform Republican governor of California, became Roosevelt's running mate.

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Meanwhile, the Democrats had swept the 1910 congressional and gubernatorial elections, and after the disruption of the Republican Party in the spring of 1912 it was obvious that almost any passable Democrat could win the presidency in that year. Meeting in Baltimore, Maryland, a week after the Republican convention, the Democrats had a number of candidates contesting the nomination, including speaker of the House Champ Clark and former president of Princeton University Woodrow Wilson, who had a progressive record as governor of New Jersey. Ultimately, Wilson secured the Democratic nomination on the 46th ballot, and Thomas R. Marshall was chosen as his running mate.

Wilson, Woodrow Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

The general election campaign

U.S. Department of the Interior, National Park Service, Edison National Historical Site

U.S. presidential election of 1912 Encyclopædia Britannica, Inc.

The Democrats emerged from their convention in strong shape, given that Wilson was, in effect, facing two Republicans. Roosevelt and the Bull Moose movement stressed its progressive, reform credentials, even backing women's suffrage. For Taft, his single objective in the 1912 campaign was to defeat Roosevelt. The real contest, however, was between Roosevelt and Wilson for control of the progressive majority. Campaigning strenuously on a platform that he called the New Nationalism, Roosevelt demanded effective control of big business through a strong federal commission, radical tax reform, and a whole series of measures to put the federal government squarely into the business of social and economic reform. By contrast, Wilson seemed conservative with a program he called the New Freedom; it envisaged a concerted effort to destroy monopoly and to open the doors of economic opportunity to small businessmen through drastic tariff reduction, banking reform, and severe tightening of antitrust laws.

Wilson, Woodrow: 1912 presidential campaign Courtesy of the Woodrow Wilson Presidential Library, Staunton, Virginia

On election day, November 5, Roosevelt outpolled Taft but failed to win many Democratic progressives away from Wilson. Though Wilson captured only about 42 percent of the popular vote, he won 435 electoral votes. Between them, Roosevelt and Taft secured 7.6 million votes-1.3 million more than Wilson-but Roosevelt won only 88 electoral votes, and Taft won only 8. Taft's 8 electoral votes represented the worst performance by an incumbent seeking reelection. Wilson, born in Virginia, thus became the first Southern-born president elected since the American Civil War (1861-65).

For the results of the previous election, see United States presidential election of 1908. For the results of the subsequent election, see United States presidential election of 1916.

Results of the 1912 election

The results of the 1912 U.S. presidential election are provided in the table.

presidential candidate

political party

electoral votes

popular votes

Sources: Electoral and popular vote totals based on data from the United States Office of the Federal Register and Congressional Quarterly's Guide to U.S. Elections, 4th ed. (2001).

Woodrow Wilson Democratic
435

6,293,454

Theodore Roosevelt
Progressive ( Bull Moose)

88

4,119,207

William Howard Taft Republican
8

3,483,922

Eugene V. Debs
Socialist

900,369

Eugene W. Chafin
Prohibition
207,972

Arthur E. Reimer

Socialist Labor

29,374

Amy Tikkanen, Corrections Manager.

Learn More in these related Britannica articles:

Woodrow Wilson: Early life, education, and governorship

Prevailing at the 1912 convention after a hard struggle against better-entrenched rivals, Wilson entered into an exciting three-way race for president. Former president Theodore Roosevelt's bolt to the Progressive (Bull Moose) Party had split the dominant Republican Party, a factor that allowed Wilson to be elected with only...

progressivism: Diversity and disagreement within progressivism

For example, the progressives' 1912 presidential campaign, with the celebrated former president Theodore Roosevelt as its standard bearer, was deeply divided over whether the reform movement should attack legally enforced racial segregation in the South ( see Jim Crow laws). In the end it did not, instead accepting the right...

...candidate for president in 1908, 1912, and 1920 (he refused the nomination in 1916). His highest popular vote total came in 1920, when he received about 915,000 votes. Ironically, he was in prison at the time, serving a sentence for having criticized the U.S. government's prosecution of persons charged with...

United States presidential election of 1912

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united states presidential election of 1912

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United States presidential election of 1912 | United States government

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United States presidential election of 1912 Info Print Please select which sections you would like to print: Cite Feedback Share Alternative Title: U.S. presidential election of 1912 This article was most recently revised and updated by United States presidential election of 1912, American presidential election held on November 5, 1912, in which Democrat Woodrow Wilson defeated Bull Moose (Progressive) candidate and former Republican president Theodore Roosevelt and Republican incumbent president William Howard Taft.

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-teddy roosevelt formed the republican party
-split under taft because he did not do a good w conservation and preservation
-fired gifford pinchot
-supported joe cannon

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From its founding in 1854 until Theodore Roosevelt left office on 1908, the Republicans were socially progressive. They began as the anti-slavery party and their first elected president, Abraham Lincoln, did in fact end slavery in the US. Theodore Roosevelt was a "trust buster" who took a hard line against the opportunistic millionaires who had thrived in the Gilded Age of the 1890s.

But William Howard Taft, Roosevelt's hand-picked successor, was a lot more business-friendly, as were his successors (after an interruption by Wooodrow Wilson, a Democrat) Warren G. Harding, Calvin Coolidge and Herbert Hoover.

By the time Roosevelt's cousin Franklin (a Democrat) took office, the two parties had effectively swapped roles. the Democrats were the party of labor, and the Republicans were the party of management and Wall Street.

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Why did the Republican Party split during Taft's administration? | Socratic

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It was transitioning from the progressive party to the rich northern businessmen's party From its founding in 1854 until Theodore Roosevelt left office on 1908, the Republicans were socially progressive. They began as the anti-slavery party and their first elected president, Abraham Lincoln, did in fact end slavery in the US.

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-taft fired Gifford Pinchot after Pinchot said Taft's friend was selling land to private businesses
-caused the republican party to split

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The Ballinger-Pinchot scandal erupts when Colliers magazine accuses Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger of shady dealings in Alaskan coal lands. It is, in essence, a conflict rooted in contrasting ideas about how to best use and conserve western natural resources.

Ballinger was an appointee of President William Taft, the man who had succeeded the committed conservationist President Theodore Roosevelt. Roosevelt had developed most of his environmentally friendly policies with the assistance of his chief forester, Gifford Pinchot. By 1909, Roosevelt, Pinchot, and other conservationists feared that Taft, though a fellow Republican, and Ballinger were systematically undermining the accomplishments of the previous administration by reopening to exploitation public lands that had been closed.

The Colliers article charged that Ballinger improperly used his office to help the Guggenheims and other powerful interests illegally gain access to Alaskan coal fields, confirming the worst fears of Pinchot and Roosevelt. Despite the fact that he had stayed on as chief forester in the Taft administration, Pinchot began to criticize openly both Ballinger and Taft, claiming they were violating the fundamental principles of both conservation and democracy. Livid with anger, Taft immediately fired Pinchot, inspiring yet another round of scandalous headlines.

The controversy over the Ballinger-Pinchot affair soon became a major factor in splitting the Republican Party. After returning from an African safari, Roosevelt concluded that Taft had so badly betrayed the ethics of conservation that he had to be ousted. Roosevelt mounted an unsuccessful challenge to Taft on the independent Bull Moose ticket in 1912. In truth, subsequent scholarship has shown that Ballinger had not technically misused the power of his office and the charges of corruption were unjustified. However, the Ballinger-Pinchot scandal reflected the ongoing tension between those who emphasized the immediate use of natural resources and those who wanted them conserved for the future, a discussion that remains active today.
READ MORE: Why the Purchase of Alaska Was Far From "Folly"

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The Ballinger-Pinchot scandal erupts when Colliers magazine accuses Secretary of the Interior Richard Ballinger of shady dealings in Alaskan coal lands. It is, in essence, a conflict rooted in contrasting ideas about how to best use and conserve western natural resources.

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-1909
-taxed goods coming into the united states
-high rates angered republicans ans caused a split

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Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act, law passed by the U.S. Congress in 1909 in response to a call from Republican Pres. William Howard Taft for lower tariffs. His acceptance of a bill that failed to significantly decrease rates caused him to lose the support of the progressive wing of his party. The Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act dropped rates in general only by about 5 percent, and it raised rates on such items as iron ore and coal.

From the beginning, tariffs were an important part of economic policy in the United States, as they initially provided the bulk of government revenue and protected American manufacturing. However, as the country's economy grew, the usefulness of such taxes was questioned. While the industrialized North favoured protectionist policies, those in the agrarian South criticized the levies for raising the price of imports on which farmers depended. In addition, by the late 1880s tariffs were seen by some as contributing to the growth of monopolies. Over the ensuing decades, they became a source of great debate in American politics.

By the time of the presidential election of 1908, a wave of social and economic progressivism had grown within the Republican Party, which had traditionally favoured high tariffs. Taft, a progressive Republican, campaigned on tariff reform and won the election. In his inaugural address in 1909, he declared that he would veto any tariff bill that did not lower rates. The House of Representatives began writing the legislation, and Sereno Payne of New York, chairman of the House Ways and Means Committee,introduced a bill that called for reductions. However, other members of the House revised the law to increase rates favoured by businesses within their districts. In the Senate, Nelson Aldrich of Rhode Island, head of the Finance Committee and a dedicated protectionist, made numerous additional changes to the bill, raising hundreds of rates. The legislation passed without the support of the vast majority of Democrats or of the progressive Republicans. Taft signed the bill into law and later praised it as "the best tariff bill the Republican Party ever passed." It lowered rates on 650 items, raised rates on 220, and made no change on 1,150. It also included a corporate tax and provided for a commission to study rates and recommend changes.

Because the act decreased rates only slightly, progressive Republicans broke with Taft and tried to prevent him from being nominated in the election of 1912. When they failed, they left the Republican Party and formed the Bull Moose Party, with Theodore Roosevelt as their candidate. Both parties were defeated by the Democrats, and shortly after Woodrow Wilson took office in 1913, Congress passed a bill lowering the overall tariff rate to 27 percent.

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Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act | Description, Background, & Facts

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Payne-Aldrich Tariff Act, law passed in 1909 in response to a call from U.S. President William Howard Taft for a reduction in tariff rates. The bill, sponsored by Sereno Payne in the House and Nelson Aldrich in the Senate, only slightly lowered rates. Learn more about the history and politics of the tariff act.

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MIA-1906 made it a crime to misbrand and adulterate meat
MIA-meat was slaughtered in sanitary conditions and strict guidelines
FDA-1906 made it a crime to misbrand and adulterate drugs
FDA-first consumer protection agency

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Although Congress began investigating drug purity in the 1840s, it was during the Progressive Era that it approved the first federal regulations protecting consumers' health and safety. When Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle revealed food adulteration and unsanitary practices in meat production, public outrage prompted Congress to establish federal responsibility for public health and welfare. The Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906 prohibited the sale of misbranded or adulterated food and drugs in interstate commerce and laid a foundation for the nation's first consumer protection agency, the Food and Drug Administration (FDA).
I have here . . . a number of adulterated articles. Here is a bottle of cherries, originally picked green, in order that they might be firm, with the green color all taken out with acid until they were perfectly white, and then colored with an aniline dye which is poisonous in any quantity.
Representative James Mann of Illinois, Speech to the U.S. House of Representatives, June 21, 1906

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Although Congress began investigating drug purity in the 1840s, it was during the Progressive Era that it approved the first federal regulations protecting consumers' health and safety. When Upton Sinclair's 1906 novel The Jungle revealed food adulteration and unsanitary practices in meat production, public outrage prompted Congress to establish federal responsibility for public health and welfare.

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Conservation of Natural Resources and Land

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Conservation of Natural Resources and Land

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-conservation: protecting natural land and repairing damaged land to its original state
-preservation: lands and their natural resources shall not be consumed by any human and maintained in their pristine form

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Land Conservation

Think about the world around you and how it has changed over the years. During most of our lifetimes, we have seen large changes in the environment around us. We may have seen forests be cut down for housing or farm fields be turned into a shopping center.

Although some of these changes are necessary for human survival, as we convert more and more natural land to developed land, there is a growing concern over the amount and quality of the natural land that remains. Some people are concerned that we are destroying all of our natural land, and in recent years, there has been a large push to protect our land.

Land conservation is the process of protecting natural land and returning developed land to its natural state. Due to the fact that some land has only had minor disturbances and other land has been completely destroyed, a variety of techniques are needed to carry out land conservation. Some of the most common techniques include preservation, restoration, remediation, and mitigation.

Preservation

Preservation of the environment means that lands and their natural resources should not be consumed by humans and should instead be maintained in their pristine form. Preservationists strongly believe that humans can have access to the land but should only utilize it for its natural beauty and inspiration.

They think that the value of the land is not in what you can use from it but instead that land has an intrinsic value, meaning that it is valuable in itself simply by existing. Under this form of land conservation, humans would no longer be able to use certain land for human use but would be able to enjoy it for its natural beauty, which would help protect the land for many years to come.

One of the most famous preservationists is U.S. history is John Muir. John Muir was a Scottish immigrant who lived from 1838 to 1914 and had a large admiration for California's Yosemite Valley. Muir was a strong advocate for the complete protection of land and believed that people should only use the environment for enjoyment and not as a resource for goods. The influence of John Muir is still evident today through the continuation of the Sierra Club and the establishment of the Muir Woods National Monument, a preserved area of land in Northern California that is home to an ancient redwood forest.

Restoration

Another technique used in land conservation is restoration, which is the process of returning ecosystems and communities to their original natural conditions. In order to restore an ecosystem, scientists must first examine the current environment and do research to determine the historical conditions of the ecosystem. They want to determine what the environment was like before it was altered by humans. Once they have assessed the environment, scientists will develop methods to try to bring the area back to its original state. This often includes introducing native animals, planting native plants, restoring waterways to their natural path, and removing human infrastructure.

In the Florida Everglades, in the United States, there is an enormous restoration project going on. The Everglades are a complex system of marshes and grasslands that flood seasonally. These areas have been becoming drier over the last few decades because the water it relies on is being used for irrigation and development and is managed for flood control. The restoration project is trying to restore the flow of water to the area by undoing dams and other water-control features. If this project is successful, it will benefit the region because it will bring back wildlife that has left due to the drying conditions and help increase ecotourism in the area.

Remediation is the process of cleaning a contaminated area using relatively mild or nondestructive methods. The main goal of remediation is to clean and restore the contaminated area while causing as little disturbance or harm as possible. Scientists often use a variety of methods for remediation, including chemical, physical, and biological methods to remove contamination.

One interesting method of remediation is known as bioremediation. Bioremediation is the use of naturally occurring or purposefully introduced organisms to break down pollutants. This technique was used following the Deepwater Horizon oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico in 2010. Naturally occurring bacteria were used to clean up the oil. The bacteria were able to ingest and break down the oil into less harmful substances.

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land conservation: preserving and restoring ecosystems - video & lesson transcript | study.com

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Land Conservation: Preserving and Restoring Ecosystems - Video & Lesson Transcript | Study.com

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Think about the world around you and how it has changed over the years. During most of our lifetimes, we have seen large changes in the environment around us. We may have seen forests be cut down for housing or farm fields be turned into a shopping center.

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-DuBois founded NAACP
-Talented Tenth
-disagreed w washington on black rights
-thought washingtons rules would allow for white oppression

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Two great leaders of the black community in the late 19th and 20th century were W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington. However, they sharply disagreed on strategies for black social and economic progress. Their opposing philosophies can be found in much of today's discussions over how to end class and racial injustice, what is the role of black leadership, and what do the 'haves' owe the 'have-nots' in the black community.

Booker T. Washington, educator, reformer and the most influentional black leader of his time (1856-1915) preached a philosophy of self-help, racial solidarity and accomodation. He urged blacks to accept discrimination for the time being and concentrate on elevating themselves through hard work and material prosperity. He believed in education in the crafts, industrial and farming skills and the cultivation of the virtues of patience, enterprise and thrift. This, he said, would win the respect of whites and lead to African Americans being fully accepted as citizens and integrated into all strata of society.

W.E.B. Du Bois, a towering black intellectual, scholar and political thinker (1868-1963) said no-Washington's strategy would serve only to perpetuate white oppression. Du Bois advocated political action and a civil rights agenda (he helped found the NAACP). In addition, he argued that social change could be accomplished by developing the small group of college-educated blacks he called "the Talented Tenth:"

"The Negro Race, like all races, is going to be saved by its exceptional men. The problem of education then, among Negroes, must first of all deal with the "Talented Tenth." It is the problem of developing the best of this race that they may guide the Mass away from the contamination and death of the worst."

At the time, the Washington/Du Bois dispute polarized African American leaders into two wings-the 'conservative' supporters of Washington and his 'radical' critics. The Du Bois philosophy of agitation and protest for civil rights flowed directly into the Civil Rights movement which began to develop in the 1950's and exploded in the 1960's. Booker T. today is associated, perhaps unfairly, with the self-help/colorblind/Republican/Clarence Thomas/Thomas Sowell wing of the black community and its leaders. The Nation of Islam and Maulana Karenga's Afrocentrism derive too from this strand out of Booker T.'s philosophy. However, the latter advocated withdrawal from the mainstream in the name of economic advancement.

Links/Readings for Du Bois & Washington

This interesting 1965 article by writer Ralph McGill in The Atlantic combines an interview with Du Bois shortly before his death with McGill's analysis of his life. In the interview, Du Bois discusses Booker T., looks back on his controversial break with him and explains how their backgrounds accounted for their opposing views on strategies for black social progress

Here is the full text of this classic in the literature of civil rights. It is a prophetic work anticipating and inspiring much of the black consciousness and activism of the 1960s. In it Du Bois describes the magnitude of American racism and demands that it end. He draws on his own life for illustration- from his early experrience teaching in the hills of Tennessee to the death of his infant son and his historic break with the 'accomodationist' position of Booker T. Washington..

This archival section of The Atlantic magazine online offers several essays by Du Bois (as well as Booker T. Washington). In particular, in "The Training of Black Men" he continues his debate with Washington.

This site on Du Bois offers a lengthy biographical summary and a bilbiography of his writings and books.

A summary of Booker T.'s life, philosophy and achievements, with a link to the famous September 1895 speech, "the Atlanta Compromise," which propelled him onto the national scene as a leader and spokesman for African Americans. In the speech he advocated black Americans accept for awhile the political and social status quo of segregation and discriminaton and concentrate instead on self-help and building economic and material success within the black community.

Here is the full text of Booker T. Washington's fine autobiography, published in 1900.

"Signs of Progress Among the Negroes," "Awakening of the Negro" written around the turn of the century can be accessed from this web page; scroll down to 'Washington.'

Washington was the first black to be invited to the White House for dinner with a President. The invitation came from Theodore Roosevelt and this article, written at the time by a Howard University professor, deals with this event and conveys the very powerful image of Washington in the eyes of ten million black Americans during the turn of the century.

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The Debate Between W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington

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W.E.B. Du Bois and Booker T. Washington sharply disagreed on strategies for black social and economic progress.

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-strike from United Mine Workers in Pennsylvania for higher wages, better working conditions, shorter workdays, recognition of unions
-threatened to shut down major coal supplies to big cities

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The Anthracite Coal Strike (May-October 1902) began after mine operators refused to meet with representatives of the United Mine Workers of America. Anthracite-or hard coal-was solid and rich in carbon, ideal for industrial and domestic use. The strike began in eastern Pennsylvania, where almost all anthracite coal was mined at the time, on May 12, 1902, after the railroad companies which owned the mines refused to meet with representatives of the union. Workers' requests for better wages, a shorter work week, and recognition of their union had also been denied. Coal prices doubled as production dropped. As the autumn began and negotiations between the owners and the miners were ineffective, President Theodore Roosevelt feared that a coal shortage would result in hardship to Americans during the winter.

With the conflict unresolved, Henry Cabot Lodge, a senior Republican and close friend of Theodore Roosevelt, warned the president of the potentially disastrous consequences for the party if the anthracite strike dragged into November, when elections were to be held. Heeding Lodge's advice, Roosevelt worked behind the scenes to gather information and propose ways to settle the strike. In Washington on October 3, 1902, he met with presidents of the mine-owning railroads and union leaders. At that meeting the union president, John Mitchell, outlined the union's case while the railroad bosses asserted the impossibility of compromise. The conference disbanded without resolving the crisis and Roosevelt formed a commission to investigate the strike. Secretary of War Elihu Root and banker J. P. Morgan convinced railroad leaders to abide by the findings of the presidentially appointed commission. The union also accepted the commission and, on October 20, voted to end the anthracite strike.

The anthracite-coal commission recommended in March 1903 increasing miners' pay by ten percent (one-half of their demand), reducing the working day from ten to nine hours, and other concessions. By negotiating with organized labor Roosevelt championed a new approach to relations between capital and labor, often cited as an example of his Square Deal.

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The Anthracite Coal Strike (May-October 1902) began after mine operators refused to meet with representatives of the United Mine Workers of America. Anthracite-or hard coal-was solid and rich in carbon, ideal for industrial and domestic use.

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https://www.worldatlas.com/what-is-trust-busting.html

https://www.theodorerooseveltcenter.org/Learn-About-TR/TR-Encyclopedia/Capitalism-and-Labor/Anthracite-Coal-Strike

https://www.visitthecapitol.gov/exhibitions/congress-and-progressive-era/pure-food-and-drug-act

https://study.com/academy/lesson/land-conservation-preserving-and-restoring-ecosystems.html

https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/frontline/article/debate-w-e-b-du-bois-and-booker-t-washington/

https://www.britannica.com/topic/Payne-Aldrich-Tariff-Act

https://www.history.com/this-day-in-history/ballinger-pinchot-scandal-erupts

https://www.coursehero.com/file/p5946j2t/What-did-Taft-do-that-angered-progressive-Republicans-Taft-signed-the-Payne/

https://socratic.org/questions/why-did-the-republican-party-split-during-taft-s-administration

https://www.britannica.com/event/United-States-presidential-election-of-1912

https://www.investopedia.com/terms/c/clayton-antitrust-act.asp

https://www.ftc.gov/enforcement/statutes/federal-trade-commission-act

https://www.encyclopedia.com/history/encyclopedias-almanacs-transcripts-and-maps/underwood-tariff-act

https://kids.laws.com/16th-amendment

https://www.federalreserve.gov/faqs/about_12594.htm

http://teacher.scholastic.com/activities/suffrage/history2.htm

https://www.theatlantic.com/politics/archive/2015/11/wilson-legacy-racism/417549/

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-manipulation of the economy to eliminate monopolies and corporate trusts
-trusts are large organizations that own big parts of big businesses

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Trust busting attempts to eliminate monopolies and corporate trusts.

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-Roosevelt's program which set three main goals: conservation, control of corporations, and consumer protection