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In the early stages of The Great Migration more specifically 1915, there very many push factors that the pull factors didn't even really matter. In this account a family was pushed out of the South and into the North because the father of this family was going to be hung for almost no reason at all. The pull factors is that if they move North then he will not get persecuted instead of ending up like his friend who was hung and disgustingly hazed after he was already hung.

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ListenAudio stories from generations affected by lynching.

WatchA film exploring one family's painful past and journey south.

ExploreInteractive maps on the impact of lynching.

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AboutMore about the project and the Equal Justice Initiative.

Strange Fruit

/tarabu-kirkland

It could have very easily been my grandfather hanging on that same tree.

remembering family friend John Hartfield, who was lynched in 1919 in Ellisville, MS.

Tarabu Betserai Kirkland remembers family friend John Hartfield, who was lynched in 1919 in Ellisville, MS.

Tarabu Betserai Kirkland: My mother, she was seven years old when her father came home after midnight in terror, and told my grandmother, "Gather the kids on the first train in the morning," but he had to leave now. So, put yourself in a situation where you're seven, you pack up everything you can fit in the two or three little suitcases that we have, and you leave right away. And then come to the realization that the reason why was because, if he did not, he was going to be hanging from a tree. This was 1915 so any look the wrong way, or even the smallest of slights could inflame the white citizenry.

The story not only involves my grandfather, but the gentleman who he left with, whose name was John Hartfield. They made it to East St. Louis, Illinois, but John Hartfield decided to return back to Ellisville, where he was accused of assaulting a white woman.

And this group of white people decided they could be judge and jury. So he was shot, but he was kept alive in a doctor's office, so that he could be publicly lynched the next day. His lynching was advertised in the Mississippi State Daily News, and the title of the front page newspaper article is JOHN HARTFIELD TO BE LYNCHED BY ELLISVILLE MOB AT 5 O'CLOCK.

Ellisville was a little sleepy town of a thousand, eleven hundred people, but by that afternoon, there were ten thousand people who were there to witness this spectacle. The governor of the state proclaimed that he was powerless to do anything about it.

While he was hanging from the noose around his neck, they dismembered parts of his body as souvenirs, and the crowd randomly shot around two thousand bullets into his hanging body. One of the bullets finally clipped the rope, he fell to the ground, and they burned him on the spot where he fell. And no one was ever held accountable for John Hartfield's death. And if the persons responsible were brought to justice, you would need a courtroom that could accommodate 10,000 people, because that's how many people participated in it.

It could have very easily been my grandfather hanging on that same tree had he gone back to Mississippi. So my family was forced to flee Ellisville, Mississippi, they left everything they owned to start a whole new life again. They did that in East St. Louis, Illinois, and then race riots erupted, which were one of the most violent race riots up to that point. There were groups of white vigilantes roaming the communities where black people live, setting houses on fire. Close to 6,000 African American families left as a result of the violence. Our family was one of them.

And so their next stop was Ohio, and they were visited by a group of klansmen. My mother remembers the incident vividly. They saw the klansmen outside, they saw the cross burning on their lawn, they were all hiding underneath the bed, shaking like a leaf. And this is the third incident of racial terror in her life. And so it's framed the Great Migration in very personal terms in our family.

It's one of the largest migrations of people in the world, from the South to the North. They were fleeing, basically as refugees.

So how do we get through this together? I don't have the answers to that. I just know, we have to keep remembering, and we have to keep telling the story, because how do you get through that if you don't confront history?

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ListenAudio stories from generations affected by lynching. WatchA film exploring one family's painful past and journey south. ExploreInteractive maps on the impact of lynching. Learn MoreJoin our efforts to fight racial injustice today. The ReportThe full report with additional research and materials for educators. AboutMore about the project and the Equal Justice Initiative.

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A photograph of an African American family arriving in Chicago after migrating from the rural South, 1922.

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A photograph of an African American family arriving in Chicago after migrating from the rural South, 1922.

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This picture shows a family who has traveled North to Chicago from rural South. The push factors were these people were segregated into ghettos and this family in the picture has eight people in it and I'm sure these people have a hard time living in segregated areas. On the other side, the pull factors are the advertisements for housing and employment there are first hand stories that are of the success in the north. The Chicago Defender is an example of a promoter for Chicago and moving there which may be why this family had the idea to migrate there.

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Citation Information

"A negro family just arrived in Chicago from the rural South," Digital Public Library of America, http://dp.la/item/301a3b1ef3135e75f77478cccb7da403.

Note: These citations are programmatically generated and may be incomplete.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
A photograph of an African American family arriving in Chicago after migrating from the rural South, 1922.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Citation Information "A negro family just arrived in Chicago from the rural South," Digital Public Library of America, http://dp.la/item/301a3b1ef3135e75f77478cccb7da403. Note: These citations are programmatically generated and may be incomplete.

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The Washington Times: South Unable to Stop Exodus

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The Washington Times: South Unable to Stop Exodus

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This article really is able to convey the point of view from the white people wanting to keep the African Americans from coming to the North and wanting to keep them all in the south.  The African Americans' push factor is that they want to get away from their poor economic conditions and the ongoing racial tension along with oppression of the African Americans from the Jim Crow laws. The pull factors is the higher wages and living conditions compared to the south which is still segregated and unfair for the African Americans.

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Newspaper Page Text

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I
WEATHER FORECAST:
Fair tonight and tomorrow.
(Full Report on Page Two.)
HOME
EDITION
NUMBER 90'62.
WASHINGTON, MONDAY EVENING, OCTOBER 23, 1916.
PRICE ONE CENT.
"X T
rl
;t
IT
FQRFSFESG.O.PiVACKENSEN 'S
MAJ0RITY0F10
IN THE HOUSE
Chairman Woods, of Congress
ional Campaign Committee,
Confident of Success.
MUST CHANGE 12 DISTRICTS
Republican Gain in Sixteen
States Now Seems Sure,
Reports Say.
NEW YORK, Oct. 23. That the next
House 1b to be Republican by a small
but comfortable working majority was
the report made to National Chairman
William R. Wilcox by Congressman
Prank P. Woods, of Iowa, head of the
Republican Congressional campaign
committee.
The committees ha been ' conducting
Its own campaign 'for the election of a
Republican House, with offices In this
city, Washington and Chicago. I Con
gressman Woods, who puts In most of
his tlmo In Washington, conferred with
Mr. Wlllcox and with Senator John W.
Weeks of the Senatorial committee, with
which the Congressional committee la
co-operating.
The fight for the next House of Repre
sentatives has bcon exceedingly bitter
in the lost few weeks, and It was ad
mitted by Republicans that the number
of doubtful districts had Increased rath
er than diminished In this time. It Is
the labor centers which aro causing
trouble.
Adamson Eight-Hour Law Argument
Reports received by the, commltteo
show that Samuel Oompers and the
American Federation of Labor are at
work with speakers and literature In
cvory one of these districts trying to
elect Democratic Congressmen, using
the Adamson law as their chief argu
ment.
The political activities of the federn
tlon. according to those in close touch
with this situation, exceed anything
vever seen, and the labor leaders are
making a terrlflo drlvo In many dis
tricts, which ordinarily would be con
sidered safely Republican. The result
of this has been to make prognostica
tions regarding the Congressional elec
tion difficult
The Democratic majority in tho pres
ent House IS Twenty-three. To insure
a Republican House tho Republicans
must carry at least twelve of the
Democratlo districts and hold their
present strength. While Congressman
Woods and his associates are not ready
ns yet to give out any figured, they
havo told Chairman Wlllcox and other
Republicans here that they expect to
win tho House by at least ten seats.
Estimate Ib Conservative.
This Is a most conservative estimate,
however, and is based on conditions as
they aro at tho present time. It Is the
general belief that conditions will Im
prove in tho next two weeks, and some
(Continued on Second Page.)
Asked One Flower
Of Each Mourner
Will of Wiliam H. Beck, Also Stip
ulated That There Be No
Funeral Sermon.
Disposition of an estate valued at
approximately 00,000 Is made in the
wUl of William II .Beck, filed for pro
bate in the District Supreme Court to
day. "I wish no more than ono slnglo
flower from any single person," says the
testator; "no music, and no religious
services other than those of the Grand
Army, but do wish that any of my
friends who have anything to say will
be allowed to do so, as I prefer this to
the perfunctory sermons by clorgymen."
A sum of $1,600 Is devised by the will
to covor the expenses, traveling and
hotel, of threo friends of tho deceased
to the testator's funeral.
Bequesta of 11,000 each are made to
Children's Hospital, the Homo for In
curables, and tho Kplsoopal, Bye, Ear,
and Throat Hospital.
A dozen or more Government em
ployes, friends of the testator during
his life are made beneficiaries ef be
quests ranging from $100 to 11,009 by
the terms of the will. Among theso
beneficiaries are miss mna .-uorse, miss
Mary K. Bates, Miss Isabel Smith,
Navv Department; Miss Queenle Bmlth,
General Land .Oftlco; Mrs. Clara B.
Taylor. Miss Mary R. Wilcox. Bureau
of Indian Affairs, and Mrs. Nellie K.
Fealy, of tho Department of Agrlcul-
Af'ter numerous other similar be
quests, the testator leaves 150,000 to.
Royel C. Beok. a nephew, of Philadel
phia; $20,000 to Harry C. Beok, an
other nephew; $60,000 to Ada B.
Myers; nnd to Mrs. Mary U. McCoy
35,000 and an annuity of $200 a year.
Valeria R. Myers Is left the residue
of the estato and Is named as execu
tor. WAR HAS EFFECT ON
"MILADY'S LINES"
More Exercise And Less Fattening
Food Responsible.
NEW YORK. Oct. 23. War has mado
German women thin and given them
"elegant lines," according to Mme.
Frieda Hcmpel, Just back from Switz
erland. Where they formerly only attended
to their household duties, they are now
doing patriotic tasks, she says, and,
what Is more, tho pinch of food short
age causes them to eat less fattening
foods. . .. .
Germany wants peace, she declared,
and President Wilson has a great op
portunity to be peacemaker, ,.
ROUTS ROUMANIANS,
T A If IMP rnTQTAM7A
,u
invading forces in Dobrudja upture most
Important Roumanian Seaport and Ter
minus of Railroad; Hailed by Berlin as
Greatest Victory of Campaign.
BERLIN. Oct. 23. Constanza, Roumania.'s greatest seaport,
and only commercial outlet to
Field Marshal Mackensen's armies, it was officially announced tnis
afternoon.
Capture of the city is the greatest single achievement for the
central powers since Roumania entered the war eight weeks ago.
The victory is hailed by German military men as of more imp
portance than all the gains made by the allies since the Somme
offensive began.
Official dispatches from the German and Bulgarian war offices
indicate that the Russo-Roumanians have suffered a disastrous rout.
Smashing northward along the Black Sea coast, Mackensen's
army occupied first the Roumanian port of Tuzla and then swept
onward through strongly fortified Roumanian lines of defense,
marching twelve miles to Constanza in a little more than two days.
The rapidity of the Teutonic advance is accepted as an indi
cation that the Russians and Roumanians became demoralized and
made an extremely disordered retreat.
BERLIN EXPECTED VICTORY.
An official statement from Sofia earlier
In the day, reporting the capture of a
village six miles south of Constanza,
prepared Berlin for news of a great vic
tory. No surprise was manifested hero
when It was announced that Mackcnsen
had pushed on through the ruins of tho
old Trajan's wall and had occupied Con
stanza itself.
Since Roumania entered the war, Rus
sian trasports have been bringing Slav
troops, munitions, and other war sup
plies to the aid of the Roumanians.
TWELVE BODIES ARE
TAKEN FROM MINE
Expect Deaths From Explosion
to Reach Probably Twenty
When Rescue Is Over.
BIRMINGHAM, Ala.. Oct. 23,-The
death list resulting from tho gas ox
plosion In tho Marvel mine, thirty-five
miles south of Birmingham, will con
tain fifteen and possibly twenty names,
it became known today, when the
twelfth body was brought out by res
cuers. They reported at least three
more bodies to be recovered, and there
are Ave other men unaccounted for.
Tho rescue is being directed by Gov
ernment mine-rescue men, and State In
spector C H. Nesbitt Thousands of per
sons crowded about the shaft through
out the night
The mines were tested a few hours
previous to the explosion.
Surgeon's Strange
Death Causes Stir
Dr. Alexander A. Uhlc, Philadel
phia, Dies After Injection of
Cocaine for Operation.
PHILADELPHIA, Oct. 23. Medical
circles in this city have been stirred
to a high pitch by the peculiar death
of Dr. Alexander A. Uhlc, one of the
best-known surgeons In this country.
Joseph R. Stulb declared Dr. Uhle
had died after ho permitted Dr. H. F.
Rldpath to give him an Injection of
cocalno Saturday afternon prior to a
minor throat operation.
Both physicians are well-known
socially, as well ns professionally.
Stulb Is Dr. Utile's Itfe-lonir frlond,
and he accompanied him to witness
the operation. Dr. Uhle collaDsed
Immediately after the Injection, and
died In an ambulance going to the
Methodist Hospital. News of the
death was kept aulet until late yes
terday. Physicians at tho hospital
declared It is their belief that Dr.
Utile's heart was weak, and the drug
brought about a reaction that re
sulted In death.
Steel Hits New
High Record Price
NEW YORK, Oct, 23.-Unlted States
Steel, common, set a new high record
price at 121H. making a gain of $2 a
share during a throe - quartera - of - a - mll -
lion-snare-murwiiH un ma aiuun. ba
change today.
Gains of two or three points were
made by many market leaders, while
several specialities mover1 to new high
record prices.
Wheat Harvest of World
Is 25 Per Cent Below 1915
ROME, Oct. 23. The total wheat har
vest of the world Is estimated by the
International Agricultural Institute as 7
per oent below the averago and 25 per
cent below that of last year.
The Institute's report Includes for the
first time the crop or European Russia,
which It estimates to be 20 per cent less
than that of last year.
ARMYSOUTH
the Black Sea, has fallen before
Large bodies of Russian troops havo
arrived in Roumania through tho port
of Constanza, whoso capture by the cen
tral powers effectually puts an end to
the transportation of re-enforcements
via the Black Sea.
Tho thlrty-flvc-mltc Constanza-Cern.a-voda
railway, leading across the Bn
jibe, Is tho carrier over which Roumania
has derived a large quantity of her sup
pl5".,J The Teutonic- right wing Is now
astride that railway at Constanza. while
Mackensen's center and left wing aro
swinging forward to capturo the re
(Contlnued on Second Page.)
MERCHANTS APPEAL
FOR HALF HOLIDAY
Inform President Wilson of
Wishes of Local Business
Men in Telegram.
Tho Retail Merchants' Association to
day wired President Wilson n press
ing appeal on behalf of the business
men of Washington to grnnl tho Sat
urday halMiollday to department
clerks.
The association has always been an
advocate of tho extension of tho Sat
urday half-holiday to tho entire work
ing year. More than a year ago Sec
retary Charles J. Columbus took ud
the matter with tho heads of the de-
fiartmcnts, and the association author
zed that It bo discussed with Prcsl.
aeni nson.
Many conferences were held with
the heads of the executive depart
ments, but. owing to an opinion of
the Attorney General, then on flle. the
President did not see his way clear
to grant the Saturday half-holiday.
On his return to Washington this
morning President R. 1. Andrews di
rected that a telegram be sent to the
President renewing the associations
appeal, and adding the assurance that
the business men of Washington are
In hearty accord with what has come
to bo a unanimity of sentiment
among the heads of the executive de
partments themselves.
The telegram states:
President Wootlrow Wilson,
Shadow Lawn,
Long Branch, N. J.
Tho Retail Merchants' Association
respectfully renews Its appeal of a.
year ago for tho Huturdny half-holiday
for Government clerks. Its Intro
duction at this time would bo a won
derful help for the early Christmas
shopping movement and for business
generally, which certainly the country
would appreciate.
RETAIL MERCHANTS' ASSOCIA
TION, R. P. ANDREWS, President.
CHARLES J. COLUMBUS, Secretary.
Inspector For Gas
Co. Is Found Dead
Frederick R. Law Discovered In
Governor Hole by Fellow
Workers. Frederick
years old,
R. Law, twenty-seven
an inspector for the
Georgetown Gas Company, was found
dead in one of the governor holes of
the company at Thirty-second street
' oday
and Kllnglo road northwest at noon
He was found by Charles Donohuo
and George Jones, employes of the
company, who hurried him to George
town Hospital in a gas company au
tomobile. Dr. C. Leldell. at the hos
pital, pronounced him dead, presum
ably from Inhaling gas.
Law starHed out. this morntilg with
one of the company's automobile,
and when ho had not boen hoard
from by noon, Donohue and Jonns
were sent out to look for him. Tho
governor hies cntaln the apparatus
from which the flow of gas Into the
nouses in ine street is reguiaiea
Law was a son of Policeman James
Law, for ninny years a mounted man
in the Seventh precinct. He lived in
Grant road northwest. Coroner Is In
vestlgatlng the circumstances of his
death.
UNABLEFIRST OF
TO PUT STOP TO
NEGRO
E
Laborers Get Fast State
Guards in Migration to
' North.
300 PASS THROUGH CAPITAL
Reader of Party, During Stop
Here, Tells How Charges
Got Through.
A batch of D00 negro workmen from
Jacksonville, Fin., consigned to East
ern cities, arrived in Washington
Saturday night. The train came over
the Atlantic Coast Line railroad, and
tho negroes havo already been sent
on to tholr destinations.
The tralntoad of negroes was In
charge of a former Washlngtonlan.
well known In this city, who has
mado Jacksonville his homo for some
yours. Ho talked freely about it. tell
ing tho methods of getting the
negroes past tho State guards, and
other details.
He ktfew of no uollllo.nl nut-nose to
thfl AVnnrtntlnn nt ti.ffm.i frnm tliA
South, seeing In it only the economic
fact of tho men going where they
could get higher wages.
Visited Labor Department.
The conductor of the 300 negroes paid
visits to the Department of Labor and
Justice this morning, to see If his ac
tivities had violated any laws or regu
lations. Officials of both departments
were much Interested in his atntcment,
but would mako no comment on It.
It was learned that up to a few
months ago the Department of Labor
had been transporting labor from the
South to Northern points, where It se
cured them employment. It discon
tinued this practice about August of
this year. Several hundred negroes aro.
understood to havo been brought North
b It bcfnro that time. That its opera
tions In Florida were not without fric
tion with tho local authorities was the
statement of a Florida, man. No reason
was asslgntd by l'b department" for
Its cessation of the transport of negroes
North.
Two conflicting views of the move
ment of negroes from the South to
Northern States have been taken by
high officials here. One of those opin
ions Is to tho effect that tho move
ment Is for political purpose, purely
and simply, and that the negroes are
wanted In certain closely contested
border States to vole the Republican
ticket nnd turn tho election.
Another view that has found favor
In the minds qf offlcluls Is that the
movement is solely nn economic one.
Those holding this view point to the
need for labor, skilled nnd unskilled,
on Northern railroads and Industrial
establishments. That these concerns
aro Instrumental In Imumtlng negroes
from tho South to take the places of
Italians. Ruthenlans, Slovaclcs, and
other foreigners who have In the past
been employed Is urged.
Wanted In Trenton.
"When we wero nearly here," he de
clared, "a man entered the train nnd
approached mo, giving his credentials as
a company representative. 'I want
twenty-five educated ncgroe, men who
can read and write, for Trenton. N. J..'
ho told mo. Ho said that ho wanted
them there to take tho place of baggogo
smashers with a transfer company. Ho
,lrl.r.l thnt lnhnr wan a scarce article
In Trenton, as so many foreigners had
returned to Europe to fight In tho war.
"About 100 of the men I brought with
me went to Baltimore. Others went
farther North. Moat of them went
with a certain large Eastern railroad,
which has been clamoring for men for
some time. I understand that other
Eastern roads Intend to adopt the same
methods to get men." ,
The labor agent declared that an
average of $2 per head was paid by
Eastern cmployors to agents bringing
negroes from the South. He described
the difficulty of getting the men out
of the South, and the subtorfuges
employed. .... .
"It Is six months In Jail In Florida
If vnn nrn nitiirht." ho said.
That 10,000 negroes have been
brought North from tho fitnte of Flor
ida alono was tho estimate of The
Times' Informant, who declared that
tho labor market of tho South wns
being sadly depleted by the exodus
of negroes.
THREE ELECTROCUTED
IN BETHLEHEM PLANT
Tragedy Caused By Electricians'
Mistake, Is Charge.
ALLENTOWN.Pa.. Oct. 23.-A search
Ing Investigation Into tho death of three
men, who wero electrocuted at tho mam
of the Bethlohcm Steol Company last
night. Is under way hero today. Tho
men were tho victims of a mistake by
an electrician, It is charged.
Tho victims, nil electricians, wero re
pairing a h'gh-tenslon wire. It Is sold
nnotho rman turned on tho current.
Four others near tho who narrowly es
caped a similar fate.
Express Earnings
Show Big Increase
Four Hundred Per Cent Rise
in Income Is
Shown.
A 400 per cent Increase In operat
ing income of nine Intorstnto express
companlos during tho fiscal year of
1910 over the fiscal year 1013 was
reported by the Interstate Commerco
Commission today. The figures wero
110,580,000, against 2,656,00.
A total of 1176,000,000 was collected
during the year as express cnareei.
xonus
OF RAILROADS IN U. S.
GIVEN OUT BY I. C. C.
WLBEMh Si-. mB
JUDGE C. A. PROUTY.
BAKER WEI
FOR
ROOSEVELT
Secretary of War an "Amiable
Pacifist Unfit for Present
Position' Says Colonel.
ALBUQUERQUE, N. M.. Oct. 23.
Colonel Roosevelt fairly nto his way
through Albuiiucrque. New Mexico's
largest city, today. Due for a flvo
hour stop, ho wns given n breakfast
roceptlon from 8 to 9:30 and a noon
day banquet from 12 to 1:30 after
he hnd spoken at 10 a. in.
Secrotary of War Baker was the
particular target for Roosovelt's cam
pnlgn dnrta today.
It became known today that tho
Colonel probably will answer the ap
peals of West Virginians and stop in
tnat Ntnie wnen lie goes to Haltlmore
to sneak Monday or Tuesday of next
week.
Tho secret of tho unexpectedly long
stop at Gallup, N. M., came out today.
At Gallup tho Colonel got his worst '
tnste of heckling. Tho Roosevelt spe
cial was supposed to stop less than
five minutes. It was held up twenty
flvo minutes. It has since been learned
that somo ono turned a screw which
kept tho brakes tight until every
brake wns examined nnd the trouble
remedied. Rallrond officials havo
started an Investigation. ,
Roosevelt's speech was largely de-'
voted to an attack on Newton D. I
Baker, Secretnry of War. I
"When men occupy an Improper and
unpatriotic position and seek to Justify
themselves by precedents from tho
(Continued on Second Page.)
Fairfax Man Loses
His Life in Wreck
Engineer John R. Francis Loses
Life in Crash Near Per-
ryman, Md.
WILMINGTON, Del,, Oct. 23.-Taklng
a closed switch at a high lato of speed
near ferryman, Md., early this morn
ing, a Baltimore nnd Ohio freight truln
wns derailed nnd wrecked, nnd En
gineer John R. Francis, of Falrfnx, Vu.,
and Fireman B. R. Randall, of Coak
ley, Md., wero Instantly killed.
Whiln tho englno nnd thirteen cars
wero piled up on tho tracks, a light en
glno cnisnca Into the wreckage, Injur
ing fireman Algard, who was removed
to a Baltimore hospital.
Trafllc was dolayed by tho wreck
until 10 o'clock this morning. All trains
being switched over tho Pennsylvania
lines between Bay View and this city.
Flier Drops Flowers
For Mrs. Wilson's Grave
ROME, Ga., Oct. 23.-A wreath of
flowers entwined with an American
flag, was dropped from a height of
1,400 feot by John Green, nn aviator, on
tho cemetery hore In which Mro, Ellon
Wilson, wlfo of tho President, Is burled.
The wreath wns placed on Mrs. Wil
son's grave as Homo's tribute to her
memory.
British Steamer Sunk.
LONDON, Oct. 23. The British steam
er Fortuna has been sunk. Ten of tho
crew were landed today, but It is be
lieved the captain and fifteen others
were drowned.
VALUATIONS
LAKE ERIE STORM
SHAFTSTOLL IS GROWING
Feared Another Steamer Has
Foundered With Its Crew of
Twenty-five Men.
TOLEDO, Ohio, Oct. a. Tho steamer Congress that tho roads of tho United
Matthews. Captain Cunningham, ar- States were overcapitalized and their
rived here early today with tho bodies security Issues badly watered,
of three sailors wearing life belts of tho j p,.i n.it-
steamer Merldo. Tho Mcrida was bound ., 1 uencral
for Buffalo, and was duo last Saturday. I ,Int,.,Vas,8l,vn T8 ' Pnlon of offl-
The Mcrida, owned by James Play- SftL" "' nlh" , ,ntf" C"merco
fair, of Midland. Ontario, sailed from ol?,',l"n y ,' .he. """"J"8
Fort William. Ontario, with a crew of Son nn.,!, n '?"!! '" th C?UniY
twenty-nve. tho middle of last week. .M ?.,, ?!!!' j"""
Th Mri,lA u-n ln.t Hn Frlrtnv morn- cou,d down and that omo
The Mcrida was last seen JTiaay morn-! roatI( -wou,d De round neaViiy orer-
Ing at 10 o'clock by tho Btcamcr Briton capitalized nnd some would not
off tho Southeast shoals. Lake Erie. What tho aggregate for the country
Tlho bodies were picked up by the' W'H show when the valuation U fln
Matthev.s oft Port Stanley, Ontario. Bevoral ye" nce Is specula-
yesterday morning. The tontatlvo valuation figures, as
Tho Mcrldn. bound for Buffalo, was given out today, ascribo to the Texas
under tho command of Cupt. H. 8. Midland, with 111 miles, a value, less
Jones, of Buffalo. Fear wns expressed depreciation, of 2,C27,417.
today tnat to ine long nsi or casuniucs
from tho lake storm will bo added ull of
the crew of tho Mcrida.
Thirty-four dead Is tho known toll now
of tho storm, with twenty-one of the
Merida's crew unaccounted for.
Tho report of Cnpt. Alexander Mc
Donald of tho Harvey Goulder that ho
had found the Inke "full of wrcckago"
which ho could not Identify, caused tho
fear that other steamers ns yet unre
ported may have foundered with loss of
Capt. Walter J. Grashaw. Cleveland
blnn.. irn. tltA nnlv Hlirvlvnt nt thn
whalebark Jamen 13. Colgato s crow of
twenty-five. Ho was picked up from a
rnfY vVntVninv nff fonnoiiut rcpruuucuoii 01 roan ana equipment.
pLfthi Ciinnlnghnm reported tho depreciation Is not taken Into con
bom?, were "frond flY"y iX we.t of ;ldc?"' C0,It reproduction U
Long Point, Ontario. Ho said tho r;!,",,u; , . , .. ... .
freighter Charlotto G. Brlctung also had . ,T o total outstanding capital and lla
plcked UP four bodies In the sumo vl- ! WHtlM of tho company, us of June W.
clnity. believed to havo been from the . !2!4; '", ,vel by tho commission as $54,
Merlda. taking them to Sandwich, On- Lli 6.H.
tiro. The Merida's homo port Is Chi- In addition, thcio were outstanding
iiJo $4,994,(00 of receiver's certificates and
Homo unidentified wrcckago has been certain other paper, whoso liability the
sighted Atlanta company shaicd with a con-
Search was begun today for tho forty- structlon company,
one missing, though llttlo hope was i The road has $3.000,ft common nnd
held out that any would bu found I $lo,000,000 preferred stock, nnd a total
alive ' of WWW mortgogo bonds outstand-
Tho storm was tho most disastrous lng In addition to equipment notes and
Ijko KVlO lias seen since mo ureal
Lakes storm of November, 1013, when
sovontccn vessels weni aown.
Margate England,
Attacked From Air
Man And Woman Slightly Injured
And Hotel Damaged by Bombs
from Zeppelins.
LONDON, Oct. 23. Tho English
watering place of Margate, eighty
mU.es southeast of London, was raid-
od by German air torces inia inurniuK,
and throo bombs dropped, It was offl-
I dally announced thU afternoon.
I The Cllftonvllle Hotel wns slightly
damaged and a man and woman wero
slightly injured
BERLIN (via wireless to Sayvlllo),
Oct. 23. "A German seaplnno squud
ron successfully bombarded llrltlnh
sea forces off the Flanders coast Sat
urday afternoon," It was officially
announced todny. "One hit wns ob
served upon a destroyer. All raiders,
In spite of heavy shelling, returned
unharmed." '
MUCH 'ITER' FOUND
III CAPITAL OFIE
Atlanta, Birmingham and Atlan
tic's, Liabilities Declared to
Exceed Its Worth.
HETTY GREEN ROAD IS 0. K.
Texas Midland Value Placed
High Above Its Capitaliza
tion Subject to Review.
The Interstate Commerce Com
mission tofiay began answering tho
question :
"Are the railroads of America
overcapitalized?"
Tentative valuations of two rail
roads, as made by the physical val
uation division, of which Judge' C.
A. Prouty is the head, were an-'
nounced through the commission.
These roads are the Texas Mid
land, and the Atlanta, Birmingham
and Atlantic, both well-known line
1 nP .t. C...U
FIRST TO BE VALUED.
These aro tho first roads in tho Country
whose valuations havo been tentatively
finished, subject to review by the en
tire commission.
In the caso of tho Texas Midland,
which Is known ns tho Hetty Green
road. It Is found that Its value exceeds
Its capitalization. But in tho caso of
tho Atlanta, Birmingham and Atlantic,
It Is found that tho capital and liabili
ties outstanding are far In excess of
the valuation figures of the commission.
When tho physical valuation law
was passed It was declared freely In
, " mu iui vi reproduction ann
Is exclusive of certain land. The
capital stock and mortgage Indebted
ness Is $2,112,000. Of this, $112,000 Is
capital stock at par.
Value More Than Liabilities.
Comparison of valuation nnd of the
capital and mortgage liability against
tho road shows that Its value exceeds
tho paper ugnlnst It.
The Atlanta, Birmingham, and Atlan
tic, with a llttlo over C33 miles, Is given
a valuation, with depreciation allowed
for, of $18,071,930. This is the cost of
: iotivw" uun-.-i.
Results Now Expected.
Tho fixing of tho tentative valuations
of tho two roads nnmed Indicates that
the operations of the physical valuation
division havo reached a point where
they will show results. Flgures'bn other
roads will bo unuounccd In the near
futuie.
Tho next question Is whether the roads
will be nbto to combat successfully the
figures tentatively sot forth. In tho
announcement by (ho commission to- ,
dny, It Ic stated tho roads will havo
thirty days from November 1 to file
protests to tho commission.
If they make p. showing In protest,
their objections will be heard. Other
wise the commission will order the fig
ures of the physical valuation division
to stand.
Surveys ProRrcsslnR Rapidly.
Such rapid progress has been made In
tho field survey work In valuing the
roads that In round numbors tho survey
of 100,000 of tho iJO,oSo miles of road In
this country has been complotcd.
Tho survey Is going aheud at the rate
of 60,000 miles u year and In threo years
more will be finished.
It will tako a year after that for the
valuation division to complete Its of
fice work and the fixing of prloes.
But In the meantime, prices will be
computed on one road after another a
Bl ROAD
1

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The Washington times. [volume] (Washington [D.C.]) 1902-1939, October 23, 1916, HOME EDITION, Image 1

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Search America's historic newspaper pages from 1789-1963 or use the U.S. Newspaper Directory to find information about American newspapers published between 1690-present. Chronicling America is sponsored jointly by the National Endowment for the Humanities external link and the Library of Congress.

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During the 20th century, Chicago was known  Chicago was known as 'The Land of Promise'. Immigrants and slaves were both equally attracted to this because they saw the higher pay oppurtunities, surplus of wealth and jobs, and realized that most of their friends were going to Chicago too.

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American Experience | The Great Migration: From Mississippi to Chicago | Season 15 | PBS

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In the 20th century, hundreds of thousands of African-Americans moved North.

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Congressman Robert DeLarge's speech was very important in the process of immigration and moving to the North because he was guaranteeing rights to anyone who was born in the United States. He fought for the 14th Amendment, and immigrants would be drawn to this because they would have their children in the United States and then they would be U.S citizens, even if their parents were not.

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Courtesy U.S. Library of Congress (LC-BH83- 1809)
Robert Carlos DeLarge served as a Republican member of the U.S. Congress less than a full term. He was elected in 1870 and began his term on March 4, 1871. However he left Congress on January 24, 1873 within two months of the completion of his term when the seat was declared vacant as the result of an election challenge initiated by Christopher C. Bowen, his Democratic opponent. After he left Congress DeLarge served as a local magistrate until his death in Charleston on February 14, 1874. One of DeLarge's speeches appears below. Here he calls for the enforcement of the Fourteenth Amendment to the Constitution which guarantees citizenship to all African Americans while defending his fellow black South Carolinians against the charge of supporting a fiscally irresponsible government.
Mr. Speaker: I had supposed that in the consideration of this matter of legislation for the South party lines would not have been so distinctly drawn, but that we would have at least first endeavored to ascertain whether or no there was any necessity for the legislation, and then decide what kind of legislation would be best. I say I did not expect that party lines would be drawn so distinctly while considering a matter of such grave import.

I believe that if there was a single gentleman upon the floor of this House who, before the commencement of this debate, doubted that lawlessness, confusion, and anarchy existed in some portions of the South, he is at least cured of that doubt by this time. Gentlemen upon both sides of the House have in their speeches acknowledged, and, by the evidence produced, proven to my satisfaction, and, I believe, to the satisfaction of a majority of the members of this House, that such a state of affairs does exist in some portions of the southern states.

I am free to say that none can bring the charge to my door of ever having acted in a manner that would be termed illiberal. I am also free to say that I, like other gentlemen upon the floor of this House, have the honor of representing a district in which no case of outlawry has ever occurred. Since the time of reconstruction no outrage has been committed in my district; and I say frankly to you today that until within the last few months no one upon the face of god's earth could have convinced me that any secret organization existed in my State for the purpose of committing murder, arson, or other outrages upon the lives, liberty, and property of the people; and, sir, I sincerely deplore and lament the abundance of that evidence which so plainly proves the existence of such an organization today. Would to God, sir, that the fair fame of the State of my birth, and which I have the honor in part to represent, had not been marred by the wicked deeds of these outlaws, who shrink from no cruelty, who spare no sex nor station to carry out their devilish purposes.

But, sir, I cannot shut my eyes to facts; I cannot refuse to yield my faith to tales of horror so fully proven; and I am thoroughly convinced that it is necessary to do something to cure these awful wrongs. I am free to admit that neither the Republicans of my State nor the Democrats of that State can shake their garments and say that they have had no hand in bringing about this condition of affairs. Both parties are responsible for it. As a member of the Republican party I may state, while demanding legislation on behalf of all the citizens there, that both parties to a considerable extent are responsible for this condition of things. Sir, it is necessary that we should legislate upon this subject. The Governor of my State has called upon the Executive of this country for assistance and protection. He has stated distinctly in that call that he is unable to preserve the public peace in some districts of that State. That is something which we must all admit. That is not denied by the Democrats of South Carolina. Some of them doubtless rejoice in this, because they can throw the blame, as they think, upon the administration of the State, which is in the hands of their political foes. It is not now the question, what is the cause which has brought about this condition of affairs. It is useless, except for the purpose of gaining partisan credit or fixing partisan odium, now to charge the blame here or there. But, sir, the naked facts stare us in the face, that this condition of affairs does exist, and that it is necessary for the strong arm of the law to interpose and protect the people in their lives, liberty, and property.

Just here allow me to make a suggestion. If the gentlemen on this side of the House propose to legislate for the benefit of the people of the South, I tell them, and say it fully conscious of the responsibility that rests upon me in saying it, that while legislation is necessary, yet unless they are ready to concede along with this legislation for the protection of the loyal people of the South some accompanying measure to go hand in hand with this and remove as far as in our power rests some of the evils that have brought about the existing condition of things, neither this legislation nor any other that you may pass from now until the hour of doom will be of any benefit. I speak knowing what I say.

Mr. Speaker, when the Governor of my State the other day called in council the leading men of that State, to consider the condition of affairs there and to advise that measure would be best for the protection of the people, whom did he call together? The major portion of the men whom he convened were men resting under political disabilities imposed by the fourteenth amendment. In good faith I ask gentlemen on this side of the House, and gentlemen on the other side, whether it is reasonable to expect that these men should be interested, in any shape or form, in using their influence and best endeavors for the preservation of the public peace, when they have nothing to look for politically in the future? You say they should have the moral and material interest of their State at heart, though even always to be denied a participation in its honors. You may insist that the true patriot seeks no personal ends in the acts of patriotism. All this is true; but, Mr. Speaker, men are but men everywhere, and you ought not to expect of those whom you daily call by opprobrious epithets, whom you daily remind of their political sins, whom you persistently exclude from places of the smallest trust in the Government you have created, to be very earnest to cooperate with you in the work of establishing and fortifying governments set up in hostility to the whole tone of their prejudices, their convictions, and their sympathies. What ought to be is one thing, what in the weakness and fallibility of human nature will be is quite another thing. The statesman regards the actual and acts upon it; the desirable, the possible, and even the probable furnishes but poor basis for political action.

If I had time I would enumerate some of the causes which have brought about the existing state of affairs. I am not here to apologize for murderers; I am not here to defend any one who has committed any act of impropriety or wrong. But, sir, it is a fact, I do not give it as any or even the slightest excuse for the Democrats of my State, who, by their influence secretly or by joining in armed organization, have brought about this condition of affairs-it is a fact, unfortunately for us, that our party has done some things which give color to the charge that it is responsible to some degree for the evils which afflict us.

When I heard the gentleman from New York [Mr. Cox] on Tuesday last hurl his shafts against the members of my race, charging that their ignorance they had brought about these excesses, I though he should have remembered that for the ignorance of that portion of the people he and his party associates are responsible, not those people themselves. While there may have been extravagance and corruption resulting from the placing of improper men in official positions-these evils have been brought about by men identified with the race to which the gentleman from New York belongs, and by our race.

Many men like himself, in order to get a better position in society or officially, came down among us, and, not knowing them, we placed them in position. If we, through ignorance, have placed them in position, have placed them in power, and they have deceived us, it is no fault of ours. In this connection I desire to have read a part of the remarks of the gentleman from New York on Tuesday last. The Clerk read as follows: "South Carolina has been infested by the worst local government ever vouchsafed to a people. Ignorance, bribery, and corruption are common in her Legislature. Bond by the million are issued, the public debt increased, and nothing to show for it. The debt in 1860 was but $3,691,574. It was last year $11,429,711; and this year no one knows whether it is twenty or thirty millions, nor how much is counterfeit or genuine! Her rulers contrived new burdens in order to blunder more. On full valuation of real and personal property of $183,913,367 the people pay this year sixteen mills on the dollar as a State tax and four mills county tax.

"This is for 1870 and 1871, and amounts in all to $4,095,047, to which $300,000 is to be added for poll tax. In other words, the value of the property is reduced from $489,000,000 before the war to $188,000,000, and the tax raised from $400,000 to $4,250,000, or ten times as much. It is two and a half per cent, on full valuation, and only chronic insecurity and disorder as the consideration! This is done by those who pay no taxes, who squander what is paid, who use the means to arm negro militia and create a situation of terror, from which men rush into secret societies for defense of homes, mothers, sisters, wives, and children.

"Add to these grievances the intolerable exactions of the Federal Government, not only in taxes, but in laws, and it should give us pause before we place that people at the mercy of an inferior race, a vindictive party, a court-martial, and a hostile President. The people in their agony in that State actually clamored for United States troops to save them from the rapacity and murder of the negro bands and their white allies. Can we not understand why men, born free, should rise, or, if not rise with safety, that they are compelled to hide in Ku Klux or other secret clans, and strike against this ruin and desolation, peculation and violence, and that, too, when it is done by those who are not of their race and but lately in their midst?

MR. DE LARGE. I desire to correct the statement made by the gentleman from New York, that the State tax of South Carolina for 1870 is only nine mills on the dollar for 1871, seven mills, not as he states, sixteen mills. I have already alluded to the ignorance referred to in the gentleman's remarks. Before closing I desire to say that I hope the House will adopt the substitute of the gentleman from Ohio. I am prepared to vote for that substitute, while I am free to admit that I did not intend to vote for the bill as originally reported.

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(1871) Congressman Robert C. DeLarge, "Speech on the Enforcement of the Fourteenth Amendment" * BlackPast

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Robert Carlos DeLarge served as a Republican member of the U.S. Congress less than a full term. He was elected in 1870 and began his term on March 4, 1871. However he left Congress on January 24, 1873 within two months of the completion of ... Read More(1871) Congressman Robert C.

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Construction Workers Posing Outside of City Hall

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Construction Workers Posing Outside of City Hall

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In this picture a group of African American workers are shown outside of city hall while on their break. These are some of the first free African American workers who worked in a government, whether it was local or national. These workers came up to the North from the South seeking higher pay and more fair treatment.

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Construction workers posing at City Hall construction site

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This photgraph really captures what the early 1900s in America was really like. This photograph shows workers packed in, in bad condition, while doing boring and repetive jobs. However, these factories brough many jobs. The pull factor to these areas were in fact these jobs. Regardless of them being boring and repetetive, there was a such a need for money that they really needed the money no matter how they got it. The push factor rom the South was a lot of times racist discrimination. It was very hard to find jobs because of their race, not to mention that the South was less industrialized; meaning less jobs available.

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Citation Information

"Negro women employed on power machines in a large apron factory," Digital Public Library of America, http://dp.la/item/b5db2f1e87d3358de57693fc7e0c4b3a.

Note: These citations are programmatically generated and may be incomplete.

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A 1922 photograph from Chicago captioned "Negro women employed on power machines in a large apron factory."

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Citation Information "Negro women employed on power machines in a large apron factory," Digital Public Library of America, http://dp.la/item/b5db2f1e87d3358de57693fc7e0c4b3a. Note: These citations are programmatically generated and may be incomplete.

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In this source, there are quotes from an unknown man but they descrbed him as, "an educated African American man." He explains the benefits of moving to the North, such as higher wages. The push factors to get out of the South was that the African American were gettng heavily discriminated against. A lot of times, they could not find work because employers did not want African Americans working for them. A huge pull factor to the North was that the wages in the North were 15-25 percent higher than they were in the South. This attractive stat is something that many people back then and even today could not refuse.

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This artwork by Lawerence shows a densy packed crowd packed into departure gates. There are three gates in the area: Chicago, St. Louis, and New York. The major pull factor to these cities were the opportunity of labor. These cities were incredibly industrial and the factories were huge, meaning there were many job openings which were attractive to those in the South. Not only this, but the need for labor was something that African Americans wuld do anything for. Their families depended on them, and they needed to provide.  Also, the South was a lot less industrial than the North, meaning less jobs.

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A painting of the Great Migration by Jacob Lawrence, 1917.

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The Digital Public Library of America brings together the riches of America’s libraries, archives, and museums, and makes them freely available to the world.