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it was the first organisms to be modified in the laboratory, due to their simple genetics.

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Transgenic animals are animals that had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into their genome. Such animals are most commonly created by the micro injection of DNA into the pro nuclei of a fertilized egg which is subsequently implanted into the oviduct of a pseudo pregnant surrogate mother.

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mice, rats, rabbits, pigs, sheep, and cows

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Genetically modified bacteria were the first organism to be modified in the laboratory

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Genetically modified bacteria - Wikipedia

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Genetically modified bacteria were the first organisms to be modified in the laboratory, due to their simple genetics. These organisms are now used for several purposes, and are particularly important in producing large amounts of pure human proteins for use in medicine.

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Genetically modified bacteria were the first organisms to be modified in the laboratory, due to their simple genetics.  Plasmid is used in Transgenic Bacteria. It can be used to make Insulin

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Bacteria
the genetic engineered bacteria is expensive so they have to produce it on a industrial level so it can be more available to the public. the us of bacteria is for medicine and protein production.

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A transgenic animal is an organism whose genetic material has been altered using genetic engineering.

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bacteria was the first organisms to be genetically engineered. they are used for replicating and altering genes that are subsequently introduced into plants or animals. Genetically modified bacteria are used to produce large amounts of proteins for industrial use.Other uses for genetically modified bacteria include bio-remediation where the bacteria are used to convert pollutants into a less toxic form.

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Rediscovering Biology - Online Textbook: Unit 13 Genetically Modified Organisms

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Teacher resources and professional development across the curriculum

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Transgenic plants are plants that have genetically engineered,a breeding approach that uses recombinant DNA techniques to create new plants with new characteristics.

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Genetically modified bacteria were the first organisms to be modified in lab. Companies are testing whether genetically modified bacteria can treat conditions that effect the body. They are particularly important in producing large amounts of pure human proteins for use in medicine. Examples of medicines used:

Insulin.

hepatitis b vaccine.

Tissue plasminogen activator.

growth hormone.

Ice-minus bacteria.

Interferon.

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Transgenic plants are plants that has had one or more genes from another plant put into it's genome.
this can be used to modify plants to make bigger produce and have shorter growing periods and to be resistant to pesticides.Farmer mainly use transgenic plants for the production of their crops.
https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=LEmS43Vyj_g

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Transgenic Animals are exogenous DNA integrated in their germ line. The models of human disease can be useful for preclinical drug testing. Transgenic mice have been engineered to express human antibodies introducing large segments of human DNA encoding human immunoglobulin genes.

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Transgenic Animal - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

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Transgenic animals are those that, as a consequence of experimental DNA transfer application, have exogenous DNA integrated in their germ line. The integrated DNA may or may not derive from the same species as the host genome; it may or may not encode for a functional gene; and it may or may not be targeted to an intended site of incorporation in the genome.

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Transgenic animals can be used for the advance of the generation of pigs organs used in patients.

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Transgenic Animal - an overview | ScienceDirect Topics

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
Transgenic animals are those that, as a consequence of experimental DNA transfer application, have exogenous DNA integrated in their germ line. The integrated DNA may or may not derive from the same species as the host genome; it may or may not encode for a functional gene; and it may or may not be targeted to an intended site of incorporation in the genome.

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Transgenic bacteria are bacteria which have been artificially altered at the genetic level. Transgenic bacteria can be used to synthesize large quantities of proteins for commercial use, or as vectors for genes to be cloned into another organism.
Bacteria-synthesized transgenic products

Insulin.

Hepatitis B vaccine.

Tissue plainsmen activator.

Human growth hormone.

Ice-minus bacteria.

Interferon.

Bt corn.

Terra-forming § Other possibilities.

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People often take medicines to rid themselves of problem bacteria. Now, a counterintuitive approach - turning genetically modified bacteria into medicines - is gaining ground.

Several companies are testing whether engineered bacteria can treat conditions that affect the brain, liver and other organs - and even kill other, harmful microbes. But although US regulators have approved trials of several types of engineered bacteria as a form of gene therapy, questions remain about whether microbes' ability to share DNA with one another will create long-term safety risks.

The idea of using bacteria to deliver gene therapies first surfaced in the 1990s, but early clinical trials met with mixed results. Interest in the approach has increased in recent years amid mounting evidence that the bacteria that live in the body - the microbiome - can influence human health. Researchers are looking to treat disease by modifying microbes that are normally found in people or foods they consume.

Matthew Chang, a synthetic biologist at the National University of Singapore, says that genetically modified bacteria have the potential to treat many types of disease. His group is engineering the gut bacteria Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus to recognize and destroy harmful microbes. "It's a rapidly growing area," says Chang, who adds that he is in talks with regulators in Singapore about starting clinical trials.
Missing piece
One strain of research is aimed at treating the genetic disorder phenylketonuria. People with the condition are deficient in an enzyme that breaks down the amino acid phenylalanine, which causes neurological damage if it builds up in the body. At the American Society for Microbiology's annual meeting in Atlanta, Georgia, earlier this month, researchers from the biotechnology firm Synlogic in Cambridge, Massachusetts, reported that E. coli modified to produce an enzyme that degrades phenylalanine, and a protein that moves it from blood to cells, reduced levels of the amino acid in monkeys' blood by more than half compared with animals in a control group.

The company started clinical trials in healthy human volunteers in April, and will begin testing the bacteria in people with phenylketonuria as soon as it concludes that the therapy is safe, says chief executive Aoife Brennan. In April, Synlogic began a trial of engineered E. coli that make enzymes to clear the toxic build-up of ammonia in the blood of people with metabolic liver diseases.

Another firm, Intrexon of Germantown, Maryland, has altered Lactococcus lactis, a bacterium used in cheese production, to make a protein that protects the outer layers of the skin. One ongoing clinical trial that has enrolled about 200 people with cancer is testing whether an L. lactis mouthwash can prevent oral sores that are a side effect of chemotherapy. In July, the company will begin dosing people who have diabetes with a different form of L. lactis that produces both the precursor to human insulin and an immune protein that enhances cells' ability to respond to insulin.

Both Intrexon and Synlogic have engineered their bacteria to make it less likely that they will establish colonies in the body. P﻿atients would have take the modified microbes regularly to ensure consistent doses of the therapeutic molecules they produce. But other companies are pursuing treatments that would create colonies of﻿ transgenic bacteria in the body.

The biotechnology firm Osel in Mountain View, California, plans to seek US government approval later this year for a strain of Lactobacillus that has been engineered to prevent HIV transmission. Studies have shown that naturally high levels of Lactobacillus in the vagina can help to protect women against HIV. Osel is attempting to enhance the bacteria's protective properties by modifying it to carry a human protein that prevents HIV from infecting immune cells.
Safety concerns
Challenges remain before these engineered bacteria can enter the market. Scientists need a better understanding of how the bacteria interact with the body, Brennan says, because their effects are less straightforward than those of drugs.

Then there is the risk that the microbes could pass the human genes they carry to other bacteria in the body, with unknown consequences. Several companies have attempted to prevent this sort of exchange by altering the chromosomes of a bacterium, rather than its plasmids - tiny pieces of DNA that bacteria pass back and forth. They have also built in biological 'kill switches' that would prevent the microbes from surviving outside the body.

This strategy can fail, however. A group led by immunologist Simon Carding of the University of East Anglia in Norwich, UK, engineered Bacteroides ovatus to treat colitis, an inflammation of the intestine, by modulating the immune system. The group tried to prevent its bacterium from surviving outside the body by making it dependent on a molecule, thymidine, produced by naturally occurring gut bacteria. The scientists also took care to edit the bacterium's chromosome, rather than its plasmids.

But just 72 hours after the scientists fed the bacteria to mice, they found that B. ovatus had passed its modified gene to other microbes in the animals' guts - and acquired genes that allowed it to live without thymidine.

The experience caused Carding to abandon efforts to develop bacteria as therapies. "It's potentially harmful if it's not properly controlled," he says. "If you've got no control over other bacteria acquiring this foreign gene, others could be producing the protein as well."

Synlogic, Osel and other companies say they have never observed this type of gene transfer but agree that it is possible. "The microbes are extremely smart and they know how to survive,"﻿ says Chang. It remains to be seen, he adds, whether engineering bacteria to colonize the body or die out quickly is a better approach - but the answer could emerge as the current set of clinical trials wraps up﻿s in the next few years.
Sign up for the daily Nature Briefing email newsletter
Stay up to date with what matters in science and why, handpicked from Nature and other publications worldwide.

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Genetically modified bacteria enlisted in fight against disease

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People often take medicines to rid themselves of problem bacteria. Now, a counterintuitive approach - turning genetically modified bacteria into medicines - is gaining ground. Several companies are testing whether engineered bacteria can treat conditions that affect the brain, liver and other organs - and even kill other, harmful microbes.

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Transgenic plants are plants into which one or more genes from another species have been introduced into the genome, using genetic engineering processes. Techniques include the biolistic method—in which a heavy metal is coated with plasmid DNA is shot into cells—and Agrobacterium tumefaciens mediated transformation

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TRANSGENIC PLANTS
A Transgenic Plant is one that contains a gene.

EXAMPLES- Banana, Corn, and Tobacco.

Techniques include the biolistic method, in which a heavy metal is coated with Plasmid DNA.

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Examples: Bacillus thuringiensis
Agrobacterium

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.readable_text
People often take medicines to rid themselves of problem bacteria. Now, a counterintuitive approach - turning genetically modified bacteria into medicines - is gaining ground.

Several companies are testing whether engineered bacteria can treat conditions that affect the brain, liver and other organs - and even kill other, harmful microbes. But although US regulators have approved trials of several types of engineered bacteria as a form of gene therapy, questions remain about whether microbes' ability to share DNA with one another will create long-term safety risks.

The idea of using bacteria to deliver gene therapies first surfaced in the 1990s, but early clinical trials met with mixed results. Interest in the approach has increased in recent years amid mounting evidence that the bacteria that live in the body - the microbiome - can influence human health. Researchers are looking to treat disease by modifying microbes that are normally found in people or foods they consume.

Matthew Chang, a synthetic biologist at the National University of Singapore, says that genetically modified bacteria have the potential to treat many types of disease. His group is engineering the gut bacteria Escherichia coli and Lactobacillus to recognize and destroy harmful microbes. "It's a rapidly growing area," says Chang, who adds that he is in talks with regulators in Singapore about starting clinical trials.
Missing piece
One strain of research is aimed at treating the genetic disorder phenylketonuria. People with the condition are deficient in an enzyme that breaks down the amino acid phenylalanine, which causes neurological damage if it builds up in the body. At the American Society for Microbiology's annual meeting in Atlanta, Georgia, earlier this month, researchers from the biotechnology firm Synlogic in Cambridge, Massachusetts, reported that E. coli modified to produce an enzyme that degrades phenylalanine, and a protein that moves it from blood to cells, reduced levels of the amino acid in monkeys' blood by more than half compared with animals in a control group.

The company started clinical trials in healthy human volunteers in April, and will begin testing the bacteria in people with phenylketonuria as soon as it concludes that the therapy is safe, says chief executive Aoife Brennan. In April, Synlogic began a trial of engineered E. coli that make enzymes to clear the toxic build-up of ammonia in the blood of people with metabolic liver diseases.

Another firm, Intrexon of Germantown, Maryland, has altered Lactococcus lactis, a bacterium used in cheese production, to make a protein that protects the outer layers of the skin. One ongoing clinical trial that has enrolled about 200 people with cancer is testing whether an L. lactis mouthwash can prevent oral sores that are a side effect of chemotherapy. In July, the company will begin dosing people who have diabetes with a different form of L. lactis that produces both the precursor to human insulin and an immune protein that enhances cells' ability to respond to insulin.

Both Intrexon and Synlogic have engineered their bacteria to make it less likely that they will establish colonies in the body. P﻿atients would have take the modified microbes regularly to ensure consistent doses of the therapeutic molecules they produce. But other companies are pursuing treatments that would create colonies of﻿ transgenic bacteria in the body.

The biotechnology firm Osel in Mountain View, California, plans to seek US government approval later this year for a strain of Lactobacillus that has been engineered to prevent HIV transmission. Studies have shown that naturally high levels of Lactobacillus in the vagina can help to protect women against HIV. Osel is attempting to enhance the bacteria's protective properties by modifying it to carry a human protein that prevents HIV from infecting immune cells.
Safety concerns
Challenges remain before these engineered bacteria can enter the market. Scientists need a better understanding of how the bacteria interact with the body, Brennan says, because their effects are less straightforward than those of drugs.

Then there is the risk that the microbes could pass the human genes they carry to other bacteria in the body, with unknown consequences. Several companies have attempted to prevent this sort of exchange by altering the chromosomes of a bacterium, rather than its plasmids - tiny pieces of DNA that bacteria pass back and forth. They have also built in biological 'kill switches' that would prevent the microbes from surviving outside the body.

This strategy can fail, however. A group led by immunologist Simon Carding of the University of East Anglia in Norwich, UK, engineered Bacteroides ovatus to treat colitis, an inflammation of the intestine, by modulating the immune system. The group tried to prevent its bacterium from surviving outside the body by making it dependent on a molecule, thymidine, produced by naturally occurring gut bacteria. The scientists also took care to edit the bacterium's chromosome, rather than its plasmids.

But just 72 hours after the scientists fed the bacteria to mice, they found that B. ovatus had passed its modified gene to other microbes in the animals' guts - and acquired genes that allowed it to live without thymidine.

The experience caused Carding to abandon efforts to develop bacteria as therapies. "It's potentially harmful if it's not properly controlled," he says. "If you've got no control over other bacteria acquiring this foreign gene, others could be producing the protein as well."

Synlogic, Osel and other companies say they have never observed this type of gene transfer but agree that it is possible. "The microbes are extremely smart and they know how to survive,"﻿ says Chang. It remains to be seen, he adds, whether engineering bacteria to colonize the body or die out quickly is a better approach - but the answer could emerge as the current set of clinical trials wraps up﻿s in the next few years.
Sign up for the daily Nature Briefing email newsletter
Stay up to date with what matters in science and why, handpicked from Nature and other publications worldwide.

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.title
Genetically modified bacteria enlisted in fight against disease

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
People often take medicines to rid themselves of problem bacteria. Now, a counterintuitive approach - turning genetically modified bacteria into medicines - is gaining ground. Several companies are testing whether engineered bacteria can treat conditions that affect the brain, liver and other organs - and even kill other, harmful microbes.

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They are important for researching human disease to help find a cure. Mice have been genetically modified to that they produce antibodies naturally.

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Transgenic animals have genes from other species inserted into their genomes

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Transgenic animals are animals (most commonly mice) that have had a foreign gene deliberately inserted into their genome. This resource gives you everything you need to know about transgenic animals in medicine.

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Scientists have created tomatoes that will resist frost by using genes of a cold water fish.

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ActionBioscience - promoting bioscience literacy

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ActionBioscience.org examines bioscience issues in biodiversity, environment, genomics, biotechnology, evolution, new frontiers in the sciences, and education. Includes peer-reviewed articles, class lessons, and educator resources

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The transgenic plant have the potential to rapidly improve crop productivity. potential to produce medicines inexpensively. Potential to improve food safety by removing allergens from plant products.

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Mostly used for producing large amounts of proteins for use in medicine. Engineered strains of E coli and other microbes are being tested in people to fight a lot of illnesses

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Some Transgenic Animals are sheep, goats, cattle, and rats

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some things are - tobacco, corn, tomato, potato, banana, alfalfa and canola.

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Transgenic plants: Types, benefits, public concerns and future

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The alteration of crops to improve their production was performed through the basis of selection before the creation of transgenics. This selection ha...