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Intercostal muscles
When internal intercostal muscles become more horizontal and the ribs move down, closer together, they contract and get shorter.
External Intercostal muscles contract and get shorter, more vertical and the ribs move up.

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The diaphragm contracts during inspiration, creating a convex shape, therefore increasing the volume of the lungs (to allow for maximum capacity) therefore decreasing the pressure. The diaphragm relaxes during expiration creating a convex shape, reducing volume and increasing pressure to allow for air to escape.

Internal intercostal muscles are relaxed during inspiration to allow for the external intercostal muscles to contract and expand the ribs.
Contracted during expiration, to collapse the ribs on the lungs to reduce volume and increase pressure to allow air to escape.

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Intercostal muscles
Internal: contracts and becomes shorter and horizontal, so the ribs move down and closer together, forcing air out.
External: contacts and shortens and becomes vertical, so the ribs move up, forcing air in.

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The Accessory inspiratory muscles located in the neck contract only during more forceful inspiration to further enlarge the thoracic cavity.

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diaphragm and external intercostal contract during inspiration to enlarge the thoracic cavity and lungs. The intra-alveolar pressure within the alveoli is 760mm of mercury when equilibrated long expansion reduces the intra-alveolar pressure below atmospheric pressure air flows in during inspiration unit intra-alveolar pressure equilibrates with atmospheric pressure.

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Internal Intercostals:
- Muscles situated between the ribs that create and move the chest wall.
- They are responsible for forced exhalation.
- They depress the ribs and decrease space in the chest cavity.

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External intercostal muscles contract during inspiration at rest, therefore they get shorter. To di this the muscles have to be more horizontal so ribs move up becoming further apart.

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Intercostal muscles:

External intercostal muscles are used in inspiration and are used to breathe in air. They contract and become vertical in order to move the ribs up. They are in the bottom ribs. Internal intercostal are used in exhalation are used to exhale. They contract and move the ribs down and closer together in order to push the air out.

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when inspiring the diaphragm contracts making it smaller/going down therefore leaving more room for the lungs to expand, but when expiring the diaphragm relax's going back to its larger form therefore the lungs get smaller in creasing pressure allowing the air to leave the lungs

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Muscles mainly involved in breathing are:

Internal and external intercostal muscles.

Breathing in (inhalation):
- Internal intercostal muscles relax
- External intercostal muscles contract
- Diaphragm contracts, pulling downwards.
- Lung volume increases and the air pressure inside decreases.
- Air is pushed into the lungs.

The opposite of this happens when you breathe out (exhalation).

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external intercostal muscles contract and get short, more vertical and ribs move up - aiman

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Inspiration:
The diaphragm contracts during inspiration, moving downwards and enlarges the lungs. This leads to an increase in the volume of the thoracic cavity, causing the thoracic pressure to decrease below atmospheric pressure. This creates a pressure gradient that pulls air into the lungs.

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During inhalation the diaphragm contracts, so that its center moves downward and its edges move upward.

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internal muscles & external muscles

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Internal intercostal muscles contract and get shorter , but for this to happen they have to become more horizontal and so the ribs move down, closer together

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there are two main kinds of muscles :
Internal intercostal muscles and external intercostal muscles. They are antagonistic pair of muscles.

When Breathing In: (Inhalation)
-Internal intercostal muscles relax
- external intercostal muscles contract
-Diaphragm contracts pulling downwards
-lung volume increases and pressure decreases thus air is pushed into the lungs pulling the ribcage upwards and outwards.

When Breathing Out: (Exhalation)
- External intercostal muscles relax
- Internal intercostal muscles contract
- Diaphragm moves back to an arc shape
- Lung volume decreases and pressure increases air is pushed out of the lungs which pulls the ribcage downwards and inwards