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1. Trax
-  same protective armor as Hoplomachus
- thigh length greaves
- broad rimmed helmet that enclosed the entire head, distinguished by a stylized griffin on the protome or front of the crest (the griffin was the companion of the avenging goddess Nemesis)
- a small round or square-shaped shield (parmula)
- weapon :Thracian curved sword
- commonly fought Myrmillones or Hoplomachi

2. Hoplomachus
-    quilted, trouser-like leg wrappings
-  loincloth, a belt, a pair of long greaves
-  an arm guard (manica) on the sword-arm
-   brimmed helmet that could be adorned with a plume of feathers on top and a single feather on each side
-  very small, round shield
- weapon : spear / gladius
-  Commonly fight Myrmillones(Murmilo) or Thraeces (trax)

3. Murmilo
-  helmet with a stylised fish on the crest
-  arm guard (manica)
-  loincloth and belt
-  gaiter on his right leg
-   thick wrappings covering the tops of his feet
-  very short greave
- weapon: gladius  (64–81 cm long)
-  and a tall, oblong shield in the legionary style
- commonly fight  Thracian, but occasionally with the similar hoplomachus

4. Retiarius
- weapon:  trident and a net
-   loincloth held in place by a wide belt and a larger arm guard (manica) extending to the shoulder and left side of the chest
-   without the protection of a helmet
-  usually fought Secutores but sometimes fought Myrmillones

5. Scissor
- weapon:  special short sword with two blades that looked like a pair of open scissors without a hinge , hardened steel tube that encased the gladiator's entire forearm, with the hand end capped off and a semicircular blade attached to it.

6. Secutor
-   fight the retiarius
-   tall rectangular shield
- gladius
-  helmet of the secutor, however, covered the entire face with the exception of two small eye-holes (to protect from the trident of retiarius)
-  helmet was also round and smooth so that the retiarius net could not get a grip on it

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73-71 BC
The Slave War of Spartacus

48 BC
Julius Ceasar defeats Pompey, becomes sole dictator of Rome

27 BC
The Julio Claudians ruled Rome

9AD
The Battle of the Teutoburg Forest

14-37AD
Ruling of the Roman Emperor Tiberius

69AD
The Year of the Four Emperors

161-180AD
Ruling of Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius (the current time of the movie)

180 AD
Ruling of Roman Emperor Commodus Antoninus

198-212 AD
Roman Emperor Geta

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168 AD

Roman Emperor Marcus Aurelius begins his 12 year campaign against the Barbarian Tribes in Germania.

180 AD

General Maximus leads wins the battle in Germania. Marcus Aurelius appoints him to rule and deems is son Commodus unfit. Marcus Aurelius is then murdered by his son and Commodus becomes Emperor. Maximus finds his family murdered after refusing loyalty to Commodus who also ordered a death sentence on Maximus. He is then found by slavers who sell him off to a lanista (gladiator trainer).

181 AD

Maximus wins tournaments because of his military skills and was advised by his lanista to go to Rome and fight in the Colosseum to win the crowd as leverage against the Emperor. After a plot against the Commodus fails, Commodus duels Maximus in which Commodus dies and Maximus victorious. Maximus dies soon after. His body is then carried away and given an honourable funeral as a 'soldier of Rome'.

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The different costumes for different types of gladiator

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The different costumes for different types of gladiator

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- head : buy helmet, do paper mache
- shield: cardboard, for patterns/embellishment use papers, don't paint

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15/12/2017 - first meeting
16-26/12/2017 - watch Gladiator & collect information
27-28/12/2017 - online discussion
3/12/2017 - group discussion
10 -17/1/2017 - video recording
18-23/1/2017 - video editing

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Engineer

1. Building pipeline - to bring water to the city (aqueducts)

2. 9 aqueducts - provides 38 million gallons water every day

3. Provide water to the fountains of rome

Amphitheaters

1. watch shows with clowns, jugglers, and acrobats.

2. watch fights between wild animals and gladiators.

3. The largest amphitheater, the colosseum, seated about 45000 people.

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1.  Developed or improved their art by copying the art from greeks for the statues.

2.       Statues

a.       Made from clay or marble.

b.       Metal was sometimes added to the statues, so the strength of the statues has been added.

c.       Statues were well made and nude.

d.       Statues were made of gods or important leaders which were recognized.

i.      Its meant that they had to be done as well as possible since it was honouring their gods.

3.       Painting & Mosaics

a.       Important

Used to advertise.

Used to show everyday life scenes in the countryside.

Example: Paintings and  Photos

b.      Made in local colours.

Found in stone.

Found in plants.

Found in any source of colour.

Example: In the Roman town of Pompeii.

c.        Mosaics

i.     Copied from the designs from from the city of Babylon (from Mesopotamia)

ii.      Roman found great beauty decide to copy it, adding it to buildings etc.

iii.      Different styles of mosaics with different specific names.

iv.      Example:

1.      Opus Sectile

a.       Mosaics made with geometric shapes of stone.

b.       Put in a certain way to make a shape of desired look.

2.       Opus tessellatum

a.       Look like dice.

b.       Square in shape.

c.       All are the same shape.

d.       Mostly were used on floors.

3.       Opus vermiculatum

a.       More complex styles.

b.       Square stones with varying sizes.

v.      Usually made up of tiny stones which are painted.

4.       Gems

a.       Used as seals.

i.      To mark official documents. To prove that the documents were by certain people so that no         one could falsify the documents.

ii.      Also engraved (carve) the background. So that the character stood out of the ring.

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Roman architecture borrowed heavily from Greek architecture. However Romans quickly adapted their own style

·       Arches

·       Domes

·       Aqueducts

·       Amphitheater

·       Temples

·       Theatre

·       Roman Forum

·       Houses

*Arches

Arches were used even in buildings where their presence is not immediately visible. The Pantheon rests on eight pillars and "discharging" arches ensure the pressure is directed towards them; the sunken panels of its ceiling have no doubt a very decorative effect, but they also reduce the weight of the structure; to this purpose Roman engineers also used vases or hollow bricks. The structures supporting the Roman market at Smyrna show interesting examples of both barrel and rib vaults.

*Temple

-The Romans incorporated the Greek use of columns on the temple façade and the use and placement of the triangular pediment. But the Roman temples were small and varied in their structure, unlike the Greeks.

Example: The Temple of Vesta held the sacred fire of Rome. The temple itself was round, made of concrete and was surrounded by close columns with a screen of grill-work between them. The Temple of Vesta was by the Regia and the house of the Vestals in the Roman Forum.

*The Colosseum

-          Much of the Colosseum is included accurancy putting in trap doors for exotic animals, lower chambers for Gladiators and seating arrangement based on class.

-          In the film, it is stated that the Colosseum holds 50,000 people. That is precise, being historically believed to hold that many people.

-          A sandy floor in the arena to soak up blood

-          Trap doors in the floor to release wild animals or gladiators more dramatically

-          A giant statue formerly of emperor Nero that stood outside of the building.

Circus (building)

The Roman circus (from Latin, "circle") was a large open-air venue used for public events in the ancient Roman Empire. The circuses were similar to the ancient Greek hippodromes, although circuses served varying purposes and differed in design and construction. Along with theatres and amphitheatres, Circuses were one of the main entertainment sites of the time. Circuses were venues for chariot races, horse races, and performances that commemorated important events of the empire were performed there.

*Ludus Magnus

Ludus Magnus can be translated as "big training ground". It was one of the four places where Roman gladiators were taught the tricks of their trade. (The other gladiatorial barracks were known as the Ludus Dacicus, the Ludus Gallicus, and the Ludus Matutinus. The latter appears to have been specialized in animal fights.) All were built by the emperor Domitian (r.81-96) and were east of the Colosseum, the great amphitheater that had been constructed by Domitian's father Vespasian and inaugurated by his brother Titus. The ruin of the Ludus Magnus can be seen immediately east of the Colosseum.

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*Male dominated society

- Men ruled family

- Man held the most of the power in the family and is the main decision maker

- Women and children considered property

*Roman Slave Trade

-Roman traded heavily in slaves

-Slaves came from all over empire

-Many become gladiators

*Gladiatorial Combat

-Romans forced slaves to fight to the death

- The gladiators would train for their specific type of fighting style

-Some were freeman who wanted riches and fame

- Freeman like to gamble and invest large amount of money in gladiator

-Gladiator games were sponsored by high ranking Romans

-Success of games affected success of political campaigns

-Game sponsor was called the “Editor”

-    Most of the Romans enjoyed watching the Gladiator fight to the death

-    Others are big sea battles when they would flood the arenas

-    They were also lovers of the theater like comedies

-    Most of this was to make citizens unaware of what the government was actually doing

*Gladiator will warm up with wooden weapon. Then they show their skill in the main event, which is basically a fight for life. The grand prize is to survive to come back and fight another time.

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Gladiator would pray to the ones that would benefit them in there time of need.

Pluto- the god of death

Mars- the god of war.

These two gods would be prayed to most because when the Gladiators are fighting they would want death to be summoned on to their victim (Pluto) and they want to win the fight (Mars).

Minerva (Athena) - she was the goddess of wisdom and sponsor of arts, trade, and defense.

-Pray for wisdom in their fighting skills and to give them more defense against the attacks from their enemy.

Fortuna- she was the goddess of luck and fortune, praying for good luck would be a very good thing to do and praying for bad luck onto your enemy was also very bright.

Nemesis was the goddess of chance, fortunes, and revenge, many would pray to her for those benefits.

After that, the emperor Constantine the Great, said he had had a sign from the God of the Christians in a dream in the night before he had an important battle. The Emperor won this battle and showed his gratitude to the Christian God by turning the entire empire to this new religion.

The Gladiator fights didn't stop until 404 ACD, so Gladiators stopped praying for the Gods and Goddesses and started praying to the Christian God.

With the new Christian religion the morals, principles and values of the Roman people changed.

Their morals changed in a way to where it wasn't alright to sleep with just anyone, it was all in marriage, they had to flee from prostitution and temptation.

Their values changed from all about them to all about God, they wanted to live for God not for themselves. Because with the Romans gods and goddesses, they prayed for what they wanted personally for them, but when it came to the Christian God, he became their value.

Their principles changed from following SPQR (S enātus P opulus q ue R ōmānus) (The Senate and the Roman People), to following in Jesus's path, living for God. It was no longer about Rome and it's people, it was now about being one of God's people.

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Republic -> dictator (Julius), but murdered by senate-> Augustus Caesar continued as dictator

What does the gladiators symbolize/ values they bring?

1.  Showing Rome’s martial ethics

2.  Show that they could inspire admiration in fighting well or dying well

3.  Entertain the people of Rome

The gladiatoral games are also called as munera which means duty, because gladiators were meant to be duties paid to the dead ancestors- the first gladiator games was during the funeral of Junius Brutus in 264BCE , but later it became too political.

The games had been privately financed by the governance family. Increasingly a display of aristocratic wealth and prestige, the ritual lost much of its religious significance and became more overtly political.

At first, people had gladiatorial games when a notable person dies (to commemorate the death). They even distributed meat to the people that came watching.

There was a state sponsored in 150 BC  "barbarian combat" demonstrated by gladiators from Capua, as part of a training program for the military. It proved immensely popular and the people of Rome loved them.

After that, Gladiators became a big business for politicians on the make and those who reached the top and wished to stay. This is because a generous show might drum up votes for the government.

The Gladiatorial games functioned as a political theatre which allowed confrontation between the rulers and the ruled, they distracted the citizens from hardship, raids and masked political strife.

Anti-corruption laws of 65 and 63 BC attempted but failed to curb the political usefulness of the games to their sponsors

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A gladiator was a professional fighter who specialised with particular weapons and fought before the public in large purpose-built arenas throughout the Roman Empire from 105 BCE to 404 CE (official contests). As fights were usually to the death, gladiators had a short life expectancy and so, although it was in some respects a glamorous profession, the majority of fighters were slaves, former slaves or condemned prisoners. Without doubt, gladiator spectacles were one of the most watched forms of popular entertainment in the Roman world.

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Gladiators In The Roman Colosseum VR 3D 360°

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In this VR 360 documentary, the ancient gladiator fights can be experienced in a proximity and intensity like never before. Witness live action gladiators in extreme close-up from within an entirely immersive, rich setting. Immaculately reconstructed in 360° and 3D. Stand next to Gladiators as they struggle for survival in the sand of the Roman Colosseum of 80 A.D.