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Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa

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Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa

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The nomadic peoples that were first settled in the Sahara, before it was actually a desert, traded with people on the outskirts and thus commercial trips across the desert were became the beginnings of trade routes in the Sahara.

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Trans- Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa

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Trans- Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa

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The use of packing camels helped to expedite communication, transportation, and trading in different regions. The camel's ability to go without water for long periods of time and their distinct shape allowed for easier travel along land routes.

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Malay seafarers were exploring the east African coasts and between 300- 500 C.E. colonized the island of Madagascar  and established banana cultivation there.

The Bantu people introduced yams, sorghum and millet to many of the Sub-Saharan African civilizations.

Malay seafarers also introduced their language Malagasy.

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Trade between Mediterranean Christians and Axumites might have contributed to Axumites converting to Christianity.

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The movement of the African people into one area caused many environmental problems, such as illness and crop failure. These environmental issues brought the diviners to the area to bless the land/person, perform rituals, or prescribe medicine.

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Women weren't supposed to have casual conversations with men that were not their husband.

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Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic states in West Africa

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Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic states in West Africa

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Camels were used as transportation in across the Saharan Desert due to their ability to go long distances without water so trips were made easier and faster.

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The Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa

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The Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa

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By the second century, Bantu people established colonies and had populated much of east Africa. They introduced agriculture, iron metallurgy, and cattle herding into the region. As the population of Bantu people increased, they settled more settlements offshore and on coasts. The coast dwellers supplemented the agriculture production with maritime trade and ocean fishing.

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Islam and African society/ The Arrival of Christianity and Islam.

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Islam and African society/ The Arrival of Christianity and Islam.

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When Muslims came to Sub-Saharan Africa they had to accommodate the African Notions of communication between sexes, as Muslims do not allow their women to show much skin or talk casually with men other than their husbands. Even though the men could talk to whoever.

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African Religion and Environmental Effects 

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African Religion and Environmental Effects 

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The African people migrated into one area, due to illness, sterility, and failure of crops. These issues caused Diviners to travel and bless the land through rituals.

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The Bantu people expanded to most of East Africa and introduced agriculture, cattle herding, and iron metallurgy to the population of East Africa.

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Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa

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Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa

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The use of both the Senegal and Niger rivers allowed kingdoms (such as Ghana to trade more effectiently.

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Many people in Africa would transition to the Muslim religion to help benefit their trade with Muslim's. This change actually became meaningful to the people who did it and didn't just act as a way to attract consumers. --this does not present an environmental or linguistic effect, but if you share this in Key Concept 3.3, this is a better example of the effects of religious conversion.

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Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic states in West Africa

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Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic states in West Africa

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The Kingdom of  Ghana emerged between the Senegal and Niger rivers and quickly began to gain more power and wealth through trade, until the empire slowly started to fall apart due to attacks from nomatic peoples from the Sahara who wanted their land and money

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Agriculture and Population Growth and Political Organization

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Agriculture and Population Growth and Political Organization

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In the middle stretches of the Niger River, Jenne-jeno was settled becoming a huge center for iron production, trade of rice, fish, cattle, sheep, and goats. With this, Jenne-jeno became the commercial crossroad of west Africa.

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Lesser Deities and Spirits in African Religion  

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Lesser Deities and Spirits in African Religion  

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The 4 major rituals that came about due to their religion are birth, circumcision, marriage, and death

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Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa

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Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa

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The kingdom of Ghana in western Africa developed from the result of wanting protection from camel-riding nomads who continued to come out the desert. The Kingdom of Ghana was a regional state just like most of the other states emerging from the same region.

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Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa

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Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa

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The trans-Saharan caravan traffic lead west Africa to a wider trade in the eastern hemisphere and created a familiar service in coastal east Africa.  By the tenth century, a popular coast dweller had such an attraction from Islamic merchants, they became a powerful city-state.

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The Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa

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The Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa

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Trans-Saharan caravan traffic connected trade from west Africa to the larger trading world of the eastern hemisphere, and mariners sailing the sea lanes of the Indian Ocean did the same kind of thing for the coast of east Africa.

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Higher class citizens, such as elites and wealthy merchants, converted to the Islamic faith. They didn't give up their own religious and cultural traditions, but they observed them in order to provide cultural leadership for the people in their societies.

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This is not an example of empires collapsing, being reconstituted, or new states emerging. This would be a better example for 3.3. Because of their religion, families took responsibility for policing their members and disciplining those who fell short of expected standards.

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African Society and Cultural Development: African Religion

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African Society and Cultural Development: African Religion

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Changes in labor in the effect of religious conversion was the addition of Diviners to help emphasize morality being key to an orderly world. The practice of unmoral standards would displease the spirits and deities.

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Less than a century after the his rein, Mali was completely overcome by the the Songhay empire. However, the tradition of a centralized government and the religion of Islam continued to be observed.

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After 1000 c.e due to military conflict and polulation growth kin based societies got pushed to form small villages

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Women in Sub-Saharan Africa generally had more power than the women anywhere else in the world. They were honored as the sources of life and given more opportunities. They were even able to trade, be merchants, and even serve in the military.

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The migrations of Bantu people caused the spread of agricultural societies throughout Africa that replaced the previous bands of hunter-gatherers.

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African people built new states of many shapes and sizes. When they started having commercial relationships with Muslim people , they built powerful states in east and west Africa.

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This is not an example of environmental or linguistic effects-this would better fit in 3.3.
In Africa they did not fully practice the Muslim religion except for the merchants who used it for trade. The Muslim religion acted as a supplement to the African religion rather than a replacement. This means that the African people still practiced mainly their original beliefs but would use some bits and pieces from the Muslim faith.

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Because the Africans lived closed together, their religious beliefs were spread to one another.

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Trade made its way to Jenne-jeno and though this city was declined by growing African empires, it was the foundation of forming such cities as Timbuktu and others.

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Extended families served as the main foundation for small-scale agricultural societies. There was no dispute over land, but the male head of the family was responsible for distributing harvests equitably among all members.

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Trans- Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa

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Trans- Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa

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The Ghana kingdom continued to expand to the north until they were not able to defend their vast land from the invasions of nomadic peoples. Eventually, the invasions weakened the once powerful and wealthy kingdom, and was brought to collapse.

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Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa

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Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa

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With the arrival of the Muslims to Africa, the kings of Ghana had all converted to Islam. This gave birth to better relations with north African Muslim merchants and Muslim nomads from the desert. As they tried to adopt Muslim tradition they acquired much of their culture and language.

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The introduction of bananas by migrants and merchants from Asia and Madagascar caused a dramatic increase in the population of Sub-Saharan Africa.

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Ghana was a center of trade for gold. It connected routes from other regions

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The lion prince Sundiata was exiled and when he returned he built the empire of Mali. He used his exile as a way to communicate and form alliances with other local rulers and to strengthen his alliance. The Mali empire grew so largely as a result, it included the Ghana empire and other neighboring kingdoms as well.

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The relationship changed between the Bantu and the forest people. Since the Bantu people didn't know the environment as well the forest people integrated into the Bantu people society, most of them became the "forest expert".

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Agriculture and Population Growth and Political Organization

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Agriculture and Population Growth and Political Organization

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The development and migrations of the Bantu peoples into societies of sub-Saharan Africa caused an increase of agricultural production.

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African Society and Cultural Development: Social Classes

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African Society and Cultural Development: Social Classes

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Land and water they also traded gold, ivory, and exotic local products but also for slaves. They had markets in India, Persia, southwest Asia, and the Mediterrian basian.

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African Society and Cultural Development: Social Classes

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African Society and Cultural Development: Social Classes

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This is not an example of empires collapsing, being reconstituted, or new states emerging. This would be a better example for 3.3. The African Society experienced development in them selves by possessing the goods they needed to trade. Slave trade became fairly popular in this time period and the African peoples could produce those slaves from prisoner of wars or from criminals.

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The Importance of Seafaring in Eastern African Coastal Development

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The Importance of Seafaring in Eastern African Coastal Development

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By the eleventh and twelfth centuries, there were a multitude of prosperous cities lining the East African coast due to trade. Trade prospered in these areas due to them being located in convenient places for foreign maritime merchants and being connected to cities farther inland which supplied the coasts with goods such as gold and slaves. These factors lead to the coastal cities growing extremely wealthy and full of different cultures.

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Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa

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Trans-Saharan Trade and Islamic States in West Africa

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Increased number of workers allows the increased production of  raw resources from southern Africa and an increased amount of strain placed on the environment

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In the seventh century C.E, the slaves on the Swahili coast were being treated very harshly and forced to work and if they didn't, they were beaten. There were many revolts of these slaves, and eventually, they formed a rebel state in the region.

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Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa

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Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa

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The Indian Ocean trade generated wealth that financed the organization of city-states in kingdoms and on the coast in the interior regions of east and central Africa.

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African Society and Cultural Development: Social Classes

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African Society and Cultural Development: Social Classes

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They lived in big communities together helped with cultivation. It also helped with the age grades, and the age set.

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African Society and Cultural Development: Social Classes

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African Society and Cultural Development: Social Classes

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Africa sees development in social structures by the labor being transferred to the slaves. As well as the betterment of Women's rights, to the fact that the women were now allowed to become merchants, clime to positions of power, and even have their own legions in the army.

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African Society and Cultural Development: African Religion

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African Society and Cultural Development: African Religion

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Land and water routes became the basis of communication between sub-Saharan African states because it helped them gain something in common. Many African Gods were based of of nature, so when all the states shared similar religious aspects, it helps them to form a bond.

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This is not an example of environmental or linguistic effects-this would better fit in 3.3

Sub-Saharan adherents adapted both faiths to the needs and interests of their societies.

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The Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa

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The Indian Ocean Trade and Islamic States in East Africa

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Malay seafarers ventured into the western Indian Ocean from their island homelands in southeast Asia, and had established colonies in Madagascar by the 5th and 4th centuries C.E.

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Malay seafarers were exploring the east African coasts and between 300- 500 C.E. colonized the island of Madagascar  and established banana cultivation there.

The Bantu people introduced yams, sorghum and millet to many of the Sub-Saharan African civilizations.

Malay seafarers also introduced their language Malagasy.