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Examiners reportThis was a popular question and produced some good answers. However, often responses were very descriptive of the causes of disease, rather than its geographic impacts. Nor were they able to make explicit contrasts. Many candidates answered the question by writing “all I know about how/why the disease occurs/spreads” with no indication of demographic, social or economic impacts. Some were able to include some discussion of prevention and treatment. Candidates had problems with the command term contrast, and while stronger candidates attempted this many ignored the command term.

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Examiners reportThis was a popular question and produced some good answers. However, often responses were very descriptive of the causes of disease, rather than its geographic impacts. Nor were they able to make explicit contrasts. Many candidates answered the question by writing “all I know about how/why the disease occurs/spreads” with no indication of demographic, social or economic impacts. Some were able to include some discussion of prevention and treatment. Candidates had problems with the command term contrast, and while stronger candidates attempted this many ignored the command term.

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cholera - An infectious and often fatal bacterial disease of the small intestine, typically contracted from infected water. Most likely to be found in places with inadequate water treatment, poor sanitation and inadequate hygiene.

Sars -

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Cholera, a bacterial illness, can be acquired when sources of drinking water have been contaminated. Malaria is caused by a parasite, and a virus causes Dengue Fever. Both malaria and Dengue fever are carried by mosquitoes, which lay their larvae in still water.

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The command term “contrast” requires candidates to give an account of the differences between the two diseases (not their similarities).

The focus should be on the impacts of the diseases, rather than their causes. Impacts could be related to contrasting levels of economic development (LEDC versus MEDC).

The impacts will depend on the two diseases chosen. Some imbalance in the coverage of the two diseases is acceptable, even when awarding full marks. Geographic impacts may be subdivided into demographic, economic, social, political, etc, or by scale into local, national, regional, international. Either approach is acceptable for full marks, though it is likely that stronger responses will combine these approaches in some way.

The term “impacts” is understood to include measures taken with respect to the prevention, treatment, cure (if applicable) and management of the diseases, as well as mortality rates, lost working hours, health care costs, etc.

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Dengue: is a disease which is transmitted through Mosquitos. Mosquitos aren't borne with this disease but when stinging someone who has dengue fever it is transmitted tot he mosquito which them goes around and transmits the disease to everyone who they then sting.

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cholera
water Bourne disease
is transmitted by dirty water that has has been contaminated by sewage but can not be transfered from person to person

i

malaria
vector Bourne disease
is transmitted by mosquitos from blood transmission

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Cholera - cholera is a water borne disease that is transmitted through water and food, it can cause people to lose large amounts of body fluids and cause dehydration

Malaria -

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Cholera - Waterborne disease, therefore is transmitted through contaminated water and food

Malaria - vector-borne disease, therefore it is transmitted through living organisms, for example: Mosquitoes

Case Study that can be used (Cholera) - Yemen, Cholera outbreak in Peru

Case Study that can be used (Malaria) -______

Global impacts - Man-made structures and natural disasters can intensify the risks of an epidemics, since most people would be sent to crowded camps after a natural disaster. As for refugees, they'll be sent to refugee camps, and asylums, which will most likely also be crowded, this will increase the chances of having an outbreak of Cholera as these such places tend to be poorly hygienic. (Can use Rwanda Crisis 1994 Case Study)

Economic/Social Impacts -

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Malaria is a vectorborne disease (transmitted through mosquitos).
Cholera is a waterborne disease (transmitted through water)

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Malaria - A vectorborne disease that is most commonly transmitted by mosquitos

Cholera - A waterborne disease that are caused by ingestion of contaminated food or water.

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Malaria - vector-borne disease that is transmitted by pathogens and parasites
- Sub-Saharan Africa carries a high share of global malaria burden, taking into account of 88% of malaria cases and 90% of malaria deaths
Geographical impact
Case study: East Kenya, 2012
- more than 300 mothers and babies diagnosed with malaria through the Rapid Diagnostic test

Factors that causes a Geographical impacts:

1. Humid tropics with a minimum temperature of 20 degrees which allow the malarial parasites to complete their life cycle

2. Stagnant water, estuaries, deltas and irrigation channels

3. Densely-populated agricultural regions

4. Triggered by cyclones, flooding and human conflicts

5. Temporary refugee camps with inadequate drainage provides ideal breeding environment

6. Transmitted through the bites of female Anopheles mosquitoes

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Dengue and Cholera

Dengue - Vector borne disease, spread through mosquitoes.
Dengue has emerged as an international public health problem. Reasons for the resurgence of dengue in the tropics and subtropics include unprecedented urbanisation with substandard living conditions, lack of vector control, virus evolution, and international travel

Cholera - Water borne disease, spread through food and contaminated water

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Remember your essay plans should have LIST and SPEED.

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Remember your essay plans should have LIST and SPEED.

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Use the marking matrix to help you construct your plan