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APA formatting of citations for electronic resources

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APA formatting of citations for electronic resources

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https://owl.purdue.edu

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Reference List: Electronic Sources - Purdue OWL® - Purdue University

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Note: This page reflects the latest version of the APA Publication Manual (i.e., APA 7), which released in October 2019. The equivalent resource for the older APA 6 style can be found here.

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Interesting guide with links

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Overview

This guide is intended to assist people who are interested in exploring interesting works which have entered the public domain. It covers:

1. Collecting Leads

Leads on interesting public domain works can come from a wide array of sources - from exhibitions, museums, concerts, television, the radio, books, newspapers, talking to people, etc.

The internet of course is another great resource. Blogs such as the excellent BibliOdyssey and Res Obscura regularly feature interesting works, (although, after following their links, it often takes a bit of snooping around in the small print of various institution's copyright policies to determine whether something is published to the public domain or not). Social media has also offered new ways of exploring material that has entered the public domain. There are various archive/history focused tweeters out there calling attention to interesting works. If you're a Twitter user, it is perhaps worth setting up a #publicdomain feed as people are increasingly using this tag when tweeting about interesting works that have entered the public domain.

On top of this there are also mailing lists dedicated to discussion about the public domain, where people often message each other about recently entered works. The Open Knowledge Foundation hosts one such mailing list and it can be subscribed to on the PD Discuss Mailing List info page.

If links from blogs, tweets, etc. lead you to copies with restrictions on use then don't get too disheartened as there is often more than one copy available on the internet, and hopefully one licensed openly.

So, be it for the casual idle browse with nothing specific in mind, or to try find that wondrous work you heard about on a radio programme, saw at an exhibition, or saw featured on a blog, it is to the online collections which one should turn. The next section will give you a quick whistle stop tour of the largest online collections of public domain works.

2. Online Collections

Just before we get into the various collections out there it is worth noting that, although works may have been created long ago and so themselves are in the public domain, this unfortunately doesn't always mean that their online digital versions are too. All too often they are published online under a restrictive license - often under CC BY-NC, which means there can be no commercial use of the material. Because of this it is important to have a grasp of the different Creative Commons licensing tools which people often use when uploading public domain material. Please see the Licensing section below for an explanation of all these various CC codes, knowing them will make navigation of the great resources below even easier....

Europeana is an online portal for exploring Europe's cultural collections. It is currently collecting vast quantities of data from cultural heritage institutions across Europe about the collections of material they hold. That a work can be found on Europeana is, of course, no guarantee that it is in the public domain so additional filters must be applied in the search function. Once you've done an initial search you can use the "refined search" function underneath the search function on the left to search "by copyright". Clicking on the CCO option will show you items published under an open license, i.e. free for any use. (Clicking CC BY-NC will show you all works published under a non-commercial license, i.e. use is restricted to non-commercial purposes). A handy alternative is to use these links as your entry points: for public domain/CC0 material and for creative commons licensed material (which you can then, through the dropdown options on the left, filter by specific license).
Internet Archive
Often The Public Domain Review's first port of call when looking for interesting material. This vast collection of cultural content hosts and links to a huge variety of public domain works including films, music and texts (not so good on images). Highlights include the Prelinger Archives, a fantastic collection of ephemeral and public service films on a huge range of topics, from how to be popular to surviving a nuclear attack, and a great collection of 78rpm records and cylinder recordings. The Internet Archive has also recently introduced a Curator's Choice section for each major type of medium it provides access to, which can often serve as interesting jump off points into the the resources the archive holds. Again some stuff is only published under a CC BY-NC license, but you can use a special filter in the search function to help you just get public domain, CC BY and CC BY-SA material. For example say we want to use the key word "dog" for our search. For public domain stuff type into the search bar "/metadata/licenseurl:http*publicdomain/*AND dog", and then on the dropdown menu whatever other filter you would like to add (e.g. texts, audio or moving images, etc). For CC BY stuff simply replace "publicdomain" with "by/", and for CC BY-SA and CC BY-ND replace with "by-sa/" and "by-nd/" respectively. A little complicated but it does work! One important thing to note - you will notice many of the texts have been scanned by Google who have, unfortunately, published them under a license which restricts use to non-commercial activities. Also much of the licensing is done by users at the time of upload so do be aware of possible mistakes and mis-labelling!
Wikimedia Commons
Wikipedia's media repository - the place to go for finding images, anything from 17th century anatomical engravings to the casual user uploaded snapshot of a shopping centre. They make a great effort to try and organise the content into categories to make navigation easier but it does sometimes take a little getting used to hit upon the (very useful) category section. Look out for Category:xxxxx (xxxxx being your search term) in the search results, or sometimes you are taken straight through to the category if your search is for something simple, e.g."dogs". They also work in partnership with various institutions to open up content - for example map dealers Geographicus donated an incredible set of over 2000 high resolution images from there collection in 2011. All content is in the public domain and so with a Public Domain Mark or else published with a CC BY-SA license.
Library of Congress
A brilliant resource for all things American but also further afield - a huge collection of print, pictorial and audio-visual material. Most of the material is public domain but not all so do check on a case by case basis. Use the search bar in the top right or navigate via their very interesting curated collections.
Flickr: The Commons
A great place to find old photographs: like an immense online version of the old box of random photos you might find at a flea-market. Flickr have partnered up with various institutions such as the Smithsonian Museum, Library of Congress, etc. to bring hundreds of thousands of images online in one place. The licensing situation is a bit ambigious, employing the "no known copyright restrictions". According to the website this either means that 1) the copyright is in the public domain because it has expired, 2) the copyright was injected into the public domain for other reasons, such as failure to adhere to required formalities or conditions, 3) the institution owns the copyright but is not interested in exercising control, or 4) that the institution has legal rights sufficient to authorize others to use the work without restrictions. If you click on the "no known copyright restrictions" license to the right of the image page then it should take you through to the institution's website with more information about the particular licensing for that image.
Wikisource
Good site to find plain text/html versions of texts. An online library of free content publications, collected and maintained by the Wikipedia/Wikimedia community. They have over 273,000 texts in the English language library, as well as many other language versions of the site. Unless otherwise noted, all user contributions to Wikisource are released under CC BY-SA.
Project Gutenberg
Another good repository of plain text/html texts. It offers over 38,000 free ebooks which you can download to your PC, Kindle, Android, iOS or other portable device. It features texts which are in the public domain in the U.S., so users in other jurisdictions should check before reusing.
Open Images
Relatively new audio-visual archive, but growing rapidly. A good place to go for old Dutch newsreels! An initiative of the Netherlands Institute for Sound and Vision in collaboration with Knowledgeland.
Biodiversity Heritage Library
A fantastic initiative which brings together a huge collection of material related to the study of living organisms from a consortium of natural history and botanical libraries, all in accordance with open principles, i.e. what is in the public domain stays in the public domain. They have also teamed up with Internet Archive to feature all of the content there too.

A wonderful resource making available thousands of historic media files for your creative projects - more than 60,000 image files, 2,500 audio files, and almost 10,000 film files, as well as over 100 3D models from NASA!

and of course, last but not least...
The Public Domain Review
... that bounteous gateway into the whopping plenitude which is the public domain.
... and others
There are of course lots of other digital projects (many belonging to universities) which provide free access to material, though it does sometimes take a bit of snooping about in the small print to determine whether the institution in question is publishing its public domain works under an open license. Unfortunately many don't. Some do however, e.g. the U.S. National Library of Medicine, The Walters Art Museum, University of Houston Digital Library, and many others, such as Cornell University Library and the California Digital Library that have teamed up with Internet Archive to house and display their digitised material there. For a good list of institutions that have opened up their digital collections, check out this list being compiled at OpenGLAM.

also it might be worth trying out the Creative Commons Search Tool which effectively makes public domain collections from things like Google Images, etc....

Another useful avenue through which to find public domain material is through the Creative Commons search tool. They search according to CC licensing via Europeana, Flickr, and Google Images, among others. But do be aware that, since there is no verification of the CC licenses attached to works by users, mistakes can be made! From the website: "If you are in doubt you should contact the copyright holder directly, or try to contact the site where you found the content."

3. Legal Stuff

i. Licensing

In order of "openness" here are the Creative Commons licensing tools which many online collections use to license the works that have been uploaded to their websites.

Public Domain Mark 1.0 - No known copyright
This work has been identified as being free of known restrictions under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights. You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission. Used on works that are thought to be in the public domain all over the world.

CCO - No rights reserved
The person who associated a work with this deed has dedicated the work to the public domain by waiving all of his or her rights to the work worldwide under copyright law, including all related and neighboring rights, to the extent allowed by law. You can copy, modify, distribute and perform the work, even for commercial purposes, all without asking permission.

CC BY - Attribution
You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, to adapt the work, and to make commercial use of the work, providing that you attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work).

CC BY-ND - Attribution-NoDerivs
You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, and to make commercial use of the work, providing that you attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). You may not alter, transform, or build upon this work.

CC BY-NC - Attribution Non-commercial Share-alike
You are free to copy, distribute and transmit the work, and to adapt the work, providing that you attribute the work in the manner specified by the author or licensor (but not in any way that suggests that they endorse you or your use of the work). If you alter, transform, or build upon this work, you may distribute the resulting work only under the same or similar license to this one. You may not use this work for commercial purposes.

ii. When Does a Work Pass Into The Public Domain?

In general its fairly safe to say that if a work was made before 1850 then it is almost certainly in the public domain universally - that's a lot of material that you are free to use however you wish without needing any kind of permission! As already mentioned, however, many institutions unfortunately claim copyright on scanned/uploaded and uploaded images of public domain works, so look out for the copyright status which should accompany such uploads.

For works more recent you have to know the law. Frustratingly, each country has different laws about when works enter the public domain, laws which normally vary depending on the medium of the work. Some countries go by the death of the author, some countries go by a cut off date for publication. For literary, dramatic, musical or artistic works, in most countries in Europe and many other countries around the world, a work enters the public domain after 70 years from the end of the calendar year in which the last remaining author of the work dies (for film this includes the principal director, screenwriter and composer of any music). For some countries its 50 years (Barbados), for others its 100 years (Mexico). For the U.S. its a completely different story as they work partially from a "cut off date model", with lots of other factors involved based on when, or if at all, copyright was renewed. Here are some links to help you navigate the choppy legal seas!

Public Domain Calculators - Great resource for those in Europe, including simple tools to help you to determine if a work is in the public domain in your jurisdiction.

UK Copyright Service - a clear explanation of the law for those in the UK.

Stanford site on U.S. copyright - A very clear explanation of the U.S. system, including lots of tools to check public domain status.

An article by Peter Hirtle (of Cornell University Library) explaining some of the complexities of the U.S. system.

Wikipedia list of copyright lengths by country - For other countries around the world, by typing the name of your country and "copyright law" into your search engine, you should hit upon something official. For those looking for an overview this Wikipedia site is useful: of course don't take this as the last word but its a good rough guide.

There often occurs, of course, the situation when you might want to use a work which is in the public domain in its country of origin but not in the public domain in your own country. Some countries employ the excellent "Rule of the shorter term", which means that they default to which ever term is the shortest when considering the copyright status of works published outside of that country - the copyright term provided by that country or the copyright term provided by work's home country. Be aware though that though they may profess that they follower the "Rule of the shorter term" many countries have adopted specific bi-lateral agreements with others which override the rule.

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Guide to Finding Interesting Public Domain Works Online

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Overview This guide is intended to assist people who are interested in exploring interesting works which have entered the public domain. It covers: 1. Collecting Leads Leads on interesting public domain works can come from a wide array of sources - from exhibitions, museums, concerts, television, the radio, books, newspapers, talking to people, etc.

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Download Free Vectors, Clipart Graphics, Vector Art & Design Templates

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Browse 2,808 beautiful Mushroom stock images, photos and wallpaper for royalty-free download from the creative contributors at Vecteezy!

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A five-part series

When it comes to copyright law and the application of fair use exceptions, ignorance is definitely not bliss! Learn how to educate yourselves and your students and avoid making a costly mistake!

You really did plan to find time over the summer to familiarize yourself with the latest information on copyright law. You absolutely intended to look up the fair use guidelines for using technology resources. You truly meant to create a classroom copyright policy, locate agencies that grant permissions to use copyrighted materials, write a template for a permission request form, and locate sites to teach students about the value of original work and the societal benefits of obeying copyright laws. You just had a few other things to do.

So now you have a student who wants to include audio of a Beatles song in a multimedia presentation about the 1960s, another who wants to include the poem "Casey at the Bat" in a report on the World Series, and a third who wants to post photographs of Biden and Obama to the class Web site.

What's an educator to do? Read Education World's five-part series on copyright, fair use, and new technologies, that's what! We did the work so you wouldn't have to!

Click Part 1: Copyrights and Copying Wrongs below to begin.

EDUCATION WORLD'S COPYRIGHT SERIES

RELATED ARTICLES FROM EDUCATION WORLD

Article by Linda Starr
Education World®
Copyright © Education World

Updated 05/25/2010

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The Educator's Guide to Copyright and Fair Use

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When it comes to copyright law and the application of fair use exceptions, ignorance is definitely not bliss! Learn how to educate yourselves and your students and avoid making a costly mistake! You really did plan to find time over the summer to familiarize yourself with the latest information on copyright law.

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CIS Fair Use Legal Experts Answer Fair Use Questions - Stanford Center for Internet and Society

Standard YouTube License
Posted By: Eric Whitmore

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CIS Fair Use Legal Experts Answer Fair Use Questions  - Stanford Center for Internet and Society

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Guide for determining if the use meets the fair use guidelines

Copyright © 2008, Copyright Clearance Center, Inc.

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You may have clicked on an expired link or misspelled the Web address. Please check the URL and try again.

Go to the copyright.com home page to access other links.

Contact us:

Phone: 978-750-8400
E-mail: info@copyright.com

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You may have clicked on an expired link or misspelled the Web address. Please check the URL and try again. Go to the copyright.com home page to access other links. Contact us: Phone: 978-750-8400 E-mail: info@copyright.com

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Additional educational uses allowed by law to educators

© 2001, 2007 Georgia K. Harper

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The Copyright Crash Course (CCC) was originally created with faculty in mind, but can be used by anyone who is interested in understanding and managing their copyrights.The main subject area of the Course is arranged into several sections that allow users to explore certain areas of copyright law individually or as a group. Large subject areas (e.g. Fair Use) have been moved into their own guides and are available at the links below.
Additional CCC Guides: Copyright for Librarians Creative Commons Public Domain
The Copyright Crash Course was originally created by Georgia Harper and is currently maintained by Colleen Lyon at UT Libraries. Version 1 and Version 2 of the Copyright Crash Course are available via Texas ScholarWorks. You are using Version 3. The major difference with Version 3 is that large subject areas of the Copyright Crash Course have been moved to their own guides. The Creative Commons and Public Domain subject areas are new to Version 3.

If you need to take the Crash Course tutorial & test, click here (UT affiliation required).

This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.

Proper attribution is to the Copyright Crash Course and Georgia Harper. http://doi.org/10.15781/T24J09X6J

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LibGuides: Copyright Crash Course: Welcome

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The Copyright Crash Course (CCC) was originally created with faculty in mind, but can be used by anyone who is interested in understanding and managing their copyrights.The main subject area of the Course is arranged into several sections that allow users to explore certain areas of copyright law individually or as a group.

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CC-NC-SA license

Created by Professor Eric Faden of Bucknell University.

Distributed on DVD by the Media Education Foundation

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CC Attribution

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Many musicians choose to release their songs under Creative Commons licenses, which give you the legal right to do things like use their music in your videos.

What is Creative Commons?

Creative Commons is a system that allows you to legally use "some rights reserved" music, movies, images, and other content - all for free. CC offers free copyright licenses that anyone can use to mark their creative work with the freedoms they want it to carry. For instance, a musician might use a Creative Commons license to allow people to legally share her songs online, make copies for friends, or even use them in videos or make remixes. For more information, visit our Learn More page.

Where can I find CC-licensed music?

Several sites offer music published under Creative Commons' flexible copyright licenses. Here are some:

Can I use any song with a CC license on it?

Almost - you need to make sure that what you want to do with the music is OK under the terms of the particular Creative Commons license it's under. CC-licensed music isn't free for all uses, only some - so make sure to check out the terms (you can find these by clicking on each song's license icon).

Most importantly, you need to use music that is not licensed under a No Derivative Works license. This means that the musician doesn't want you to change, transform, or make a derivative work using their music. Under CC licenses, synching the music to images amounts to transforming the music, so you can't legally use a song under a CC No Derivative Works license in your video.

Also, make sure to properly credit the musician and the track, as well as express the CC license the track is under. For example, you might include text like this at the end of your video:

This video features the song "Desaprendere (Treatment)" by fourstones, available under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial license.

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Legal Music For Videos - Creative Commons

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Many musicians choose to release their songs under Creative Commons licenses, which give you the legal right to do things like use their music in your videos. What is Creative Commons? Creative Commons is a system that allows you to legally use "some rights reserved" music, movies, images, and other content - all for free.

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A tutorial in proper citation and use

Copyright © 1999–2014 Learners Together

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Wednesday, March 11, 2009 at 7:05PM

Internet users who upload their own images, sounds and text are increasingly using the Creative Commons license. A Creative Commons license allows a publisher to indicate how and under what conditions some one else can make use of their content. For example, I can put some pictures on my blog and display a CC license that says:

Creative Commons Attribution

What this means is that some one else visiting my site can use my pictures on their own web site or some other project as long as they properly attribute me as the creator of the work.

If I had displayed a license that said

Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial,

then the visitor can only use my images on non-profit projects and he or she will have to attribute me wherever they are using my images.

Resource: Go here for a full list of Creative Commons Licenses and their descriptions.

Example of Creative Commons usage: Images

Images are probably the most important media we all use in our projects and we are constantly looking for interesting images to help us add value to our presentations, papers and lecture notes.

Flickr.com is currently the most popular image hosting site and many Flickr users license their images under Creative Commons. Let me demonstrate how we we can:

1. Search for Creative Commons licensed images on Flickr; and

2. Cite or attribute the images when we use them in our projects.

Part 1. Finding Creative Commons Licensed images on Flickr

You can only use images from those Flickr members who have decided to offer their work under a Creative Commons license. The images can be used as long as you follow the conditions that the particular license spells out.

The easiest license to use is the Attribution license. Images licensed under Attribution can be used anywhere as long as you attribute the publisher. Do note however that if the image features people, you might not want to use it out of context (for example in a commercial that is endorsing a product). Such use may require you to get a model release from the people appearing in the picture.

Resource: Go here for Flickr images under Attribution license.

You will see a search facility on the page. Let's say I want to find a picture for an article I am writing about food in the Kagoshima area in Japan. I will search using the keywords "Kagoshima Food".

Flickr will show you all the images matching your keyword.

Click on the picture you like. In my case, I clicked on the second image. This will take me to the page containing that image:

Note the name of the publisher. This is shown on the right hand side and reads like this:

" Uploaded on September 29, 2005 by naotakem"

Keep a record of this publisher information. Also include the title of the image. " Hirame Sashimi"

To download the image, look for a button called "All Sizes" above the image.

Click on that button and Flickr will give you a choice of image sizes. Choose a size and click on the download link just above the picture.

Also, some Flickr members use a user name. You can click on the user name and go to a page that displays the profile of the user. Here you can find the full name of the user. Note down this name too. If the user has not published his/her full name, note down the user name.

In this case, the user's full name is Naotake Murayama

Part 2: Using the image and properly crediting (attributing) it

If you are using it on a print document attribute it in the following format:
publisher name, photo title, date uploaded via Flickr, Creative Commons License
This attribution appears just below the picture, wherever you are using it.

For example the Kagoshima food picture I downloaded will be attributed as:

Naotake Murayama, "Hirame Sashimi" September 29, 2005 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution.

If you are using the image on a website, it is preferable to put the link to the original image. My citation will then look like:

Naotake Murayama, " Hirame Sashimi" September 29, 2005 via Flickr, Creative Commons Attribution.
(via Jessica Coates, see comments below)
Other Creative Commons Media Sources

You can use this Creative Commons search facility to easily find music (from Owl), video (from Blip.tv), assorted media from SpinXpress, Flickr images and Google & Yahoo searches.

Conclusion

Educators need to respect the copyright of others. However, the Creative Commons license allows us to use images, video or audio created by others, as long as we respect the requested attribution indicated on the Creative Commons license.

Author

By Preetam Rai, technology trainer at Teaching and Learning Centre, Ngee Ann Polytechnic.

[Image at top of article: LuMaxArt Gold Guys With Creative Commons Symbol, via Wikipedia, 11Mar09]

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Learners Together - Home - How to Use and Cite Creative Commons Resources

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Wednesday, March 11, 2009 at 7:05PM Internet users who upload their own images, sounds and text are increasingly using the Creative Commons license. A Creative Commons license allows a publisher to indicate how and under what conditions some one else can make use of their content.

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attributed to: Jessica Coates

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An explanation of Creative Commons and how it can be of use to educaors. An updated version of my previous presentation http://www.slideshare.net/Jessicacoates/creative-commons-in-the-classroom-presentation

We're hear to talk about copyright

This is what makes copyright hard. Because you need the permission of each of these different copyright owners before you can use the work. In fact, they need each other's permission before they can use the final work (eg CD), such as publishing it or putting it online. Well - in most circumstances you need their permission. There are exceptions:

Some just say ignore copyright law - rip, mix, burn This is ok if you're an private user, or an obscure artist - can choose to take risk But doesn't work for schools, libraries, museums, charities, academics, short film makers entering into competitions, DJs releasing a commercial CD etc Plus, the music labels and hollywood are suing people now - and in the UK they're threatening to cut off people's internet connections.

Creative Commons comes in. Hopefully you'll remember from the last lecture I gave,

Non-profit Founded in 2001 These academics became concerned that the default copyright laws that applied in most countries were restricting creativity in the digital environment by preventing people from being able to access, remix and distribute copyright material online Taking inspiration from the open source movement, they decided to develop a set of licences that creators could use to make their material more freely available without giving up their copyright They wanted to replace the standard "all rights reserved" model with a new, more flexible, "some rights reserved"

Non-profit Founded in 2001 These academics became concerned that the default copyright laws that applied in most countries were restricting creativity in the digital environment by preventing people from being able to access, remix and distribute copyright material online Taking inspiration from the open source movement, they decided to develop a set of licences that creators could use to make their material more freely available without giving up their copyright They wanted to replace the standard "all rights reserved" model with a new, more flexible, "some rights reserved"

Non-profit Founded in 2001 These academics became concerned that the default copyright laws that applied in most countries were restricting creativity in the digital environment by preventing people from being able to access, remix and distribute copyright material online Taking inspiration from the open source movement, they decided to develop a set of licences that creators could use to make their material more freely available without giving up their copyright They wanted to replace the standard "all rights reserved" model with a new, more flexible, "some rights reserved"

Non-profit Founded in 2001 These academics became concerned that the default copyright laws that applied in most countries were restricting creativity in the digital environment by preventing people from being able to access, remix and distribute copyright material online For instances - most people know that it's currently illegal under Australian law to record a television show to watch later - but did you also know that, in the absence of any licence, it's also arguably illegal to print off a webpage for personal use, or to use a song in the background of a home video, or a student film Even those people who want to make their material more freely available can't do so without hiring lawyers Taking inspiration from the open source movement, they decided to develop a set of licences that creators could use to make their material more freely available without giving up their copyright They wanted to replace the standard "all rights reserved" model with a new, more flexible, "some rights reserved"

The first CC licences were released in 2002 The central to each of the CC licences are the four licence elements - Attribution, noncommercial, no derivative and sharealike These represent restrictions that copyright owners may want to put on how people can use their material. As you can see, each of the elements has a symbol that can be used to 'represent' each of these elements this makes the licences easier understand - in theory, once a person is familiar with the CC licences, they should be able to recognise what uses are allowed simply by looking at the symbols

Users can mix and match these elements to set the conditions of use for their material So, for example, an author may be happy to allow private uses of their work, but may want to limit how it can be used commercially. They may also want people to remix their work, but only so long as that person attributes them and makes the new work available for others to remix So they can choose the Attribution-noncommercial-sharealike licence

although my experience working with the literary world, I sometimes suspect they think the world is more like this; FLAT!

although my experience working with the literary world, I sometimes suspect they think the world is more like this; FLAT!

although my experience working with the literary world, I sometimes suspect they think the world is more like this; FLAT!

although my experience working with the literary world, I sometimes suspect they think the world is more like this; FLAT!

So - looking at how the CC licences are being used According to the latest statistics from the CC website, there are currently about 140million webpages that use a CC licence As you can see, almost all of them contain the BY element - that's because it was made compulsory for all the licences except the public domain licences after the first year, because pretty much everybody was using it anyway The majority also, unsurprisingly, choose the non-commercial element Interestingly, next most popular is ShareAlike, not noderivatives - this shows that there is still a strong focus on fostering creativity among CC community, and that, rather than trying to lock their material up, people are happy for it to be remixed, as long as the new work is also sharedEven more interesting is how these statistics are changing over time Even more interestingly - if you look at how the licences is being used over time, people are gradually moving towards more liberal licences with less restrictions on them This movement seems to indicate that as people become more familiar with the licences, they are more comfortable allowing greater use This is supported by anecdotal evidence from CC users who, after initially publishing their material under restrictive licences that don't allow derivatives, often 're-release' their material to allow new works

1. 1. Creative Commons in the Classroom Creative Commons - Global Network Manager Jessica Coates January 2013Carpeted commons by Glutnix, http://www.flickr.com/photos/glutnix/2079709803/in/pool-ccswagcontest07 available undera Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.en

2. 2. Digitaltechnologies haverevolutionised howcreative works aremade, distributed, and used.

3. 3. Everyday we (and our students) Use Movies Pictures Music Text Are you ready??? by ssh available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/ssh/12638218/ under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence CRICOS No. 00213J

4. 4. copyright

5. 5. 2.0 Sto p by brainware3000, http://flickr.com/photos/brainware3000/22205084

6. 6. AUSTRALIApart of the Creative Commons international initiative CRICOS No. 00213J

7. 7. Copyright by xkcd available at http://xkcd.com/14/ under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 2.5 licence<http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/> CRICOS No. 00213J part of the Creative Commons international initiative AUSTRALIA

8. 8. resources thatyou and yourstudents canlegally copy,modify andCommonsprovidesCreativereuse my CC stickers have arrived!!! by laihiu available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/laihiu/290630500/ under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence

9. 9. But that's not all

10. 10. It also provides a tool for managing your own copyrightTooled Flatty by flattop341 available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/flattop341/1085739925/under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 licence CRICOS No. 00213J

11. 11. Girls Sharing a mp3 Player by terren in Virginia available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/8136496@N05/2275475657/ under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licenceto allow collaboration andsharing with other students,teachers, the world

12. 12. and it can help you teach students about copyrightIntroduction to monstering by WorldIslandInfo.com of http://www.futuristmovies.com/available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/76074333@N00/318034222/ under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence

13. 13. What isCreative Commons?

14. 14. CC provides free licencesthat creators use to tell peoplehow their material can be used

15. 15. this creates a pool of materialthat can be shared and reused legally

16. 16. which in turn enables a culture of sharing

17. 17. free as in speech,CC is not: not as in beer* anti-copyright - just another rights management tool* the public domain - just giving certain permission in advance* anti-commercial - can use some material commercially, charge for "premium" services, embed advertising etc* right for every situation - entirely voluntary, and won't be best solution for all creators

18. 18. Licence ElementsAttribution - credit the authorNoncommercial - no commercial use No Derivative Works - no remixingShareAlike - remix only if you let othersremix

19. 19. Attribution Attribution-ShareAlikeAttribution-Noncommercial Attribution-Noncommercial-ShareAlikeAttribution-NoDerivatives Attribution-Noncommercial-NoDerivatives

20. 20. Creative Commons as a resource

21. 21. How does it work?© Sydney Morning Herald www.smh.com.au Eiffel Tower at night by rednuht, http://www.flickr.com/photos/rednuht/275062 341/,

22. 22. More than 500 million CCobjects on the internetAlmost 250 million photoson Flickr alone

23. 23. search.creativecommons.org

24. 24. http://www.open.ac.uk/openlearn/home.php http://www.oercommons.org/ http://ocw.mit.edu http://www.ck12.org/index.html http://www.khanacademy.org http://cnx.org/ www.ocwconsortium.org/ http://opentraining.unesco-ci.org http://www.curriki.org/ http://www.aesharenet.com.au/ http://play.powerhousemuseum.com/www.tekotago.ac.nz/ http://projects.siyavula.com/ http://oyc.yale.edu/

25. 25. Creative Commons material can be used without worrying about copyright laws or exceptions - which usually don't work for multimediaLock by AMagill available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/amagill/235453953/ under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence

26. 26. This slide show is a good example.

27. 27. This slide show is a good example. I found this on Slideshare . . .Creative Commons in Our Schools by markwooley available athttp://www.slideshare.net/markwoolley/creative-commons-in-our-schools/ under a Creative Commons AttributionNoncommercial 2.5 licence

28. 28. This slide show is a good example. I found this on Slideshare . . . Used some slides as they were . . .Creative Commons in Our Schools by markwooley available athttp://www.slideshare.net/markwoolley/creative-commons-in-our-schools/ under a Creative Commons AttributionNoncommercial 2.5 licence

29. 29. This slide show is a good example. I found this on Slideshare . . . Used some slides as they were . . . Modified others . . .Creative Commons in Our Schools by markwooley available athttp://www.slideshare.net/markwoolley/creative-commons-in-our-schools/ under a Creative Commons AttributionNoncommercial 2.5 licence

30. 30. This slide show is a good example. I found this on Slideshare . . . Used some slides as they were . . . Modified others . . . And added some of my own.Creative Commons in Our Schools by markwooley available athttp://www.slideshare.net/markwoolley/creative-commons-in-our-schools/ under a Creative Commons AttributionNoncommercial 2.5 licence

31. 31. This slide show uses these CC resources: Are you ready??? by ssh available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/ssh/12638218/ Girls Sharing a mp3 Player by terren in Virginia available at under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence http://www.flickr.com/photos/8136496@N05/2275475657/ under a Creative Commons ATtribution 2.0 licence Creative Commons in Our Schools by markwooley available at http://www.slideshare.net/markwoolley/creative-commons-in-our-schools/ under a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial 2.5 licence Lock by AMagill available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/amagill/235453953/ under a Creative Commons Attribution Licence Carpeted commons by Glutnix, http://www.flickr.com/photos/glutnix/2079709803/in/pool-ccswagcontest07 available under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence Copyright by xkcd available at http://xkcd.com/14/ under a Creative Commons Attribution NonCommercial 2.5 licence By Ford Motor company <http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/2.5/> http://www.flickr.com/photos/fordmotorcompany/2267225172/ my CC stickers have arrived!!! by laihiu available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/laihiu/290630500/ under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licenceThank you for sharing by Clearly Ambiguous available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/clearlyambiguous/39896923/ under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licenc Day 121 - Punk Rock Princess by gotplaid? available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/59953599@N00/2368931334/ under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence Eiffel Tower at night by rednuht, Infinite OS X by Matt Forsythe available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/comingupforair/118875135/ http://www.flickr.com/photos/rednuht/275062341/ under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence , Introduction to monstering by WorldIslandInfo.com of http://www.futuristmovies.com/ available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/76074333@N00/318034222/ under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence 'Something Old, Something New', by Anika Staffa, Courtney Fowler, Jue-Ying Liang, Margrete Helgeby and Sarah Oldfield available at http://comstudies.blip.tv/file/999105/ Thinking Hot by Lisandro Moises Enrique under a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial ShareAlike 2.0 licence available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/latente/2041435108/ under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence Clean Slate on Wall Street by Kyle May available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/kylemay/498938859/ under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence Tooled Flatty by flattop341 available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/flattop341/1085739925/ under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.5 licence UX Help by Betsy Webber, CC BY 2.0, http://www.flickr.com/photos/betsyweber/3307988944/

32. 32. CC material can help you:  Save money  Reduce prep time  Improve your materials  Keep up to date  Discover innovative materials  Engage students  Learn from others  Solve legal issues - no more worrying about copyright!UX Help by Betsy Webber, CC BY, http://www.flickr.com/photos/betsyweber/3307988944/ CRICOS No. 00213J

33. 33. Thinking Hot by Lisandro Moises Enrique available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/latente/2041435108/under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence But remember to: * obey the licence * attribute * think about other rights (privacy etc) * use your common sense

34. 34. Creative Commons as a tool

35. 35. CC licensing your material can help you:  Facilitate collaboration  Increase your reach and reputation  Speed the creation of educational resources  Improve quality  Make better use of publicly funded resources  Give new value to old material  Provide legal clarity and reduce admin  Help, and learn from, othersUX Help by Betsy Webber, CC BY, http://www.flickr.com/photos/betsyweber/3307988944/ CRICOS No. 00213J

36. 36. http://www.open.ac.uk/openlearn/home.php http://www.oercommons.org/ http://ocw.mit.edu http://www.ck12.org/index.html http://www.khanacademy.org http://cnx.org/ www.ocwconsortium.org/ http://opentraining.unesco-ci.org http://www.curriki.org/ http://www.aesharenet.com.au/ http://play.powerhousemuseum.com/www.tekotago.ac.nz/ http://projects.siyavula.com/ http://oyc.yale.edu/

37. 37. Nevertheless, people are still reluctant, because . . .

38. 38. Clean Slate on Wall Street by Kyle May available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/kylemay/498938859/under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence Economic these materials the idea that money can be made by selling

39. 39. Clean Slate on Wall Street by Kyle May available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/kylemay/498938859/under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence happen? Economic these materials the idea that money can be made by selling but how often does that

40. 40. Clean Slate on Wall Street by Kyle May available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/kylemay/498938859/under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence Fairness free-riders people are wary of

41. 41. Clean Slate on Wall Street by Kyle May available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/kylemay/498938859/under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence Fairness free-riders when did sharing people are wary of become free-riding?

42. 42. Clean Slate on Wall Street by Kyle May available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/kylemay/498938859/under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence Legal they can and can't do people don't know what

43. 43. Clean Slate on Wall Street by Kyle May available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/kylemay/498938859/ under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence Legal hesitation uncertainty breeds they can and can't do people don't know whatCRICOS No. 00213J

44. 44. Clean Slate on Wall Street by Kyle May available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/kylemay/498938859/under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence Personal people are reluctant to let go of their materials

45. 45. Clean Slate on Wall Street by Kyle May available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/kylemay/498938859/under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence Personal them new life but letting go can give people are reluctant to let go of their materials

46. 46. Clean Slate on Wall Street by Kyle May available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/kylemay/498938859/under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence Policy policy, you may need depending on your IP permission from above

47. 47. Clean Slate on Wall Street by Kyle May available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/kylemay/498938859/under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence Policy government and institutional level policy, you may need depending on your IP we need change at the permission from above

48. 48. Thinking Hot by Lisandro Moises Enrique available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/latente/2041435108/under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence Before you license, think: Who do you want to use the material, and when? Are you choosing the right licence? Do you have the rights to license the material? Are you using anyone else's material? Are you sure? You cant change your mind (or not easily)

49. 49. Creative Commons as a teacher

50. 50. Most teaching materials on copyright focus on restrictions

51. 51. Day 121 - Punk Rock Princess by gotplaid? available at http://www.flickr.com/photos/59953599@N00/2368931334/under a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence Students will ignore lessons that just tell them what they can't do CC teaches them what they can do

52. 52. Learning to work with CC gives them real life skills

53. 53. Takes away the legal questionmarks when sharing material on a website, entering a film competition, collaborating with others, becoming a professional. . .

54. 54. Learning about CC encourages them to think about their copyright decisions - how would they want their material to be used?

55. 55. Digital Communication and Participatory Culture * Honours unit at University of Western Australia * Students collaboratively developed the curriculum * Students with no budgets had to create 3 minute videos that were legally redistributable * CC licensing of the final work was optional, but all did it'Something Old, Something New', by Anika Staffa, Courtney Fowler, Jue-Ying Liang,Margrete Helgeby and Sarah Oldfield available at http://comstudies.blip.tv/file/999105/under a Creative Commons Attribution Noncommercial ShareAlike 2.0 licence

56. 56. a Creative Commons Attribution 2.0 licence, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/2.0/deed.enCarpeted commons by Glutnix, http://www.flickr.com/photos/glutnix/2079709803/in/pool-ccswagcontest07 available under Thanks For more information, see: creativecommons.org www.smartcopying.edu.au info@creativecommons.org This slide show is licensed under a Creative Commons Australia Attribution Noncommerical 3.0 licence. It draws on the works listed at slide 16. The image in slides 6 and 16 is used under fair use law. If you use does not constitute a fair use, please exclude this slide. CRICOS No. 00213J

# data[].attributes.attachment_link.description
An explanation of Creative Commons and how it can be of use to educaors. An updated version of my previous presentation http://www.slideshare.net/Jessicacoates/creative-commons-in-the-classroom-presentation We're hear to talk about copyright This is what makes copyright hard. Because you need the permission of each of these different copyright owners before you can use the work.

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attributed to: David Wiley

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Open Education Week: Finding Open Educational Resources

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attributed to: crashcourse

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Copyright Basics: Crash Course Intellectual Property 2

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Open educational resources

attributed to: intheacademia

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Copyright belongs to me

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Read all 5 parts

http://www.educationworld.com/a_curr/curr280.shtml

Linda Starr © 2000 Education World

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Learn about the licenses ...

https://creativecommons.org/licenses/

CC attribution license