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QUESTIONS ON QUATUM MECHANICS---------manikanta
Question 1:What cannot we measure in a particle at the same time?
Question 2:What is the densest thing on earth? Question 3:Which is the weakest power of the fundamental powers?

Question 4:How does the energy form in which a stars emits?

ANSWERS:<<<<<manikanta
A1.The position and the speed.
A2.The neutron.

A3.The gravity.

A4. Throught= fusion

FROM MANIKANTA TO GAJRAJ:

Q1What are the Quantum Numbers?
Q2)Can Quantum Mechanics and Classical Mechanics connected?
Gajraj Rathore-ANSWERS:
A1 The quantum numbers are some of the most pivotal values ever defined. These numbers are effectively a kind of address. By knowing all of the four main quantum numbers, one can tell almost everything there is to know about an electron in a certain atom. The amount of energy this electron has, as well as where it is located and what its relation is to other electrons can all be determined from these four numbers. The four main quantum numbers are the principal, angular, magnetic, and spin quantum numbers.
A2)It is not exactly "connected," but a basic principle of quantum mechanics is that its laws must merge with those of classical mechanics if the particle being observed over a certain distance has a momentum significantly larger than the Planck's Constant divided by that distance.
FROM SHOBHIT TO VYSHNAVIQ1) When quantum mechanics research started and by whom?
Q2) What do the Planck's quantum theory of fussy light tells about?

Q3) What does this Dempster-Shafer Theory of Evidence and Focal sets argue?
ANSWERS byVyshnavi.challa A1) It initially started in the year 1838 with the discovery of cathode rays.
A2)As it is mentioned in the video link I have posted Planck's quantum theory of fussy light tells us that light bulb filaments should be heated to a temperature of about 3200 kelvin to ensure that most of the energy is emitted as visible waves.

A3) Evidence theory argues that numerical degrees of belief are not a measure of chance and do not obey all rules obeyed by the chance measurers.

FROM VYSHNAVI TO SHOBHIT
Q1) Which part of quantum physics are you dealing in this article?
Q2) What are the characteristics of a single photon?

Q3) How are the quantum computations formulated? ANSWER FROM SHOBHIT
Ans1. OPTICAL QUANTUM COMPUTING.
Ans2. Single photon are largely free of the noise,or dechoherence , that plagues other system; can be easily manipulated to realize one qubit logic gates; enables encoding in any several degrees of freedom for examples polarization, timebin or path.

Ans3. Quantum computation are typically formulated using the quantum circuit model, a generalization of the circuit model for boolen logic

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quantum entanglement:

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Gajraj-

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Measure for Measure: Quantum Physics and Reality

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When no one is looking, a particle has near limitless potential: it can be nearly anywhere. But measure it, and the particle snaps to one position. How do subatomic objects shed their quantum weirdness? Experts in the field of physics, including David Z.

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All the above areas mentioned have a lot of scope for development and research. Modern cryptographic encryption algorithms (both symmetric and unsymmetric) are currently found out from research to be unsafe. They could be bruteforced by a powerful enough computer thus breaking security. In such cases quantum cryptography comes to the aide which helps us in generating unique hashes which are almost nearly non bruteforcable. Thus improving overall security.

Overall I think quantum Mechanics will revolutionize our way we think about science and technology.

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As suggested by my team members the other areas can be:

1)Sending untraceable messages.

2)Development of neural networks in robotics.

3)Useful in developing quantum computers which can be used in solving complex algorithms and high intensive processes.

4)Quantum cryptography

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Quantum Computing – Artificial Intelligence Is Here

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Geordie Rose, Founder of D-Wave (recent clients are Google and NASA) believes that the power of quantum computing is that we can `exploit parallel universes' to solve problems that we have no other means of confirming. Simply put, quantum computers can think exponentially faster and simultaneously such that as they mature they will out pace us.

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When the DNA absorbs and emits light it is acting as an optical quantum computer

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Postprof:

1: http://www.jstor.org/stable/20051746?seq=1&cid=pdf-reference#references_tab_contents

2:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9-ox3lUvg-0

3:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=R6wOG1wWUJk

4: http://qoqms.phys.strath.ac.uk/figures/latticeqc.jpg

5: http://qoqms.phys.strath.ac.uk/figures/quantum_computer.png

6: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=PqN_2jDVbOU

7:

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IdeasLab 2013 - Jeremy O'Brien - Optical Quantum Computing

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http://www.weforum.org/ Quantum physicist Professor Jeremy O'Brien, from the University of Bristol, talks about how quantum technologies have the potential to transform lives, societies and economies.

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Area where quantum mechanics can do wonders.

Quantum cryptography is the use of quantum mechanical properties to perform cryptographic tasks. The best known example of quantum cryptography is quantum key distribution which provides a solution to the breaking of various popular public key encryption and signature schemes (e.g., RSA and ElGamal). The advantage of quantum cryptography lies in the fact that it allows the completion of various cryptographic tasks that are proven or conjectured to be impossible using only classical (i.e. non-quantum) communication (see below for examples). For example, It is impossible to find data encoded in a quantum state and the very act of reading data encoded in a quantum statechanges the state. This is used to detect eavesdropping in quantum key distribution.

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AREAS WHERE TEAM WILL BE SUCCESFULL:<<>>

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AREAS WHERE TEAM WILL BE SUCCESFULL:<<>>

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I think gajraj opinion is nice but scientists are working on it,so quantum supercomputers are currently unavailable,

so it can be used in SENDING UNCRACKABLE MESSAGES.

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My suggestion is to apply it in uncrackable codes,so that we can send secret information safely.i also suggest another one, super powerful quantum computers which is scientists are trying to build it.

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so I sugggest it to apply for sending uncrackable messages (where information is carried by individual photons -single particles of light.)

it is currently working but it is expensive.

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Example of Quantum Mechanics in Real life

Birefringence : Birefringence is the optical property of a material having a refractive index that depends on the polarization and propagation direction of light. . Birefringent crystals (e.g. Calcite) are easy enough to find.

Laser holograms : Not only is interference required to produce a holographic film it is also required to regenerate the hologram.

Harlequin paint, carnival glass, the rainbow on a DVD data surface. All get their rainbow colour from interference effects.
Of course, not all quantum mechanical effects are attributed to the wave nature of reality. We have to remember that quantum mechanics also has particle properties.

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Quantum Mechanics - Double Slit Experiment. Is anything real? (Prof. Anton Zeilinger)

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We can change the way reality behaves, by simply looking at it! Quantum Mechanics - Double Slit Experiment. Is anything real? By: Prof. Anton Zeilinger FROM: DiscoveryCh -Through The Wormhole - How Does the Universe Work

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Can Quantum Mechanics be used for Military purposes?

The Us army Research Office and the National Security Agency are together Looking in a technology called "Ghost Imaging"

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When you think of military operations, chances are you think of the obvious. The tanks. The service members. The uniform. The helicopters. The military brass. The American flag. The Pentagon. All the iconic symbols that the military takes pride in illustrating. There's a reason for that, of course. Those are the brochure-friendly things that stand symbolic of our mighty military force.
However, there's more to the military that meets the eye.
Science and technology play a huge part in our military operations. Whether that be obvious, like the UAV, or the more discreet, like NRL's chemical-detecting CT-Analyst. Science and discovery are shaping the future of the force a little bit every day. Even, believe it or not, on a subatomic level.

I'm talking about quantum technology. That's right; we're using quantum physics. In the U.S. military.

I'm sure some of you may have some questions, so let's start with the basics.

Quantum physics (or quantum mechanics) is a type of physics which deals with things on microscopic levels. It focuses on the atomic and subatomic levels, and works with particles and waves, studying the behavior and interactions with energy and matter. Essentially, scientists who study quantum physics in its many forms are trying to find the limits of energy and matter by attempting to break the rules that we understand about them now.

I guess you could call them the rebels of the science realm. Or, at least I do.

In any case, the military is trying to find out how to use quantum physics to aid the military and help in military missions. As you can probably imagine, that is no small task. Luckily the military has put some of their top scientists on the job.

Like Ron Meyers, for example.

Ronald E. Meyers is a physicist at the Army Research Laboratory in Maryland. Aside from being an award-winning scientist in his field, Ron is also an inventor. He was named the Army's the top innovator from Reuters, with 11 patents under his belt. Recently I spent some time with Ron and asked him to tell me about his work in quantum physics for the military.

"I went into science because I wanted to know how the world works. About how I work," Ron explains. "I was fascinated by what I observed and what I learned. I found that I tend to be able to solve the harder problems."

In his quest to do that, Ron has worked in many departments, from physics and mathematics, to fluid dynamics and quantum physics. He's the type of person who likes to work on difficult but important problems. And it shows. At Brookhaven National Laboratory, he developed the first comprehensive model of air pollution in the United States for the White House. That led to the new Clean Air Act, which recognized long range transport of air pollution and its impact on health.

I think it's safe to say this guy knows how to science.

He then discovered that the military had big applications for solving a lot of problems that don't just affect the environment, but the warfighter as well. That's where quantum physics came into the equation (so to speak).

"My main goal right now is to help the Army develop quantum technology," Ron explains. "Quantum technology leverages the physics of quantum particles to overcome the classical limits in technology applications."
Ah, I see. Okay no I don't. What does that mean?
"We're talking about developing quantum computing, quantum communications, quantum imaging," Ron explains. Quantum particles, for example, are photons and electrons and atoms and ions. We know that they behave a little differently than how we observe large scale objects.

"The physics is different," he says. "It turns out that you can leverage this [these physics] that most people would consider uncommon, and that you can get betting imagining and better computing. You can do safer communications that are encrypted more efficiently. You can get the better imaging."

Much of what Ron does, as a matter of fact, is in quantum imaging.

"I developed the way to use quantum particles and photons to image remote objects. This is called ghost imaging."

It has a strange name, to be sure, but there's a reason for that. Ghost imaging is a technique that allows a high resolution camera to produce an image of an object which the camera itself cannot see.

"With ghost imagining you image the source," he explains. "So you take pictures of the Sun, for example. You'd also use a light meter to see how much light is reflected from the target. When you put those measurements together you actually get an improved image of the target and you're computing that. You don't see image directly. You compute the image."

It turns out that this ghost imaging has the ability to see through turbulence, so it won't blur long distance imaging. It can also see through a lot of obscurance to get higher resolution than normal. Essentially, Ron explains, you're figuring out the paths that the light takes to the target and then back to your sensors. When you put all of that together you get more resolution.

"I was the first one to image an item remotely using ghost imagining," Ron says. Some work had been done earlier. Ghost imaging with entangled photons appeared earlier as a physics curiosity. Now it's a field of quantum physics, he says, and it has a lot of applications.

"We're working very hard to bring that technology to the Army."

And use it in the Army we absolutely could. Think about it. This could help the military in several ways. Like seeing through things, for example. Superman-style. But Ron says we don't need to stop there.

"I think the opportunities [for the application of ghost imaging] are fairly unlimited," Ron says. "Certainly there are applications on the battlefield to see through obscurance to identify friend vs foe."

There's also the opportunity to use ghost imaging to assist in crisis situations, Ron says. For example, in a fire you could use ghost imaging through the smoke. T his imaging could have an application during any time that there are visual obstacles.

In addition to being able to get clearer, more accurate pictures from father distances, it will also aid in things like medical imaging. For example, this will improve brain imaging. That could provide immeasurable assistance to people in the medical field.

So this got me thinking. How far might we be able to use this technology? I mean, could you use ghost imaging in space?
As it turns out, yes. Yes you absolutely can.
"That's an area that NASA is working on now," Ron says, much to my delight. "They're applying ghost imaging to space imaging. So this is an exciting area. They're looking for exoplanets and they've developed some follow-on techniques in this field."

But it's more than just the expanse of space and the ability to have Superman vision. This is something that is the stepping stone for future, more advanced and fantastic engineering and technology.

At least, that's the plan.
"I think that the work in quantum aspects of ghost imaging will have a long term impact," Ron says. "There will be a lot of improvements but I know that it will help the Army and civilization get there a little quicker."
The types of applications are environmental imaging, medical imaging, space imaging, things that help the military. But this kind of technology isn't limited. Then again, quantum things rarely are.

" Quantum technology is transformative technology," Ron explains. "Basically, this is how the world works; by the interactions of quantum particles and quantum energy. So everything in motion and the states of the universe deals with these types of interactions. Trying to leverage that potential for the Army is a big responsibility and I try to do the best at that, as do my colleagues."

So I asked Ron what it was that drove him to work on this project. So what propelled him forward to pursue the fascinating and ever-possible world of quantum technology?

"I like working for the soldiers. For the warfighters. They have tremendous courage, they have dedication. Not only do they sacrifice a lot but also their families sacrifice. I find that very humbling."
Jessica L. Tozer is a blogger for DoDLive and Armed With Science. She is an Army veteran and an avid science fiction fan, both of which contribute to her enthusiasm for technology in the military.
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Disclaimer: The appearance of hyperlinks does not constitute endorsement by the Department of Defense of this website or the information, products or services contained therein. For other than authorized activities such as military exchanges and Morale, Welfare and Recreation sites, the Department of Defense does not exercise any editorial control over the information you may find at these locations. Such links are provided consistent with the stated purpose of this DoD website.

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When you think of military operations, chances are you think of the obvious. The tanks. The service members. The uniform. The helicopters. The military brass. The American flag. The Pentagon. All the iconic symbols that the military takes pride in illustrating. There's a reason for that, of course.

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Where Did I got the information from ?

I looked up various magazines and Books and found out all I could about the topic.

Magazines:

https://www.quantamagazine.org/20150910-einstein-insanity/
https://www.quantamagazine.org/20150604-quantum-bayesianism-qbism/

https://www.newscientist.com/article_topic/quantum-science/

http://www.preposterousuniverse.com/blog/2013/01/17/the-most-embarrassing-graph-in-modern-physics/

Books:

Q uantum Mechanics and applications by R.L khanna

The Principles of Quantum Mechanics by Duric

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Some terms related to quantum mechanics

Quark - One of the fundamental constituents of matter. These particles posses spin They come in six types: up (u), down (d), strange (s), charm (c), bottom (b), and top (t).

Spin - A number that labels the intrinsic angular momentum of a particle, essentially how much the particle rotates around its axis. This number can only take on discrete values.

Wave Function - A wave function in quantum mechanics describes the quantum state of an isolated system of one or more particles. There is one wave function containing all the information about the entire system, not a separate wave function for each particle in the system.

Quantum Gravity -  At very small distances, the principles of quantum mechanics are necessary to accurately describe physical phenomena. Developing a theory that incorporates both the principles of quantum mechanics and gravity, a theory of "quantum gravity", has proven to be extremely difficult.

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TECHNOLOGIES WHERE OPTICAL QUANTUM COMPUTING CAN BE USED ARE:

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TECHNOLOGIES WHERE OPTICAL QUANTUM COMPUTING CAN BE USED ARE:

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1. Quantum computer has better ability solve some problem then classical computer.
2. Quantum annealer, the D-Wave One, claiming a 128 qubit processor.

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Q1:So the essence of quantum physics is that everything has a quanta?

A1:: Not really. In fact, it is not even true. For example, if we take an H-atom, we find that it has certain energy levels. But it is not true that “energy is quantized”. If we now take a different atom, we find different energy levels; the actual levels does not reflect some universal property of energy — rather, it is specific to the system in question. By the way, such things can happen in classical physics, too. For example, if we have a cord, it can only vibrate at certain frequencies. However, different cords can vibrate at all sort of different frequencies — altogether, in classical physics there is no natural unit of frequency.

Q2:So quantum physics must use probability theory?

A2:Yes, but it uses a “built in” probability theory which is different from the classical one. There is actually a mathematical difference between probabilities arising from lack of knowledge and intrinsic uncertanity. When we use classical probability theory, we tacitly assume that at each experimental round, each measurable quantity (described in the theory by a random variable) assumes a value — independently from the fact whether we have measured it or not. In reality, at each experimental round we can only measure some quantities. It turns out that the statistics emerging from experimental data actually contradicts the assumption that at each experimental round, all quantities had a value (and that only we did not know them). On the other hand, the probability theory used in quantum physics does not make such assumptions and in fact the predictions made by using quantum physics are in perfect agreement with experimental data. From the point of view of abstract mathematics, the main difference is that the event-lattice used in classical probability theory is distributive, whereas the one used by quantum physics isn’t.

Q3:I’ve heard that in quantum physics a lot of fancy mathematical objects like Hilbert spaces are used, and that in particular, measurable quantities are described by self-adjoint operators. Are these things related to what you have just explained?

A3:: Yes, these are mathematical elements of the “built in” probability theory used by quantum physics.

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Superconducting magnet:A superconducting magnet is an electromagnet made from coils of superconducting wire.

Magnetic Resonance Imaging: is a medical imaging technique used in radiology to investigate the anatomy and physiology of the body in both health and disease.

Electron microscope:An electron microscope is a microscope that uses a beam of accelerated electrons as a source of illumination.

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QUBIT  - a quantum analogue of classical bit. STOCHASTIC   -  probabilistic, involving chance

AXIOM   - obviously true, taken for granted

ONTOLOGICA L   - a branch of metaphysics concerned with the nature and relations of being

PROTOTYPE   - an original model on which something is patterned: archetype

MYRIAD   - a great number

CRYPTOGRAPHY  - the art of encrypting

DECIPHER - decode

JEOPARDIZE  - to expose to danger or risk: imperil

SUPERLUMINAL PHENOMENA- a frame of reference traveling with a speed greater than the speed of light c.

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Gajraj-  Area where team will be successful: 

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Gajraj-  Area where team will be successful: 

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Super Powerful Computers:

The fastest type of computer. Supercomputers are very expensive and are employed for specialized applications that require immense amounts of mathematical calculations. For example, weather forecasting requires a supercomputer. Other uses of supercomputers include animated graphics, fluid dynamic calculations, nuclear energy research, and petroleum exploration.
The chief difference between a supercomputer and a mainframe is that a supercomputer channels all its power into executing a few programs as fast as possible, whereas a mainframe uses its power to execute many programs concurrently.If you are hoping to have a supercomputer on your desk, you may be out of luck. Supercomputers are typically several times the size of a typical desktop computer and require far more power. A supercomputer may also consist of a series of computers, which may fill an entire roomSupercomputers cost a fortune to build and are expensive to maintain, which is why only a few exist in the entire world. Furthermore, computing power continues to advance each year, meaning it isn't too long before a ground-breaking supercomputer isn't so super. The good news is that the supercomputers of the past eventually become the personal computers of today. Therefore, your home PC most likely has more computing power than many supercomputers from previous decades. .

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Gajraj Rathore-Questions on Quantum Mechanics

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Gajraj Rathore-Questions on Quantum Mechanics

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Q:Why ”quantum physics” is named as it is?

Ans: In 1905 Albert Einstein explained the photoelectric phenomena by assuming that light can be absorbed in certain “packets”, only. He suggested that light has an elementary “quanta”; the photon, as it was then called. This contributed to the birth of a new physics in an important way. Many other quantities (that were previously considered “continuous”) were also discovered to be quantized. Thus the emerging new physics was named “quantum physics”.

Q:What is the essence of quantum physics? What makes it so different from classical physics?

A: Quantum physics takes account of the uncertainity present in nature. (By the way, you should also note, that quantum physics is not a single theory;rather, it is a general framework. More specifically, one talks about quantum mechanics,quantum thermodynamics,quantum field theory, etc.) Here the word “uncertanity” is not meant in the sense that we don’t know something(so that we would be uncertain of something). Quantum physics claims that reality isn’t something crystal clear; instead, it is somewhat misty. When we describe the electron’s position in an H-atom by a certain spherical “cloud”,we do so not because we are not sure where it is (which would be a simple lack of information on the observer’s side). Rather, the electron itself is not sure about its position (“intrinsic uncertanity”), and in some sense it is really both here and there and a little bit all around.

Q:Is the essence of quantum physics is that everything has a quanta?

A: Not really. In fact, it is not even true. For example, if we take an H-atom,we find that it has certain energy levels. But it is not true that “energy is quantized”. If we now take a different atom, we find different energy levels;the actual levels does not reflect some universal property of energy — rather,it is specific to the system in question. By the way, such things can happen in classical physics, too. For example, if we have a cord, it can only vibrate at certain frequencies. However, different cords can vibrate at all sort of different frequencies — altogether, in classical physics there is no natural unit of frequency.

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Schrödinger's cat

Schrödinger's cat is a thought experiment, sometimes described as a paradox, devised by Austrian physicist Erwin Schrodinger in 1935. It illustrates what he saw as the problem of the Copenhagen interpretation of quantum mechanics applied to everyday objects.

The scenario presents a cat that may be simultaneously both alive and dead , a state known as a quantum superpostion, as a result of being linked to a random subatomic event that may or may not occur

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What can Schrödinger's cat teach us about quantum mechanics? - Josh Samani

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What is the future of Quantum Mechanics ?

Quantum mechanics is the theory that describes the laws of physics accurately enough to predict almost anything we care about at human scale.  What I mean by this is that the theory is so incredibly good that it's essentially perfect when used as a practical "theory of everything".

QM can predict all chemical reactions to such an extreme level of accuracy that there is no device on earth that could identify the error between the calculated and experimentally obtained results.  The gyromagnetic ratio for an isolated electron has been calculated to twelve decimal places of physical accuracy.

Of course, by "quantum mechanics", I'm referring to quantum field theory, but QFT is really just a more elaborate form of traditional quantum mechanics, not a completely new paradigm.  Quantum field theory has better tools to describe specific systems under study (particle creation/annihilation, certain relativistic effects such as the color of gold, and the electromagnetic field).  But even using just the non-relativistic Schrödinger equation with a constant number of particles provides more accuracy for chemistry than anyone really needs.

The areas of fundamental physics that we still have a lot of work with include quantum gravity, dark energy, supersymmetry, and particle physics.  But these things don't really affect us day-to-day.

So if quantum mechanics is that great, why aren't we basically "done" with science?  The reason is because despite the simplicity of the theory (you can describe all postulates of QM in less than a page), actually using it to make predictions is incredibly hard.  The equations can't be solved exactly for more than a few particles.

In this sense, quantum mechanics has turned into an applied math problem.  The goal is to find clever ways to approximate the exact solutions.  Better approximations generally require more computational resources.  In fact, there's actually very little physics that's necessary for the applied mathematician in order to work on the problem.  You're essentially trying to find a quick way to get the eigenvalues of a linear operator (or at least the smallest eigenvalue).

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Answers to the FAQs

A-1) We need to know about quantum physics because it explains the microscopic world and with the knowledge of microscopic world it becomes easier to know about macroscopic world.

A-2) Wave Function is the function which gives all the information that there is about a quantum system. A quantum system can be one or many particles.

A-3) The wave packet function is not real in the sense that you can't touch it in the classical manner. It is also not real in the sense that we have chosen a particular model to represent the true quantum state. However the quantum state is real. In fact it is the only reality! Our representation of the quantum state by a wave packet is to allow us to visualize a little bit what is going on.

A-4) We aren't measuring anything. We are giving predictions for what we expect from a measurement.

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FAQs about Quantum Mechanics

Q-1) Why do we need to know about Quantum Mechanics?

Q-2) What is Wave Function?

Q-3) Is the Wave Packet Real?

Q-4) What are we measuring with the statistical interpretation?

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APPLICATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS :<<<<>>>

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APPLICATION OF QUANTUM MECHANICS :<<<<>>>

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1.ULTR-PRECISE CLOCKS(for accuracy)

2.UNCRCKABLE CODES( information is sent via photons that have been randomly polarized)

3.SUPERPOWERFUL COMPUTERS

4.IMPROVED MICROSCOPES FOR BETTER ACCURACY

5.BIOLOGICAL COMPASSES

These are only some of the applications of quantum mechanics.

If we go to depth in most of the technology,quantum mechanics is applied directly or indirectly

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1.aberration: something that differs from the norm
2.brusque:short, abrupt
3.decry:to criticize openly
4.incisive: clear, sharp, direct
5.inept:not suitable orcapable

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Children, Make a single questioner. Manikanta have a look at Aruna's work and formate it in accordance.

Gajraj - hasn't been doing much work here.

Please be informed any laps will affect just not your padlet marks, put the next 2 assignments and test 2 as well. As everything is interlinked.

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Gajraj Rathore-Application of Quantum Mechanics 

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Gajraj Rathore-Application of Quantum Mechanics 

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Quantum mechanics may seem like a mind-blowing topic in the realms of "thought-experiments" rather than having practical use.
But there are applications of quantum mechanics that could lead to new exciting technologies:
Imagine if you had an invisibility machine what would you use it for?  Some examples are:
Seeing through rubble at earthquake sites, or looking at parts of the body obscured by bone. At the moment the scientists can only recreate the material in the lab.
Invisibility at the flick of a switch:

Scientists at Imperial College London have used the rules of quantum physics to create crystals of "designer atoms" that are transparent - or invisible.

Although quantum mechanics had a strong influence on the technological development of the 20th century — it allowed for example the invention of the transistor or the laser — its impact on the processing of information has only been understood recently. “Quantum information processing” is a new and dynamic research field at the crossroads of quantum mechanics and computer science. It looks at the consequence of encoding digital bits — the elementary units of information — on quantum objects.

Does it make a difference if a bit is written on a piece of paper, stored in an electronic chip, or encoded on a single electron? Applying quantum mechanics to information processing yields revolutionary properties and possibilities, without any equivalent in conventional information theory. In order to emphasize this difference, a digital bit is called a quantum bit or a "qubit" in this context. With the miniaturization of microprocessors, which will reach the quantum limit in the next fifteen to twenty years, this new field will necessarily gain prominence. Its ultimate goal is the development of a fullyquantum computer, featuring massively parallel processing capabilities.

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TARGET AUDIENCE: RESEARCHERS

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A SURVEY REGARDING THE EVIDENCE AND APPLICATIONS OF QUANTUM MECHANICS

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1.The position and the speed.

2.The neutron.

3.The gravity.

4. Throught= fusion

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Gajraj RathoreImportant Terms and their meanings:

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Gajraj RathoreImportant Terms and their meanings:

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Quantum cryptography -It is NOT a new algorithm to encrypt and decrypt data. Rather it is a technique of using photons to generate a cryptographic key and transmit it to a receiver using a suitable communication channel. A cryptographic key plays the most important role in cryptography; it is used to encrypt/decrypt data.
Types of cryptography
There are two types of cryptography:
1)Symmetric Cryptography 2)Asymmetric Cryptography Symmetric Key Cryptography is also known as Secret Key Cryptography (SKC) where a key (any text, numbers, etc.) is used to encrypt data, and the same key is used to decrypt that data. The smallest change in the secret key will fail to decrypt an encrypted message. For example, text that is encrypted using AES encryption with key Infosec will fail to decrypt another cipher text which was encrypted using key INFOSEC.
Asymmetric Key Cryptography is also known as Public Key Cryptography (PKC) where two sets of keys are generated. One is called a public key and other is called a private key. A public key is used to encrypt data whereas a private key is used to decrypt that data. Similar to symmetric cryptography, the smallest change in any of the two keys will make them useless to get the original data. A benefit of asymmetric cryptography is that you can share the public key with the whole world so that they can use it to send you encrypted data. And the private key is stored safely with the owner and is used for decryption. One disadvantage of this type of cryptography is that if your private key is lost or leaked then you will have to generate a new pair of public and private keys.

SPECTROSCOPY- is the study of the interaction between matter and electromagnetic radiation. Historically, spectroscopy originated through the study of visible light dispersed according to its wavelength, by a prism. Spectral measurement devices are referred to as spectrometers, spectrophotometers, spectrographs or spectral analysers.

RED SHIFT-This happens when light or other electromagnetic radiation from an object is increased in wavelength, or shifted to the red end of the spectrum. In general, whether or not the radiation is within the visible spectrum, "redder" means an increase in wavelength – equivalent to a lower frequency and a lower photon energy, in accordance with, respectively, the wave and quantum theories of light.

RADIO GALAXY- They are types of active galaxy that are very luminous at radio wavelengths, with luminosities up to 10³⁹ W between 10 MHz and 100 GHz.[1] The radio emission is due to the synchrotron process. The observed structure in radio emission is determined by the interaction between twin jets and the external medium, modified by the effects of relativistic beaming. The host galaxies are almost exclusively large elliptical galaxies. Radio-loud active galaxies can be detected at large distances, making them valuable tools for oservational cosmology. Recently, much work has been done on the effects of these objects on the intergalactic medium, particularly in galaxy groups and clusters.

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Manikanta                                         PROOOFS :

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Manikanta                                         PROOOFS :

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Source of journal: IOPscience website

Name of journal:QUANTUM MECHANICS-The role of microsystems and macrosystems

published date:7 March 2007

webpage of the journal : (http://iopscience.iop.org/1751-8121/40/12/S14)

Download details: IP Address: 111.93.6.70

youtube link of the video: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=iVpXrbZ4bnU
authors of journal: Ludovico Lanz, Bassano Vacchiniand Olaf Melsheimer

some of sources that I used in collecting the data are: IEEE online, Thirty Years that Shook Physics: The Story of Quantum Theory written by George Gamow and some other magazines

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Quantum Mechanics made Simple

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Quantum Mechanics Double Slit, Entanglement & Flatland

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Dr Quantum - Double Slit Experiment, Entanglement & Flatland http://WisdomOfSource.com This fun and relativity simple animation comes from the film: "What the Bleep Do We Know!?: Down The Rabbit Hole". It is used for educational purposes; as it explains what the Quantum Physicists refer to when they talk about 'wave-particle duality' and the 'double-slit experiment'.

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1) Quantum Electrodynamics

Author(s):

Iwo Bia၂ynicki-Birula, Zofia Biłynicka-Birula and D. ter Haar

ISBN: 978-0-08-017188-3

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My Sources of information included sites like:
1)Live Science 2)Nature News 3)Free Book Centre Notes and journals from
4)American Institute of Physicist.
5)Rudolf Piers
Some other sources are:
6)Encyclopedia Britannica
7)Stanford.edu(Research)
8)Google Books.
9)http://dl.acm.org/citation.cfm?id=367701.367709&coll=DL&dl=ACM&CFID=728482620&CFTOKEN=30622044

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I have uploaded a video to bring a better understanding about Quantum physics from youtube.  And the link I have uploaded is taken from IFSA WORLD CONGRESS AND 20TH NAFIS INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE, 2001, JOINT 9TH.

IT IS PUBLISHED BY IEEE

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I searched various journals that are available in bits library (IOPSCIENCE) and for video I searched in youtube.

i thougt that video which contains animation can be easily understandable so I choosed it.

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1) It initially started in the year 1838 with the discovery of cathode rays.

2) As it is mentioned in the video link I have posted Planck's quantum theory of fussy light tells us that light bulb filaments should be heated to a temperature of about 3200 kelvin to ensure that most of the energy is emitted as visible waves.

3) Evidence theory argues that numerical degrees of belief are not a measure of chance and do not obey all rules obeyed by the chance measurers.

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Ans1. OPTICAL QUANTUM COMPUTING.

Ans2. Single photon are largely free of the noise,or dechoherence , that plagues other system; can be easily manipulated to realize one qubit logic gates; enables encoding in any several degrees of freedom for examples polarization, timebin or path.

Ans3. Quantum computation are typically formulated using the quantum circuit model, a generalization of the circuit model for boolen logic

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QUESTIONS:

1) Which part of quantum physics are you dealing in this article?

2) What are the characteristics of a single photon?

3) How are the quantum computations formulated?

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1 The quantum numbers are some of the most pivotal values ever defined. These numbers are effectively a kind of address. By knowing all of the four main quantum numbers, one can tell almost everything there is to know about an electron in a certain atom. The amount of energy this electron has, as well as where it is located and what its relation is to other electrons can all be determined from these four numbers. The four main quantum numbers are the principal, angular, magnetic, and spin quantum numbers.

2)It is not exactly "connected," but a basic principle of quantum mechanics is that its laws must merge with those of classical mechanics if the particle being observed over a certain distance has a momentum significantly larger than the Planck's Constant divided by that distance.

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1)What have you chosen?

2)Who are the authors of your journal?

3)Who developed model of Quantum Mechaniccs?

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history and beginning of quantum physics

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The Origin of Quantum Mechanics (feat. Neil Turok)

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Check out the Massey Lectures with Neil Turok: http://dft.ba/-massey Perimeter Institute for Theoretical Physics: http://pitp.ca MinutePhysics is on Google+ - http://bit.ly/qzEwc6 And facebook - http://facebook.com/minutephysics And twitter - @minutephysics Minute Physics provides an energetic and entertaining view of old and new problems in physics -- all in a minute!

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ANS 1)
QUANTUM MECHANICS

ANS 2)

Ludovico Lanz, Bassano Vacchini and Olaf Melsheime

ANS 3)

Niels Bohr began the path to the quantum mechanical model in 1913, but it took the additional theories of several other scientists to develop the quantum mechanical model. The combined work of Werner Heisenberg, Max Born, Pascual Jordan and Erwin Schrödinger laid the foundation for Albert Einstein's work

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Applications Of Quantum Mechanics

Quantum physics may seem like a mind-blowing topic in the realms of "thought-experiments" rather than having practical use. But there are applications of quantum physics that could lead to new exciting technologies like .

1. Quantum Computing

Certain computational capabilities that cannot be even imagined by conventional

methods may be made possible in the not so far away future.

Shor quantum algorithm would make an unparalleled and unheard of

quantum leap as far as factoring is concerned.

2. Quantum Cryptography

Cryptology includes

Cryptography, the art of encrypting /sending a message

crypto analysis, the art of decrypting.

In order to do this, an algorithm (also called a cryptosystem or cipher) is utilized for jumbling up a message with what is known as the “key” to produce a cryptogram indecipherable and, therefore, unintelligible to any unauthorized party.

3. Quantum Teleportation

Quantum teleportation is one of the modern applications that exploit the concept of

Quantum entanglement. The experimental confirmation of teleportation is the proof of the quantum nature of entanglement and hence it becomes very important from the point of understanding of Quantum Mechanics.

4. Elitzur–Vaidman Bomb-Tester

Avshalom Elitzur and Lev Vaidman in 1993 proposed the following ‘bomb testing problem’ which was constructed and tested with

success by Anton Zeilinger.

The bomb-testing problem can be described as follows. Say, in a collection of bombs some are duds. The bombs can be detonated by a single photon. Dud bombs will not absorb the photon but good ones will absorb and explode. We can use the counterfactual phenomenon of Quantum Mechnanics to separate the usable bombs from the duds.

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Quantum Mechanics on an introductory level

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Quantum Mechanics on an introductory level

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Introduction to Article:
Optical Quantum computing helps in developing the quantum optics(Quantum opticsis a field of research that us semi classical and quantum mechanics physics to investigatephenomena involving lightand its interactions with matter at submicroscopic levels.). Its one of most important sub topic is Linear Optical Quantum Computing (Linear Optical Quantum Computingis a paradigm ofuniversal quantum compution. LOQC uses photons as information carriers, mainly useslinear opticalelements including beam splitter,phase shifterto process quantum information, and uses photon detectors and quantum memories to detect and storequantum information). OPTICAL QUANTUM COMPUTING majorly uses CNOT GATE( controlled NOT gate). With help of linear optical quantum computing and different combination of gates we can develop new things.

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Gajraj Rathore

What Is Quantum Physics?:

Quantum physics is the study of the behavior of matter and energy at the molecular, atomic, nuclear, and
even smaller microscopic levels. In the early 20th century, it was discovered
that the laws that govern macroscopic objects do not function the same in such
small realms.

What Does It Mean?

"Quantum" comes from the Latin meaning "how much."

1. It refers to the discrete units of matter and energy that are predicted by and observed in quantum physics.

2. Even space and time, which appear to be extremely continuous, have smallest possible values.

Development of QUANTUM MECHANICS

With time more accuracy was observed in this field of science.The birth of quantum physics is attributed to Max Planck's 1900 paper on blackbody radiation. Development of the field was done by Max Planck, Albert Einstein, Niels Bohr, Werner Heisenberg, Erwin Schroedinger, and many others. Ironically, Albert Einstein had serious theoretical issues with quantum mechanics and tried for many years to disprove or modify it.

Major Figures in Quantum Physics

Niels Bohr

Richard Feynman

Albert Einstein

What's Special About Quantum Physics?:

In the realm of quantum physics, observing something actually influences the physical processes taking place. Light waves act like particles and particles act like waves (called wave particle duality). Matter can go from one spot to another without moving through the intervening space (quantum tunnelling).

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Vyshnavi Challa   Quantum Mechanics - int

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Vyshnavi Challa   Quantum Mechanics - int

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Quantum mechanics, including quantum field theory, is a fundamental branch of physics concerned with processes involving, for example, atoms and photons. In such processes, said to be quantized, the action has been observed to be only in integer multiples of the Planck constant, a physical quantity that is exceedingly, indeed perhaps ultimately, small. This is utterly inexplicable in classical physics.

The mathematical formulations of quantum mechanics are abstract. A mathematical function, the wave function, provides information about the probability amplitude of position, momentum, and other physical properties of a particle.

Important applications of quantum mechanical theory include superconducting magnets, LEDs and the laser, the transistor and semiconductors such as the microprocessor, medical and research imaging such as MRI and electron microscopy, and explanations for many biological and
physical phenomena

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Tests and entity in evidence theory and quantum mechanics - IEEE Conference Publication

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We propose a new interpretation of Dempster-Shafer theory of evidence based on a stochastic model for a quantum system developed in terms of amplitude on e

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Team Number 9

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Quantum Mechanics:  Animation explaining quantum physics

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Covers all topics, including wave particle duality, Schrodinger's cat, EPR / Bell inequality, and the relationship between measurement and entanglement. Quantum Mechanics and Quantum Physics.

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Please mention the section and team number on the header.

Each in the team is expected to upload your document and expected to give a breif summary. I shall check your page this evening again. Hope to see the posts.

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Manikanta                                                                       QUANTUM MECHANICS           

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Manikanta                                                                       QUANTUM MECHANICS           

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Quantum mechanics is the body of scientific laws that describe the behavior of photons,electrons and the other particles that make up the universe.It developed over many decades,beginning as a set of controversial mathematical explanations of experiments that the of classical mechanics could not explain.