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Toledo, 5th of November of 1932

Dear family,

How are you all? I hope you're well. I miss you all a lot. I'm writting you this letter hoping that it wont be lost.

The situation here is very comlicate, we're entreched in the mountains of Toledo waiting. It's very cold and we have not equipement left fot he injured soldiers, it's a real dissaster!

Don't worry about me, the most posible thing is I will be soon in home. I'll always have you in my heart. I will write you as soon as I can.

Love you,

Juanito.

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A letter from a soldier to his family.

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Pedro Salinas nació en la madrileña calle de Toledo. Se trasladó con su madre a la calle de Don Pedro y comenzó a estudiar Derecho en la Universidad de Madrid, que abandonó a los dos años para matricularse en Filosofía y Letras (materia en la que se doctoraría en 1917 con una tesis sobre las ilustraciones del Quijote). De 1911 son sus primeros poemas ("espeluznantes", según posterior confesión de Salinas) publicados por Ramón Gómez de la Serna en su revista Prometeo. Sorprendido en Santander por el levantamiento militar que daría paso a la Guerra Civil Española, se trasladó a Francia, desde donde marchó al exilio en Estados Unidos. Ocupó el cargo de profesor visitante en el Wellesley College (cuyo nombramiento tenía desde 1935); más tarde trabajó para la Universidad Johns Hopkins de Baltimore y en el verano de 1943 se trasladó a la Universidad de Puerto Rico, pero regresando a Baltimore en 1946. Falleció en Boston el 4 de diciembre de 1951, aunque sería enterrado en San Juan de Puerto Rico.

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Rafael Alberti nació en el Puerto de Santa María (Cádiz). En 1917 se traslada a Madrid con su familia. Rafael decide seguir su vocación de pintor. En 1925 recibe el Premio Nacional de Poesía por Marinero en tierra convirtiéndose en una figura preeminente de la lírica española. En 1927, con ocasión del tricentenario de la muerte de Luis de Góngora, aquel grupo de poetas decide rendir un homenaje en el Ateneo de Sevilla al maestro del barroco español. Aquel acto supuso la consolidación de la llamada Generación del 27. En 1936 estalla la Guerra Civil. Durante este periodo Alberti fue miembro de la prosoviética Alianza de Intelectuales Antifascistas junto con otros autores Tras la derrota republicana, Alberti opta por el exilio El 28 de octubre de 1999 murió en su casa de El Puerto de Santa María, en su pueblo natal.

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Autores exiliados durante la guerra civil

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1936

February

Popular Front won national elections and Azana was appointed president of Spain.

March

The right wing Falange Party was banned.

March to May

Street riots; strikes and general anarchy in some parts of Spain.

July

Military uprisings in Spanish Morocco and some parts of mainland Spain. The government dissolves the regular army. July 19th,Franco arrives to take command of the army in Morocco.

Hitler agreed to help out the Nationalists. Stalin agreed to help the Republicans. German and Italian planes airlift Franco’s army to the Spanish mainland.

August

First International Brigade volunteers arrived in Spain.

September

A military junta named Franco as head of state and c-in-c of the armed forces of Spain.

October

The first aid from Russia arrives for the Republicans

November

Germany and Italy recognise Franco as head of Spain’s government.

1937

February

Nationalists started a major offensive against Madrid. International Brigade played an important part in resisting this offensive.

March

Battle of Guadalajara. Italian "volunteers" defeated. This led toFranco abandoning any attempt to take Madrid.

April

Guernica destroyed by aerial bombing.

May

Republican groups in Barcelona fell out causing serious weaknesses in the city.

June

The strategic city of Bilboa fell to the Nationalists.

August

The Vatican recognised Franco’s regime.

1938

April

Republican Spain was split in two by the Nationalists.

May

Franco declared that the Republicans had to unconditionally surrender.

July

Start of the collapse of the Republican army after the Battle of the Ebro.

October

International Brigade left Spain.

1939

January

Barcelona fell to Franco

February

Britain and France recognised the legitimacy of Franco’s government.

March

Madrid surrendered to Franco

April

Republicans surrendered unconditionally to Franco.

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2. The alternative view in this position sees the war as originating often mistakes or misperceptions. For example, Lindley and Schildkrautargumentan, from a statistical analysis that the number of wars that could arguably had a rational origin has decreased dramatically in recent times (Lindley and Schildkraut offered as examples of such mistakes the Falklands War and the Iraq War).

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Irrationalist theories can be approached from two perspectives: 1. Those who see the origin of war causes not amenable to rational treatment, for example, religious feelings or emotions. The logical extreme of this view-that man is inherently aggressive animal-subject to both competition trends observed as cooperation in social animals, a situation that demands the occasional expression of such tendencies-is in some explaining whether biological, psychological or social psychology of the origin of conflicts.

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From a socio-philosophical, have advanced many theories about the origin and causes of war. It therefore seems possible to try to qualify, so in general such theories into two main divisions: seeing the war as a rational product of certain conditions, primarily political conditions (famously, Carl von Clausewitz argued that war is the continuation of the politics by other means) and other "irrational", which sees war as the product of a trend lately irrational humans.

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LA GRAN HISTORIA DE LA GUERRA CIVIL ESPAÑOLA

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Guerra Civil Española Geografía e Historia Educación Practicopedia

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Documental sobre la guerra civil española

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Documental sobre la guerra civil española basado en un visión imparcial y realista de la contienda http://www.artehistoria.com/histesp/videos/160.htm A mediados de julio de 1936 España está dividida en dos zonas tras la sublevación de parte del Ejército contra el gobierno republicano. Fracasadas las negociaciones entre ambos bandos, comienza la guerra civil.

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The development of the Spanish Civil War