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Amid a daunting period of wars between colonies, Luigi Galvani an Italian Physiologist decided to step away from all the chaos in the year of 1791 and perform the first every bout of electrical stimulation on a frog. Somewhere in Italy in his back garden is where all this took place. His plan was to have a frog lay flat on a table, connected to a lightning rod pointed toward the sky. There was nothing left to do except wait, wait for a thunderstorm. At long last, we struck gold. An adjacent lighting event occurred, and energy flowed down the lighting rod and the frogs leg twitched! This amazing and dangerous experiment was just the beginning for Galvani and the world. Over the next several years Galvani believed that electricity corresponded to movement. He continued to perpetuate this theory and eventually developed his Magnus Opus: the theory that animals generate electricity. This idea cascaded through the scientific community, medical community, and communities of everyday people.

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In 1800, an Italian Physicist by the name of Alessandro Volta disrupted the electrical theory world by the development of the Voltaic Pile or Voltaic Column. Learning from Volta’s close colleague Luigi Galvani on electrical stimulation, Galvani advocated animal to electricity connection. While important information, Volta believed this was a flawed theory and believed he can explain the relationship that occurred. Volta considered that the connection that the frog supposedly created was actually a current that flowed between two metals, which he called “metallic electricity”. He proved this theory by the creation of his battery. This battery consisted of alternating disks of Zinc and Silver separated by paper or cloth socked either in salt water or sodium hydroxide. In 1801, Alessandro Volta was rewarded the esteemed opportunity to display his new findings to Napoleon, and who made Volta a count and a senator of the kingdom of Lombardy.

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The First Ever Record of Electrical Activity of The Brain 

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The First Ever Record of Electrical Activity of The Brain 

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The conversation over electrical brain activity has been a very prominent topic during the late 1800s. Learning how the brain can potential world similarly to the external electric experiments the have been designed in the past. A young physician by the name of Richard Caton from a colony in Britain, positioned and interesting publication toward this theory and allowed medicine to reach an important milestone. In his publication entitled The Electric Currents of the brain, which appeared in the British Medical Journal, Caton described his recent findings regarding electrical activity in the brain of certain animals. Furthermore, the publication expressed the spontaneous waxing and waning of the electrical activity recorded from the brain of rabbits and monkeys. A few years later, Caton published similar findings in larger animals with the equivalent results. Theses publications, which occurred in 1875, contained the first description of the electroencephalogram.

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The First Cited use of “Evoked Potentials”

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The First Cited use of “Evoked Potentials”

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In Harvey, Illinois a man many calls uncommon amongst uncommon men was born. This man goes by the name of Ralph Waldo Gerard. Gerard through his years wrote an enormous number of different publications, mapping out to some 500 scientific papers and nine books. Investing serval different topics going from biology to public policy. One finding in particular is very interesting and encompasses the scope of this project. He as well as two other esteemed colleagues recognized the power of recently developed tools: the oscilloscope, powerful amplifiers, and stereotaxic instruments for precise localization. They investigated cat brains spontaneous activity in various regions of the brain. By means of what they called “Evoked Potentials” allowed them to follow the conduits by which particular sensory stimuli processes to the cortex and to follow their currents to certain regions.

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Gustav Theodor Fritsch and Eduard Hitzig helped further support a British neurologist John Hughlings Jackson hypothesis of the motor area in the cortex. Germany 1870, these two physicians fashioned a melancholic experiment (normal standard for their day), restraining live dogs (zero anesthesia) and cut their skulls to expose the cortex. Then stimulated this area with currents from a battery. From this stimulation he dogs contralateral muscles presented movement. Moreover, this allowed them to see a foreseeable pattern of stimulation and mapping of the cortex. As previously stated, this helped prove John Hughlings Jackson declaration of cortex mapping. Likewise, this finding helped recognized the widely known area called the motor cortex.

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As time goes on our brain develops memories of precedent events. Some we lose and some we don’t. Throughout time scientist have researched the complex topic of memory and have learned that the Hippocampus and Entorhinal Cortex, are critical for the ability to transform our daily experience into lasting memories. Ph. D Nanthia Suthana and others hypothesized that they could alter the brain memory performance by using deep brain stimulation of these two key areas. Implantation of intracranial depth electrodes in seven subjects to identify seizure-onset zones for subsequent epilepsy surgery. During the experiment’s patients would complete spatial learning tasks. A Threshold was developed to discover the neuronal discharges that occurs after termination of the stimulus. The physicians found that deep stimulation of the hippocampus didn’t elicit any profound enhancement. However, they did see that simulation of the Entorhinal region enhances memory for spatial information when applied during learning. Hearing an amazing experiment its incredible to see how far science has come. We see that even though Galvani’s experiment was so simple, it was in a somewhat right direction.

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The realm of electrical stimulation can be toured by many well-regarded individuals. The person I choose to best fulfill this role is Harvey Cushing. Dr. Cushing has left the world with an astonishing legacy to say the least. He started off his career as a surgeon mainly operating on the brain. Under his time, he did the following: he considerably improved the survival of patients after difficult brain operations for intracranial tumors, used X-rays to diagnose brain tumors. used electrical stimuli for study of the human sensory cortex, was the first to electrically stimulate human sensory cortex, and was the world's leading teacher of neurosurgeons in the first decades of the 20th century. From working on army men in The First World War to winning a Pulitzer, this multifaceted individual perfectly encompasses the role of Docent of Electrical Stimulation.