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For the record, feminism by definition is: The belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities.

| fɵ: ðə ɾikɔd | fiminizəm bɑɪ difɪniʃn ‘ɪz | ‘də bə‘li:f ‘ðɪt ‘min en wɪmən ʃu‘d æv ikwəl ɾaɪ:ts en ɒpə‘ɟuniti:z |

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For the record, feminism by definition is: “The belief that men and women should have equal rights and opportunities.

| fə ðə rɪˈkɔːd |ˈfemɪnɪzəm ˈbaɪ ˌdefɪˈnɪʃn̩ z | ðə bɪˈliːf ðæt men ənˈwɪmɪn ʃəd həv ˈiːkwəl raɪts ənd ˌɒpəˈtjuːnɪtɪz |

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OXFORDSHIRE, ENGLAND

AUCKLAND, NEW ZEALAND

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Oxfordshire                                 -Recording from English    Speeches                                      -Details of the speaker

Auckland                                       -Recording from Twitter -Details of the speaker

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Oxfordshire, England

-Phonemic Variation
-Prosodic Variation
-Lexical Variation

Auckland, New Zealand

-Phonemic Variation
-Prosodic Variation
-Lexical Variation

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I started questioning gender-based assumptions a long time ago. When I was eight I was confused to being called “bossy,”
because I wanted to direct the plays we would put on for our parents—but the boys were not.

| ˈaɪ ˈstɑːtɪd ˈkwestʃənɪŋ ˈdʒendə beɪst əˈsʌmpʃn̩z ə lɒŋ ˈtaɪm əˈɡəʊ wen ˈaɪ wəz eɪt |
ˈaɪ wəz kənˈfjuːzd tu ˈbiːɪŋ kɔːld ˈbɒsi |
bɪˈkɒz ˈaɪ ˈwɒntɪd tu dɪˈrekt ðə ˈpleɪz wi wʊd ˈpʊt ˈɒn fə ˈaʊə ˈpeərənts bət ðə ˈbɔɪz wə nɒt |

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According to SciVerse Science Direct (2012), rhotic and non-rhotic are terms coined by the British phonetician John Wells (1982) for two kinds of spoken

English as a fundamental contrastive feature.

Rhotic accent speakers pronounce a rhotic consonant-r in words like car, bar, far, hard, farm, and first. Non-rhotic speakers, for example, speakers of British English (BrE) and Australian English do not articulate the /r/

in all of such words.

In other words, speakers of non-rhotic accents have this rule: if the <r> in the

spelling does not occur before a vowel sound, then it is not pronounced.

As the speaker is known to be raised and studied in Oxfordshire since she was little, she is more likely to apply a non-rhotic accent where the /r/ sound is not prominent in her pronunciation except for a certain words that starts with the /r/ sound and is followed by a vowel such as 'record'. British accent can be heard when she pronounced the word 'for' and 'opportunities'

Example:

For is pronounced as /fɔː/ where R is not retained and omitted at the end of the word. The /r/ sound is not accentuated by the speaker as the /r/ sound is not followed by a vowel.

Opportunities is pronounced as /ɒpəˈtjuːnɪti/ and since the /r/ sound is not retained before consonant, therefore, the /r/ sound is dropped and not highlighted in the word opportunities.

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Prosodic features are features that appear when we put sounds together in connected speech. It is as important to teach learners prosodic features as successful communication depends as much on intonation, stress and rhythm as on the correct pronunciation of sounds according to British Council (2020).

Prosody may reflect various features of the speaker or the utterance, the emotional state of a speaker, whether the utterance is a statement, a question, or a command; whether the speaker is being ironic or sarcastic; emphasis, contrast and focus. Science of Sound ( 2021)

In the speech, the speaker highlighted two features of the prosodic variation which are the stress on a particular syllable and tones.

The speaker stresses on a word 'bossy' which falls at the initial syllable of the word.

The change of tone occurs in the middle of the speech when the speaker started to tell about her childhood memories especially when she emphasized 'I' in one of the sentences.

The speaker used a serious and professional tone in her speech to match her audience.

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Apparently I am among the ranks of women whose expressions are seen as too strong, too aggressive,
isolating, anti-men and, unattractive.

| əˈpærəntli ˈaɪ əm əˈmʌŋ ðə ræŋks əv ˈwɪmɪn huːz
ɪkˈspreʃn̩z ə ˈsiːn əz tuː strɒŋ | tuː əˈɡresɪv |
ˈaɪsəleɪtɪŋ |
ænti men ænd |ˌʌnəˈtræktɪv |

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https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIwU-9ZTTJc

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Name: Emma Charlotte Duerre Watson

Gender: Female

Watson moved to England to live with her mother in Oxfordshire and grew up there.

Attended the Dragon School and trained in acting at the Oxford branch of Stagecoach Theatre Arts.

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Pictures of Oxford, Oxfordshire, England _ England Photography & History

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Oxfordshire, administrative and historic county of south-central England. It is bounded to the north by Warwickshire and Northamptonshire, to the west by Gloucestershire, to the south by Berkshire, and to the east by Buckinghamshire. Wiltshire lies to the southwest of the administrative county, which covers a larger area than the historic county. Oxford, home of the famed University of Oxford, is the county seat.

In 2019, there were 692k residents in Oxfordshire county with an average age of 40.2 years. Population density was 266 residents per square kilometer. Population grew by 13.5% since 2002 and population average age increased by 2.2 years in the same period. Based on Census, there were 2.52 residents per household in 2011.

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The history of the English language really started with the arrival of three Germanic tribes who invaded Britain during the 5th century AD. These tribes, the Angles, the Saxons and the Jutes, crossed the North Sea from what today is Denmark and northern Germany. At that time the inhabitants of Britain spoke a Celtic language. But most of the Celtic speakers were pushed west and north by the invaders - mainly into what is now Wales, Scotland and Ireland. The Angles came from "Englaland" [sic] and their language was called "Englisc" - from which the words "England" and "English" are derived. Their language, now known as “Old English“, was soon adopted as the common language of this relatively remote corner of Europe. Although you and I would find it hard to understand Old English, it provided a solid foundation for the language we speak today and gave us many essential words like “be”, “strong” and “water”.

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The Viking invasion: With the Viking invasions (Vikings were a tribe of Nordic people that ransacked their way through Northern and Northwestern Europe 1,000-1,200 years ago), Old English got mixed up with Old Norse, the language of the Viking tribes. Old Norse ended up giving English more than 2,000 new words, including “give” and “take”, “egg”, “knife”, “husband”, “run” and “viking”.

The French are coming: Although English was spoken widely on the British Isles by 1,000 AD, the Norman invasion established French as the language of royals and of power. Old English was left to the peasants, and despite its less glamorous status, it continued to develop and grow by adopting a whole host of Latin and French words, including everyday words such as  “beer”,”city”, “fruit” and “people”, as well as half of the months of the year. By adopting and adapting French words, the English language also became more sophisticated through the inclusion of concepts and words like “liberty” and “justice”.

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Early Modern English (1500 – 1800) – the tempest ends in a storm: In the 14th-15th century, following the Hundred Years War with France that ended French rule of the British Isles, English became the language of power and influence once again. It got a further boost through the development of English literature and English culture, spearheaded by William Shakespeare.

Shakespeare’s influence on the development of the English language and its unique and rich culture is hard to grasp; the man is said to have invented at least 1,700 words, including “alligator”, “puppy dog”, and “fashionable”, in addition to penning classics like Romeo & Juliet and Hamlet!

Towards the end of Middle English, a sudden and distinct change in pronunciation (the Great Vowel Shift) started, with vowels being pronounced shorter and shorter. From the 16th century the British had contact with many peoples from around the world. This, and the Renaissance of Classical learning, meant that many new words and phrases entered the language. The invention of printing also meant that there was now a common language in print. Books became cheaper and more people learned to read. Printing also brought standardization to English. Spelling and grammar became fixed, and the dialect of London, where most publishing houses were, became the standard. In 1604 the first English dictionary was published.

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The main difference between Early Modern English and Late Modern English is vocabulary. Late Modern English has many more words, arising from two principal factors: firstly, the Industrial Revolution and technology created a need for new words; secondly, the English-speaking world was at the center of a lot of scientific progress, scientific advances went hand-in-hand with the evolution of the language.

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Name: Maia

Gender: Female

She is from the North Island of New Zealand.

Maia has been living in Auckland, New Zealand since she was born until now.

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Auckland is New Zealand's largest city and central hub for transportation. Located in the North Island, it is also the most populous urban area in the country with a population estimated at 1.415 million in 2016. In 2021, the population is now estimated at 1,630,092. In 1950, the population of Auckland was 319,177. Auckland has grown by 23,528 since 2015, which represents a 1.46% annual change.

The 2016 population of 1,415,550 in Auckland accounts for 33.4% of the country's population. The Auckland Council area has a larger population estimated at 1.57 million, and it is part of the larger Auckland Region, which includes many rural towns and areas to the south, along with the islands of the Hauraki Gulf. The urban population density is 1,210 people per square kilometer.

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The usage of lexicon in the speech is precise.

Uses a comprehensible speaking vocabulary.

The speaker's pronunciation can be understood easily even to those who are not a native speakers as she uses the RP when delivering her speech.

When uttering some examples in the speech, she stated the sentences with a slow pace so that the message sent is clear.

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While Europeans continue to make up the plurality of Auckland's population, the city became multicultural and cosmopolitan in the late-20th century, with Asians accounting for 31% of the city's population in 2018.

Auckland is also home to the largest Polynesian population in the world. It has become the most cosmopolitan city in the country with ethnic groups from around the world. 40% of the city's population are born overseas.

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Just like other national and regional forms of English, the New Zealand variety is most unique in its oral rather than in its written and printed realisations.

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1. Non-rhotic
New Zealand is fairly known as  standard for a largely non-rhotic variety. It is noticeable on how some words does not even contain the sound /r/. For example:

The word record has no rhoticity before pronouncing /d/ vowel and they use /ɾ/ vowel at the starter of the word.

2. Vowel /i/

Based on the studies made by Warren (2012), the short front vowels in NZE show a clockwise shift,  as Southern British English (SBE), the DRESS vowel /e/ of NZE has a value similar to that of Southern British English (SBE) KIT. This shift can lead to confusion for non-NZE speakers. For example:

The word men in NZE is /min/ instead of /men/ like in British English.

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The very first encounter of New Zealand with the English is when the Captain James Cook arrived in 1769 and claimed New Zealand for the British Crown.

Initially, English was not the only European language spoken in New Zealand, with early settlers coming from many other countries.

However, the bulk of the early settlers were English speakers.

Many of them arrived in New Zealand via New South Wales in Australia, from where Britain’s interests in New Zealand were managed until 1841.

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I started questioning gender-based assumptions when at eight, I was confused at being called “bossy,” because I wanted to direct the plays we would put on for our parents—but the boys were not.

| aɪ ‘stɑ:ɗəd ‘kwiʃniŋ ‘ʒində beɪsəs ɑpʃəns wɪn ɛt ‘æɪ:tʼ | aɪ wɑs ‘kənfju:st ɛt bi:ɪŋ ‘ku:d bɒ‘si | bikəz ‘ai: wɑntətʼ tu ‘dirɪk ðə ‘plæɪ: wi wud ‘put ɒf fɒr aʊə ‘perənts: ‘bɞt ðə ‘bɔɪ:z wə nɒ: |

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Ainsworth (1993) stated that many speakers of NZE is less "stress-timed" than other varieties. This can be observed through the comparison of the newsreader speech where they found full-vowel realisations of unstressed vowels and evidence of more syllable-based timing in NZE than in BrE (cited Warren, 2012).

The main intonational feature commented on for NZE is the high rising terminal (HRT). The HRT is heard on statements rather than questions and to speakers of other varieties it often comes across as indicating uncertainty. However, it is actually indicates that they seek common ground and mutual participation in the discourse (Warren, 2012).

Through the recording, it can be heard that the tone used by the speaker is neither enthusiastic nor matter-of-fact.

This is because the way she conveyed the sentence ha shown some empathy but also not overly emotional.

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Apparently I am among the ranks of women whose expressions are seen as too strong, too aggressive, isolating, anti-men and, unattractive.

| ‘pɪrənli aɪ ɑmɒŋ ðə ‘ræ:ŋs ɒf wɪmən hu:z ‘iks‘priʃəns ɑ sin ɪs tu: ‘ʃtʃrɒ:ŋ | tu: ‘əgrisiv | ‘aɪsəlɪtiŋ | ‘enti min | ɪn ‘ʌnətrɪktəv |

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Have you ever wonder how certain words are pronounced or spelled differently even though they are from the same country? Well, it is known as lexical variation, referring to the different words and phrases people use on the same objects or concepts.

As stated by Robinson (2019), all languages change over time and vary according to place and social setting. We can observe lexical variation between them by identifying the contrasts in words and phrases. And then, comparing the way English is spoken in different places and among different social groups.

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Overall, the use of speaker's lexicon is not very precise.

It is hard to understand the speaker at the first time. The way that she speak faster makes it even tougher to understand.

We need to hear the recording more than once because of how some phrases can be unclear and difficult to follow.

For non-NZE speaker, they may find it difficult to comprehend as the speaker use her own ways to speak without changing her slang.

It can be seen when the speaker use their significant short vowel /i/ in words such as aggressive and expressions.

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According to Warren (2012), the Treaty of Waitangi was signed in 1840 and established British colonial rule.

Not long after that, they were allowed for more structured migration directly from the Britain, which risen exponentially in the years following.

In 1838, for instance, there were some 2,000 Europeans in New Zealand, but by 1842 there were 10,000, and by the middle of the 19th century there were more English speakers than Māori speakers in New Zealand.

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There are a few events happened during this period. For examples:

The settlers from south-east England moved to the New Zealand Company’s settlements in Wellington and Nelson.

Others from Devon and Cornwall established the Plymouth Company’s city of New Plymouth in Taranaki.

The Scottish free church built settlements in the Otago region in the south of the South Island.

Anglo-Catholics settled Canterbury, while further Scottish settlers, displeased with conditions in Nova Scotia in Canada and then moved to Waipu in the north of the North Island.

A further wave of settlement accompanied a gold rush in Otago and the West Coast of the South Island in the 1860s, with the influx mainly from Australia.

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The third wave which is planned immigration, occurred from the 1870s onwards, mainly bringing further settlers from the south-west of England.

From around the 1890s, population growth from New Zealand-born Europeans exceeded that from further immigration.

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As reported by Gordon (2013), the researchers have analysed recordings collected between 1946 and 1948 by the Mobile Disc Recording Unit of the New Zealand National Broadcasting Service.

The Mobile Unit have been travelled through parts of the North Island and Otago to collect early pioneer reminiscences.

The archive contains recordings of the speech of over 300 people born in New Zealand between the 1850s and the 1890s.

Based on the recordings, most speakers born in the 1850s and 1860s had accents similar to their immigrant parents.

By the 1870s and 1880s someone born in a North Island town with Scottish parents could sound similar to someone from a South Island town with Irish parents.

This shows the astonishing pace at which the New Zealand accent arose.