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Herbert Spencer thought nature meant the law of the jungle and survival of the fittest. He believed that people in an industrialized society needed a utilitarian education to learn useful scientific and technological skills and subjects Pg.102. (Katie Weadon)

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Spencer was highly critical of traditional schools because they resisted change and continued to transmit an obsolete curriculum of Latin and Greek languages, literature, and history Pg.102 (Katie Weadon)

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Spencer wanted to modernize the curriculum so that it focused on the physical, biological, and social sciences as well as applied technology and engineering Pg.102 (Katie Weadon)

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Jean-Jacques Rousseau wrote a novel called Emile, the story of a boy's education from infancy to adulthood. In this novel he backed his opinion that education should not socialize children, arguing that children's natural instincts and needs are naturally good and should be satisfied instead of being repressed by authoritarian schools and coercive teachers Pg.92 (Morgan Caruso).

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Friedrich Fröbel, designed a kindergarten where he focused on the children's spiritual essence. At this institution they would do activities to reach their own individual spirituality. He created this school to reach a new environment for children providing sensitivity to students needs, instead of being a pedantic taskmaster, which is what he believed of the teachers he worked with in the past Pg.99 (Morgan Caruso).

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Jane Addams was a women rights activist she believed that women should be able to define their own lives, by choosing their own careers and participating in things such as politics, society, and education. she was a rebel against the Victorian era's gender restrictions on women Pg. 107 (Morgan Caruso).

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John Dewey's philosophy on education and his ideals were based off of the students lives individually. He believed that they should incorporate learning aspects that are related or relevant to their social needs.  (Taylor Hockett) Pg. 106-107

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John Dewey's philosophy on education and his ideals were based off of the students lives individually. He believed that they should incorporate learning aspects that are related or relevant to their social needs.  (Taylor Hockett) Pg. 106-107

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Jean Piaget philosophy could be one of the most important philosophies that helps children develop from an early age. He conducted observations and discovered how younger children need to explore their environments and use motor and cognitive structures to help them grown and expand their intelligence for future learning. (Taylor Hockett) Pg. 113

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Jean Piaget philosophy could be one of the most important philosophies that helps children develop from an early age. He conducted observations and discovered how younger children need to explore their environments and use motor and cognitive structures to help them grown and expand their intelligence for future learning. (Taylor Hockett) Pg. 113

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Maria Montessori's philosophy is based on rewards. She conducted a study about early childhood education and how they can learn while engaged at such a young age. During her study she realized that younger children need to have a prepared environment that includes rewards prompting them to want to complete or do activities. Her studies may have been specifically on early childhood education but her philosophies are used today in primary school. The rewards may not be a gold star or a cookie but they are getting into your dream college or getting into a specific program based off of the grades you worked hard for. pg 111 (Taylor Hockett)

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Maria Montessori's philosophy is based on rewards. She conducted a study about early childhood education and how they can learn while engaged at such a young age. During her study she realized that younger children need to have a prepared environment that includes rewards prompting them to want to complete or do activities. Her studies may have been specifically on early childhood education but her philosophies are used today in primary school. The rewards may not be a gold star or a cookie but they are getting into your dream college or getting into a specific program based off of the grades you worked hard for. pg 111 (Taylor Hockett)

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Paulo Freire believed that students need to become more aware, both conscious and critically, to their own conditions around them. He believed that while in class the students should reflect back on their lives rather than the "make-believe" situations. This theory called liberation pedagogy, helps the students to define and express themselves according to Freire. Pg. 114-115 (Allyson Harkey)

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Freire believed that teachers should not rely on just "teacher talk" but to actually have conversations with students to connect concepts to real life. He thought these conversations should involve concepts such as social, economic, and political conditions. This way students will learn how to apply these things to their own life. Pg. 116-117 (Allyson Harkey)

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In Piaget's stage-learning theory he divided childhood into four stages of cognitive growth. He believed each stage should be used to develop the next, almost like building blocks. He used this to show how education should follow each stage. Once a child goes from one stage to the next they are ready for a new learning experience. Pg. 112-113 (Allyson Harkey)

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:1: Wrote "Gate of Tongues Unlocked". A book in which he detailed his methods for teaching students Latin by starting with smaller phrases and gradually increasing the difficulty incrementally.  (PG 87)

:2: Rejected the "Child Depravity" doctrine which stated that children were inherently evil. Worked to establish relationships of dignity and mutual respect between teachers and students. (PG 87)

:3: Believed in these seven principles:
1- Use objects or pictures to illustrate concepts.
2- Organize lessons around students' everyday experiences.
3-  Be clear and direct in presenting material.
4- emphasize the general aspect rather than the details in a lesson.
5- extend children's horizons by by emphasizing that we live in an environment shared with plants, animals, and other people.
6- Present lessons in sequence, stressing one thing at a time.
7- Do not leave a specific skill or subject until students throughly understand it.

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John Pestalozzi was a Swiss educational reformer, who believed the purpose of education was to "develop human beings moral, mental, and physical powers harmoniously; use sense perception in forming clear ideas. (Foundations of education pg.90) Pestalozzi also believed teachers should act as caring facilitators for learning who create a caring homelike environment, this affected modern day schooling by modern schooling being based on emotional security and object learning. (Zachariah Strader)

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Jane Addams wanted to intergrade immigrants into American culture, but while trying to keep their cultural, history, and even ethic heritages too. (p 90) (grace ruesch)

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John Herbart was a German who was influenced to bring history and literature into the secondary-schooling curriculum when there was a dominance of Greek and Latin languages at the time during that time period of the 1800s. page 97 (Grace Ruesch)

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John Dewey came up with the what we now call to day the "scientific method", but when he came up with "the complete thought".
The five steps are:
1. encountering a "problematic situation" that   contains something new or different from past experience and that blocks ongoing activity.
2. Locating a defining the specific new or different features that is causing †he problems.
3. Reflecting on past experience and researching the problem to find information to use in solving it.
4. Reflecting on the problem and constructing possible solutions to solve it
5. Testing the possible solution that is most likely to solve the problem to determine if it works. page 105.
(Grace Ruesch)

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Montessori emphasized that early childhood education has a highly formative power over a persons adult development. she made contributions such as
1- her concept of sensitive periods or phrases of development
2- belief that children are capable of sustained self directed work in learning a particular skill
3- emphasis on the school as part of the community and the need for parent participation and support
(Madison Bruns, page 111)

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Herbart created a structured instruction that included these five steps
1- preparation, in which teachers encourage readiness in students to receive new concepts and materials
2- presentation, teachers clearly identify and present the new concept
3- association, new concept is compared and contrasted with ideas that students already know
4- generalization, in which a principle is formed that combines new and previous learning
5- application, appropriate exams and exercises assess students abilities
(Madison Bruns, page 97-98)

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Piaget's cognitive psychology sought to connect children's cognitive development with curriculum and instruction. His ideas jumpstarted a movement to remake classrooms into informal learning centers.
(Madison Bruns, page 114)

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1. Jean-Jacques belonged to the Parisian intellectuals who questioned the authority of the established church and the absolute monarchy which he wrote: On the Origin of the inequality of Mankind and The Social Contract. Both about the distinctions of wealth, property, and prestige. (pg 95)
2. Purpose of education: Create a good learning environment that allows the child's innate, natural goodness to flourish. (pg 96)
3. Rousseau emphasized the crucial importance of stages of human development. Stating that each stage has its own conditions of readiness to learn and led to the next stage.
(Abigail Buffinton)

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Freire believed that education was a political act. He wanted to make sure that students and teachers were aware of the politics that surrounded education. Freire was known for the term "banking". Which meant that students were empty accounts and they were to be filled by the teacher. (Kayla White)

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Addams was the second woman to receive the Nobel Peace Prize. She founded the Women's International League for Peace and Freedom in 1919. She also helped the poor and helped stop child labor. (Kayla White)

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Fröbel founded kindergarten. He opened the Child Nurture and Activity Institute in Blankenburg, Prussia in 1837. Fröbel believed in the importance of early education. He even trained elementary school teachers before opening his own institute. (Kayla White)

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Montessori founded a school in Rome for less privileged children. She designed this schools activities and materials based off of the observations she had made from children. (Marlee Matthews, page 110)

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In Montessoris curriculum, she included activities such as setting the table, washing dishes, practicing basic manners, etc. to ensure children had these skills and could do them independently as adults. (Marlee Matthews, page 110)

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Freire wanted to change teaching and learning to be less of transmitting and retaining information to be more of engaging in the idea of ones identity and meaning in the world. (Marlee Matthews, page 117)

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1- Pestalozzi developed teacher education programs for his schools in Burgdorf and Yverdon to instruct future educators in his method of education (p. 94)

2- Initially, Pestalozzi implemented sensory education where he would take items that children would encounter in everyday life and use them to facilitate entry level skills such as being able to trace an objects shape and learning numbers by counting objects.  These lessons would then advance to literacy curriculum.  For his writing lessons, Pestalozzi would first have his students engage in exercises where they would draw "rising and falling strokes and open and closed curves".  This was meant to help develop their hand strength as well as overall dexterity (p. 95)

3- Pestalozzi made concerted effort in caring for students with special needs (both economical and psycological).  If students hadn't eaten before arriving to school, he would feed them, and if they were distressed he comforted them.  This has helped to provide a baseline for educating impoverished and other special needs students today. (p.97)

(Caleb Benson)

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He was a Bishop and educator of the Moravian Brethren, a Protestant church. (page 87 Megan connaughton)

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He reconstituted Rousseau's homeschool approach into simultaneous group instruction in schools. (page 94 Megan connaughton)

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The curriculum included what Froebel called gifts, or objects with fixed form, such as spheres, cubes, and cylinders, intended to bring to consciousness (Megan connaughton)

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"She argued that education needed to take on new and broadened social purposes. Teachers needed to understand the economic, demographic, and technological trends that were reshaping American society from a rural to an urban society and prepare their students to deal with them in intelligent, socially responsible, and democratic ways." (Crystal Barbour pg. 107-108)

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"Spencer would raise entry standards for students seeking admission to preservice teacher-education programs to make them more competitive. Only the brightest applicants were accepted. The programs would stress science and technology. Ending tenure, teaching would be competitive, with competent eachers replacing incompetent ones, and merit pay would be used" (Crystal Barbour pg. 103)

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Herbart defined interest as a person ability to focus on and retain an idea in consciousness. (crystal barbour, pg. 97)

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1.) Comenius was "An innovator, Comenius used the technological innovations of his time, such as the printing press, to diffuse his ideas" (pg. 89)

2.) When Comenius was working to end religious intolerance, "he constructed a new educational philosophy, pansophism, to cultivate universal understanding." (87)

3.) "Comenius's sensory method of teaching, rather than passive memorization, inspired later educators such as Rousseau, Pestalozzi, Montessori, and Dewey." (pg. 87)

(Lexie Hughes)

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1. Jean Piaget became a expert on the study of mollusks in his teen years over time he later created his career in child psychology.
2.  In 1925-1929 he was a professor of psychology, sociology, and philosophy of science at the University of Neuchatel.
3.  Jean was also elected the president of the international union of scientific psychology in held this position till 1957.
(Page 114)
(Lexi Dunn)

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Jean Piaget believed that you learn from the natural stages you go through in life. By you going through these stages you are learning and growing into a different person. He also believes children's interactions with things help them learn their everyday environment.  (Pg. 86) (Myesha Mosley)

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"Rousseau identifies five developmental stages: infancy, childhood, boyhood, adolescence, and youth. Each stage is sequential exhibiting its own conditions for readiness to learn and leading to the next stage. " (Pg.92 - 4-2a )
I think this study he did with the stages is accurate with how we come to the realization of what/who we are. learning about reality, personal self-identity, being aware of your surroundings and then learning about society. (Myesha Mosley)

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Rousseau believed children being in school put them into a learning routine rather than living a spontaneous life. The school was for children to act and learn the way the adults preferred. This went against his beliefs on learning from direct experience of human growth and development. (Pg. 93) (Myesha Mosley)