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laura

She was president’s Roosevelt wife and an important woman in the human rights field. She was an activist  and one of the first  First Lady to talk about civil rights, poverty and women emancipation, She publicly opposed to racial discrimination against african americans and tried to improve their daily lives conditions, for example she invited the black singer Marian Anderson to sing in front of the Lincoln Memorial after a stage in Washington denied her the space for a concert because of her skin color. She also  took part in the writing of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, becoming an important member of the commission.

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Violence Against Women Act (VAWA)

Established in 1994 and reauthorized several times since, VAWA is a landmark federal law that provides funding and support for various programs focused on preventing violence against women. It aids in the investigation and prosecution of violent crimes against women and imposes automatic and mandatory restitution on those convicted. VAWA includes funding for shelters, legal aid, and crisis centers.

Protections: VAWA covers domestic violence, dating violence, sexual assault, and stalking. It also provides provisions for immigrant women, including U visas for victims who cooperate in investigations.

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In the UK, several key laws protect women’s rights and address issues of violence and discrimination. The Equality Act 2010 prohibits discrimination based on sex and maternity, promoting equality in various sectors. The Domestic Abuse Act 2021 expands the definition of domestic abuse and recognizes children as victims. The Sexual Offences Act 2003 establishes clear definitions of sexual offenses and emphasizes consent. The Employment Rights Act 1996 protects against unfair dismissal and outlines maternity rights. The Family Law Act 1996 allows for injunctions against abusive partners, prioritizing victim safety. Lastly, the Health and Social Care Act 2008 ensures access to essential health services, including reproductive health. Together, these laws create a framework to safeguard women’s rights and promote gender equality.

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The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), established in 1994, allocates resources for victims of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking, providing funding for shelters and legal support. Title IX of the Education Amendments of 1972 prohibits sex discrimination in federally funded education, tackling sexual harassment and assault in schools and universities. The Equal Pay Act of 1963 seeks to close the wage gap by ensuring equal pay for equal work regardless of gender. Additionally, the Pregnancy Discrimination Act prohibits discrimination related to pregnancy, childbirth, or medical conditions stemming from them.

The Affordable Care Act (ACA) improves women’s access to healthcare services, including reproductive health. The Lilly Ledbetter Fair Pay Act of 2009 empowers individuals to challenge unequal pay by extending the time frame for filing lawsuits. Collectively, these laws create a framework aimed at promoting gender equality and safeguarding women’s rights across various areas of life.

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Anti-Stalking and Cyberstalking Provisions: Italian laws against stalking, which were introduced in 2009, have been updated to better address online harassment and provide immediate protective measures for victims. The updated provisions make it easier for victims to request restraining orders against their harassers. Additionally, offenders face heightened penalties, especially if the victim is a former partner, acknowledging the serious nature of stalking.

Law 66/1996 (Law on Sexual Violence): This law was a big step for Italy in tackling sexual violence. It clearly defines what sexual violence is and sets punishments for those who commit such acts. A crucial part of this law is that it emphasizes the importance of consent, which means that any sexual activity must be agreed upon by both parties. This law aims to provide better protection for victims of sexual assault and helps ensure they have the support they need​.

Law 38/2009 (Provisions on Trafficking in Human Beings): This law focuses on human trafficking, especially for sexual exploitation. It includes measures to protect victims, offering them assistance and support. The goal is to help women who have been trafficked reintegrate into society and regain control of their lives. This is really important because it recognizes the serious impact of trafficking and aims to provide a pathway for recovery​.

Codice Rosso: This law aims to improve how authorities respond to cases of domestic violence and stalking. It requires law enforcement to act quickly when they receive reports of domestic violence, ensuring that victims get the protection they need without delay. The law also imposes harsher penalties on offenders, which helps to deter future violence and keep victims safer​.

Law 108/2021: This law enhances protections for victims of domestic violence and stalking even further. It includes measures to help victims access legal and psychological support and provides housing solutions for those in need. This is really vital because having a safe place to stay can make a huge difference for someone trying to escape an abusive situation​.

Anti-Discrimination Laws: Italy has laws to prevent gender discrimination in the workplace, such as Legge 903/1977. This law prohibits discrimination in hiring and promotions based on gender, aiming to ensure that women have equal opportunities and treatment in their jobs. This is crucial for achieving gender equality and empowering women in the workforce​.

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Violence Against Women Act (VAWA): Originally passed in 1994 and updated in 2022, this law provides funding for programs that help survivors of domestic violence, sexual assault, and stalking. It funds support services like shelters, counseling, and legal help. VAWA also offers extra protections for Native American women and housing assistance so survivors can feel safer without the fear of being evicted because of abuse.

Title IX: Title IX is a 1972 law that bans sex-based discrimination in education programs that get federal funding (like most schools and colleges). It ensures equal opportunities in academics and sports and protects against sexual harassment or assault in school, helping create safe spaces for students and staff.

Equal Pay Act: Passed in 1963, this law is designed to close the gender wage gap by requiring that men and women get equal pay for equal work. If women aren’t being paid the same as men for doing the same job, they have the right to file a complaint to seek fair pay.

Pregnancy Discrimination Act (PDA): This law, added to the Civil Rights Act in 1978, protects women from discrimination due to pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions. Employers can’t fire, demote, or deny a job or promotion to someone just because they’re pregnant. It also requires that pregnant employees get the same types of accommodations that other temporarily disabled employees receive.

Ending Forced Arbitration of Sexual Assault and Sexual Harassment Act: Signed into law in 2022, this act allows survivors of sexual harassment or assault at work to take their case to court rather than being forced into private arbitration (where cases are often settled behind closed doors). This makes it easier for survivors to get justice openly and holds workplaces accountable for handling harassment and assault fairly.

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Worker Protection (Amendment of the Equality Act 2010) Act 2023: This UK law requires employers to actively prevent harassment in the workplace. Employers must implement measures like employee training and clear disciplinary procedures. Scheduled to be fully effective by 2024, the law also allows for compensation increases of up to 25% in cases of workplace harassment, creating a stronger legal foundation to combat sexual misconduct in professional environments.

Domestic Abuse Act 2021: First introduced in 2021, this law now includes new rules that make it illegal to use controlling behaviors and other forms of abuse in close relationships. It expands what counts as "domestic abuse" to cover not only physical harm but also emotional and financial control. The law aims to better protect survivors by offering safe housing options and stronger legal protections, helping them find more support and a secure path forward.

Online Safety Act 2023: This law aims to protect people from harmful content online, especially content that targets women. It makes online platforms more responsible for removing offensive and abusive behavior, including harassment based on gender. This helps create a safer online environment by holding platforms accountable for what they allow users to post.

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Protection from Sex-based Harassment in Public Act 2023: what does it hope to achieve? | SARSAS

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In the first of a series of articles looking into laws affecting victim-survivors of sexual violence, our volunteer communications officer, Toby, explores t…

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The Violence Against Women Act (VAWA) got a big update in 2022, adding support for online

harassment and economic abuse. The US also created a National Plan to End Gender-Based

Violence, with help from places like the Department of Labor, to improve work safety and rights for

women in risky environments.

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The Civil Rights Act of 1964 is generally perceived as having granted women more freedom in the workplace and a right to expect equal treatment. The Women's Health Protection Act of 2023 prohibits governmental restrictions on abortion services. The Women's Health Protection Act (WHPA) is a federal law in the United States that aims to protect the right to provide and access abortion care. It prohibits governmental restrictions on the provision of, and access to, abortion services. The WHPA was passed in the House of Representatives in 2021 and 2023, but it has not yet been passed by the Senate.

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Italy has a new law called Law No. 168 of November 24, 2023, which is specifically designed to combat violence against women and domestic violence. This law was enacted on December 12, 2023.

Italy has several national laws and international conventions to protect women from harmful practices, including gender-based discrimination and violence. Victims of violence against women in Italy have legal access to protection measures, including removing the perpetrator from the family home. The law provides that foreign-born victims of domestic violence in Italy can request a residence permit even if they do not have a valid permit to stay.

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The Equality Act 2010 is the main legislation that covers equality in the UK. It includes specific provisions prohibiting sexual harassment and on workplace equality. The Domestic Abuse Act 2021 aims to protect women from domestic abuse. The Online Safety Bill has become law, with guidance for tech companies to reduce harm to women and girls. Raneem's Law ensures domestic abuse specialists are present in 999 control rooms to take victims' calls seriously.

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Sofia

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Italy’s Code Red law (2019) made it faster for authorities to respond to abuse cases, plus they’ve added stricter punishments for femicide. Schools now have to teach respect and equality, and they’re working on better laws for online safety.

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They passed the Domestic Abuse Act in 2021, which now covers things like emotional abuse and controlling behavior. They’re also working on an Online Safety Bill to fight abuse and

harassment on social media. Plus, the Police, Crime, Sentencing, and Courts Act added tougher punishments for crimes against women.

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Italy has made significant strides in protecting women’s rights through various laws aimed at promoting gender equality and preventing violence against women. Key developments include:

1.Equal Opportunity Code (Law 162/2021): This law requires companies with more than 50 employees to submit biannual reports on gender-related employment metrics, such as hiring practices and salary disparities. Failure to comply can result in fines between €1,000 and €5,000.

2.Gender Equality Certificate: Companies demonstrating a commitment to gender equality can obtain a certificate that grants them tax benefits. This includes measures for equal pay, career advancement, and maternity protection.

3.Violence Prevention Measures: Italy has implemented laws that provide protections for victims of violence, including paid leave. However, there are calls for further action to improve support services and funding for victims.

4.Istanbul Convention Compliance: As a signatory to this convention, Italy is urged to enhance its protections against gender-based violence, focusing on better resources and coordination among local authorities.

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In the United States, recent legislative developments focus on protecting women across several areas, particularly in cases of domestic violence and harassment. One major update is the renewal of the Violence Against Women Act (VAWA), a foundational federal law that funds programs to support victims of domestic violence, stalking, and sexual assault. This law also provides resources for marginalized communities and includes education and prevention programs aimed at schools and workplaces.

Additionally, stricter laws have been introduced to prevent domestic abusers from obtaining firearms and to improve police training for better responses to gender-based violence.

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Recent laws in the United Kingdom to protect women include:

1. Domestic Abuse Protection Notices (DAPOs): Allow for the imposition of rehabilitation programs for abusers and electronic monitoring.

2. Strengthening Sentencing: New guidelines provide for harsher penalties for murders involving coercive control.

3. Clare’s Law: Speeds up access to information about a partner’s history of abuse.

4. Support Tools: Programs like “Ask for ANI” allow individuals to discreetly request help in workplaces.

5. Violence as a National Threat: Violence against women is now a priority for police forces.

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Law No. 154/2001: This law focuses on protecting women from domestic violence and includes measures for assistance and support for victims.

Law No. 66/1996: This law addresses sexual violence and introduces measures to combat and prevent sexual crimes, including provisions for victim support.

Legislative Decree No. 198/2006 (Code of Equal Opportunities): This decree promotes gender equality in the workpla

Law No. 38/2009: This law aims to combat human trafficking, particularly for the purposes of sexual exploitation, and includes provisions for victim protection.

Law No. 119/2013: This law introduced measures for the protection of women from domestic violence, including stricter penalties for offenders and measures for the safety of victims.

Law No. 92/2012: This law promotes work-life balance, including provisions for parental leave and protections for working mothers.

Law No. 162/2014: This legislation addresses the prevention of gender-based violence and promotes awareness campaigns and support services for victims.

this law is also known as the "Code Red" law: This law enhances protections for victims of domestic violence, including immediate protective measures and support services.

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Law No. 119 of 2013, also known as the “Femicide Decree,” is an important response from Italy against violence against women. The law increases penalties for crimes such as stalking, abuse, and sexual violence, providing harsher punishments when minors or pregnant women are involved. In addition to punishing offenders, the law protects victims with measures like free legal assistance and the immediate removal of the abuser in cases of danger.

In 2019, the “Red Code” improved the speed of legal proceedings, ensuring a swift response to protect victims. These laws mark an important step forward, but much remains to be done to ensure full protection.

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In the UK, several laws aim to protect women from discrimination, violence, and inequality.

1. Equality Act 2010: This act protects against discrimination based on gender, marital status, pregnancy, maternity, and other characteristics. It promotes equality in the workplace and wider society.

2. Domestic Violence, Crime and Victims Act 2004: This legislation strengthens protections for victims of domestic violence, allowing for various forms of intervention and support.

3. Sexual Offences Act 2003: This act addresses sexual violence and includes provisions related to consent,and sexual exploitation.

4. Female Genital Mutilation Act 2003: This law makes it illegal to perform FGM in the UK and to take girls abroad for the procedure.

5. The Modern Slavery Act 2015: This law aims to combat human trafficking and exploitation, which disproportionately affects women and girls.

6. The Protection from Harassment Act 1997: This act provides legal remedies for those experiencing harassment, including stalking.

7. The Employment Rights Act 1996: This legislation includes provisions related to maternity leave and pay, ensuring rights for women in the workplace.

8. The Marriage Act 1836 : Addresses the legal age for marriage and includes protections against forced marriage.

These laws are part of a broader framework aimed at promoting gender equality and safeguarding women's rights in the UK. Various organizations and advocacy groups also work to ensure these laws are upheld and to support women facing discrimination or violence.

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The Inter-American Convention on the Prevention, Punishment, and Eradication of Violence Against Women is an important treaty signed in 1994 that aims to prevent, punish, and eliminate violence against women in the member states of the Organization of American States.

It defines violence against women broadly, including not only physical violence but also psychological, sexual, and economic violence. The Convention establishes that states must adopt laws and policies to prevent violence, protect victims, and punish perpetrators.

It also recognizes that violence against women is a violation of human rights and requires that victims have access to justice. This treaty is an important step in the fight for gender equality and the protection of women in Latin America and the Caribbean.

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The Domestic Abuse Act 2021 is a UK law that combats domestic violence and protects victims. It defines domestic abuse not only as physical violence but also includes psychological and emotional abuse, including “coercive control,” which restricts the victim’s freedom.

The law introduces protection orders, called Domestic Abuse Protection Orders (DAPOs), which allow courts to impose restrictions on abusers, even without a conviction. Additionally, it provides specific support for children who witness the violence. This law represents an important step forward in protecting victims and preventing domestic violence.

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Are women fully protected by law in the UK?

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Introduction to Women's Rights and the Law

Many in society would argue that women have reached the "goal of equality". For example, within England and Wales we often see women in the highest roles in our society; women can vote, own property and have the same jobs as men. However, when you look more deeply into society and the law, you'll there is much further to go. A snapshot of this analysis is set out below.

Women's legal personhood

Women struggled at the start of the twentieth century to obtain the same legal status as men within society. Women were denied legal personal hood and therefore denied legal rights. For example, the Equal Franchise Act 1928 allowed women over 21 the same right to votes as men and the Sex Disqualification Removal Act 1919 removed the exclusion of women from exercising public functions or holding a public office on the grounds of sex.

Public and Private Realms

The definition of the public and private realm is where many feminists argue that the law has failed women. The privacy of family means that women are subject to domestic violence and husbands could (until 1992) legally rape their wives. The law was for the public domain - which was the concern of men, and women's lives were for the private realm - the domesticated realm. The 'nature' of women was an argument for restricting their role to the private realm - women are delicate, women need to be protected and should not be exposed to the masculine concerns of public life.

The private realm - and therefore women's lives - has slowly shifted into the public realm and law has been enacted to reflect this. Changes include the introduction of the Abortion Act 1967 and the Domestic Violence and Matrimonial Proceedings Act 1976. However, these changes have arguably not gone far enough. Issues that are unique to women are still often, in the eyes of the law, in the private realm.

Rights and Equality

Generally, we talk about equality when we talk about women's rights - women want equality with men. However, it can be argued that the structure of rights - and equality - is from a baseline of a wealthy white male - which means that there is automatically an unlevelled playing field. Obtaining equality and the same rights as men in law fails to consider the differences between men and women, not to mention the absence of consideration for other social, economic and political identifications such as race, class, disability and sexual orientation - for example.

Barrister Helena Kennedy, Baroness Kennedy of The Shaws, has pointed out in "Eve was Shamed" that "the idea that gender equality requires everybody to be treated in exactly the same way is a misconception...particular needs and vulnerabilities of women offenders often go unconsidered in the sentencing process."

Even while there has been a considerable way forward, women are still underrepresented in the legal profession - which in turn means that less women are becoming the people who can really influence the law. For example, on 1 April 2020, 32% of court judges and 47% of tribunal judges were women. The proportion of women has increased in recent years but remains lower in senior court appointments. (26% for High Court and above) Black, Asian and minority ethnic descended individuals represented 9% of Queen's Counsel barristers and 15% of partner solicitors.

Women's bodies and the law

The farming and brothel models were coined by writer and feminist activist Andrea Dworkin and can be helpful when thinking about the law and its treatment of women's bodies. Dworkin's farming and brothel models are used to illustrate how women are socially controlled and sexually used in society. The brothel model relates to prostitution and the women that are used for non-reproductive sexual functions. The farming model relates to motherhood and women who are used to bear and rear men's children.

Surrogacy and Prostitution

The law governing surrogacy and prostitution are similar as they seek not to criminalise the acts themselves. For example, prostitution itself is not illegal, but surrounding activities are. This is not about protecting the women as they are not 'good' women - it makes women's loitering and soliciting for the purposes illegal and the behaviour of curb crawling for men.

Reviewing the Surrogacy Arrangements Act 1985 and the 1997 Brazier Report, the issues raised while discussing surrogacy re-enforced the underlying views of women in society that Dworkin's analysis had established. Like prostitution, surrogacy is not illegal, but it must be on an altruistic basis only. Paternalistic views of female protection and the mistrust of women to make their own choices to become a surrogate if there were economic factors involved highlighted the views prevalent in Dworkin's discussions.

Abortion

The Abortion Act 1967 was a response to backstreet abortions and created a defence to the offence of abortion. Your access to abortion services is dependent on your locations and two medical professionals agreeing that a woman should be allowed due to set criteria in the Act. Therefore a woman does not have the right to an abortion and her "choice" is restricted by the constraints imposed in statute.

Violence and harassment

The year ending March 2020 estimated that 1.6 million adults aged 16 to 74 years had experienced sexual assault by rape or penetration (including attempts) since the age of 16 years.

Of victims who experienced sexual assault by rape or penetration (including attempts) since the age of 16 years:

fewer than one in six (16%) reported the assault to the police and of those that told someone but not the police, 40% stated embarrassment as a reason, 38% did not think the police could help, and 34% thought it would be humiliating

more than four in ten (44%) were victimised by their partner or ex-partner

Rape and Sexual Assault

Within the Sexual Offences Act 2003, the legal definition of rape requires rape by a man. The Law needs to evolve to include other types of penetration. Arguably, this makes men the baseline, even for rape.

Rape is a complex and multifaceted crime and the law must show this. One issue is consent and when it has or has not been given. To gain a conviction for rape or sexual assault, the Prosecution must prove beyond reasonable doubt that the complainant did not consent and the Defendant did not have a reasonable belief that consent was given.

Issues increasingly shown in the media (See for example - Michaela Coel's TV series I May Destroy You) include the offence of 'stealthing' and how people are treated in the criminal system when reporting rape. 'Stealthing' forms one of the behaviours that have been identified by the Crown Prosecution Service as an example of a conditional consent case. A conditional consent case involves ostensible (appearing to be true, but not necessarily so) consent to sexual intercourse being invalid when the conditions of the consent have been broken or withdrawn. In this case, lying about the use of a condom.

Sexual Harassment

Among women aged 18-24, 86% said they had been sexually harassed in public spaces, while just 3% did not recall ever having experienced sexually harassing behaviour. The remaining 11% chose not to answer.

Although the issue is arguably very prominent in the media at present, sexual harassment is not a criminal offence. Sexual harassment is a form of unlawful discrimination under the Equality Act 2010. The law says it's sexual harassment if the behaviour is either meant to, or has the effect of:

violating a person's dignity, or

creating an intimidating, hostile, degrading, humiliating or offensive environment

However, this is not only a civil matter. The 2019 LRD report for UNISON on 'Reducing the likelihood of sexual harassment at work' found that there is evidence to suggest that Black women "experience higher levels of overall harassment than others, though they may experience it differently." Also that LGBT+ people "both male and female - experience higher levels of sexual harassment than others."

Mad, bad or sad

The terms "mad, bad or sad" have been used to identify how women's mental state is treated when they commit crimes. This can be argued to be seen, for example, where women kill their abusive partners and the case of "battered women's syndrome".

Helena Kennedy notes that the law on self-defence has been constructed by men considering being attacked by another man. The law fails to sufficiently consider the disadvantages that women feel in the face of male strength and that most women suffer long term abuse - which doesn't allow for the defence of provocation.

However, diminished responsibility is now a defence for women who kill their husbands following abuse - but it still requires women to show that they have an abnormality of mental functioning. Additionally, Section 76 of the Serious Crime Act 2015 created a new offence of controlling or coercive behaviour in an intimate or family relationship. Behaviour must be engaged in 'repeatedly' or 'continuously'. Another, separate, element of the offence is that it must have a 'serious effect' on someone and one way of proving this is that it causes someone to fear, on at least two occasions, that violence will be used against them

In the year ending March 2019, an estimated 2.4 million adults aged 16 to 74 years experienced domestic abuse in the last year (1.6 million women and 786,000 men). The current Domestic Abuse Bill created a statutory definition of domestic abuse, emphasising that domestic abuse is not just physical violence but can also be emotional, coercive or controlling, and economic.

Women's Aid's responded to the Bill by saying "The definition of domestic abuse must be inclusive of all survivors, regardless of immigration status, culture or religion. It is therefore concerning that the proposed definition completely excludes the forms of violence and abuse disproportionately experienced by Black and Minority Ethnic (BME) women - forced marriage, female genital mutilation (FGM) and so-called 'honour-based violence', that are often perpetrated by family members, often with multiple perpetrators, as well as less recognised forms such as dowry abuse and transnational marriage abandonment."

In conclusion

While the law has adapted and developed to provide women with many rights and protections, there is still a long way to go. True equality will only exist where women are treated by the law as autonomous human beings who are able to make their own informed decisions. They need to be listened to and believed within the criminal justice system, not confined to the perception of what makes a "good" woman. They must be afforded real protection when speaking out about discriminative, sexual or violent behaviour without being worried about the consequences. It is also integral to truly address the need to protect women in terms of all social and political categorisations including race, class, gender identity, sexual identify and disability and how these interplay with women's treatment in society.

If you've enjoyed reading this blog post, it's based on one of our Real World Lecture Series aimed at undergraduates. Book your place at our virtual undergraduate events now.

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The impact of law on women's lives has always been a hot topic. ULaw Tutor Rachel Collins answers the question - are women fully protected by law?

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Women’s bill of rights

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Mentre ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), la più grande associazione americana per i diritti civili, sta conducendo una campagna per sostenere che escludere dalle carceri femminili maschi incriminati per reati sessuali è un fatto discriminatorio e incostituzionale, il 19 maggio scorso un gruppo di rappresentanti repubblicani al Congresso USA, americani,prima firmataria Debbie Lesko, ha presentato una risoluzione per introdurre una Carta dei Diritti delle Donne, allo scopo di definire legalmente cosa sia una "donna", riconoscere che le donne e le ragazze meritano spazi dello stesso sesso e codificare uno standard di controllo perché la legge possa riconoscere il sesso quando necessario.

La risoluzione è stata estesa in collaborazione con Independent Women's Voice (IWV), WoLF (Women Liberation Front) che il 31 marzo 2022 avevano formulato una loro Carta dei diritti delle donne.

WoLF ha accolto con soddisfazione l'introduzione della Carta: "Una risoluzione storica che farà avanzare e proteggerà i diritti delle donne negli Stati Uniti. Per troppo tempo, alle donne è stato detto che non c'è parola per descrivere noi stesse e le nostre esperienze. Abbiamo visto la definizione di "donna" distorta per promuovere stereotipi sessisti offensivi e dannosi. Questa risoluzione è un chiaro segnale che le nostre voci non possono più essere messe a tacere in questo modo. WoLF è orgogliosamente co-autore del modello di Carta dei diritti delle donne che ha ispirato questa risoluzione e siamo grati per la coraggiosa leadership mostrata dalla rappresentante Lesko e da Sen Hyde-Smith. Le disposizioni semplici e di buon senso di questa risoluzione contribuiranno a garantire che il governo non approvi il finzione del cambio di sesso e che gli spazi e le risorse per le donne rimangano tali".

Sebbene non ci sia nulla nella Carta dei diritti delle donne che un legislatore democratico dalla parte delle donne possa trovare discutibile, la risoluzione del Congresso finora ha ricevuto solo il sostegno dei repubblicani.

WoLF incoraggia ad andare oltre la rigida partigianeria e ritiene che la Carta dei diritti delle donne sia un'eccellente opportunità per entrambe le parti di riunirsi per rafforzare i diritti basati sul sesso nelle leggi e nelle politiche statunitensi. Resta infatti intatta la questione dell'aborto a dividere il femminismo dai conservatori: è attesa a giorni la sentenza della Corte suprema americana che -stando alle bozze circolate-renderebbe illegale l'interruzione di gravidanza.

La risoluzione afferma:
considerando che maschi e femmine possiedono differenze biologiche uniche e immutabili che si manifestano prima della nascita e aumentano man mano che invecchiano e attraversano la pubertà; considerando che le differenze biologiche tra i sessi significano che solo le femmine possono rimanere incinte, partorire e allattare i bambini; considerando che le differenze biologiche tra i sessi fanno sì che i maschi siano, in media, di taglia più grande e possiedano una forza corporea maggiore rispetto alle femmine; considerando che le differenze biologiche tra i sessi possono esporre le donne a più danni dei maschi a causa di specifiche forme di violenza, compresa la violenza sessuale;
considerando che le donne hanno raggiunto risultati significativi e stimolanti nell'istruzione, nell'atletica e nel lavoro;
considerando che recenti errate sentenze dei tribunali relative alla definizione di "sesso" hanno posto a rischio gli spazi e le risorse dedicate alle donne, richiedendo così un chiarimento di alcuni termini: La Camera dei Rappresentanti riafferma che: ai fini della legge federale, per "sesso" di una persona si intende il suo sesso biologico (maschio o femmina) alla nascita;
ai fini della legge federale in materia di sesso, i termini "donna" e "ragazza" si riferiscono a femmine umane e i termini "uomo" e "ragazzo" si riferiscono a maschi umani;
ai fini della legge federale, il termine "madre" indica un genitore di sesso femminile e "padre" è definito un genitore di sesso maschile; ci sono ragioni importanti per distinguere tra i sessi per quanto riguarda l'atletica, le carceri, i centri di accoglienza per la violenza domestica, i servizi igienici e altre aree, in particolare dove sono implicate biologia, sicurezza e privacy.
( qui il testo integrale della Risoluzione).

Presentandola in conferenza stampa, la prima firmataria Debbie Lesko ha dichiarato: "Sono orgogliosa di presentare la Carta dei diritti delle donne per affermare l'importanza di riconoscere le donne e le loro caratteristiche uniche e distintive e il loro contributo alla nostra nazione. Mentre la sinistra continua a cancellare le donne, dobbiamo lottare per le donne e il loro posto nella nostra società. Che si tratti di mantenere la parola "madre" nella legge scritta o di garantire che i centri di accoglienza per la violenza domestica delle donne non debbano accettare uomini biologici, dobbiamo difendere le donne".

Il rappresentante Jim Banks ha aggiunto: "Il moderno partito democratico ha anteposto l'agenda woke della sinistra ai diritti delle donne. In questi giorni, i Democratici si rifiutano persino di ammettere che le donne esistono o di riconoscerle come esseri unici, con abilità uniche. Mentre i liberali radicali fermano il progresso ed eliminano le protezioni per le quali generazioni di donne hanno lottato, i repubblicani devono combattere e riconoscere le verità biologiche di base. In quanto padre di tre figlie sono orgoglioso di co-guidare questa risoluzione riaffermando le protezioni legali loro garantite dalla legge federale".

E ancora, la rappresentante Mary Miller: "Non avrò mai paura di parlare in difesa delle nostre figlie che hanno bisogno di adulti in posizioni di leadership che non temano di essere criticati dalla sinistra radicale. La risposta alla domanda "che cos'è una donna" è stata chiara per tutta la storia della nostra civiltà, e non è cambiata dalla Genesi. La sinistra radicale ha lanciato un attacco alla biologia perché vuole mettersi al di sopra di Dio e vuole fare il lavaggio del cervello alle nostre figlie con il suo wokeism. Ecco perché oggi presentiamo la Carta dei diritti delle donne per definire legalmente cosa significa essere una donna. Lo sto facendo per conto delle mie 5 figlie e di tutte le donne. Questo documento di buon senso aiuterà a codificare la nostra comprensione comune e ciò che tutti sappiamo delle parole "femmina", "donna" e "sesso". Sono orgogliosoa di sostenerlo".

E la rappresentante Diana Harshbarger: "Per me essere una donna significa avere il grande onore di essere madre, nonna, imprenditrice e ora membro del Congresso. Sono orgogliosa di questa risoluzione sulla Carta dei diritti delle donne perché invia un chiaro messaggio che il Congresso deve proteggere le nostre future generazioni di leader donne dall'essere private delle misure intese a sostenere il loro successo, proteggere la loro sicurezza e garantire le opportunità che hanno conquistato".

Infine, la senatrice Cindy Hyde-Smith ha dichiarato: "La sinistra radicale sminuisce i diritti delle donne ogni volta che ignora le differenze biologiche tra maschi e femmine. Questa risoluzione riafferma queste differenze uniche e cerca di proteggere i diritti delle donne, che si tratti di atletica leggera, di carceri o di centri di accoglienza per donne maltrattate".

La Carta dei Diritti delle Donne è supportata da molti gruppi e associazioni, tra cui: Independent Women's Voice, Independent Women's Law Center, Concerned Women for America LAC, Heritage Action for America, American Principles Project, Women's Liberation Front, Family Policy Alliance, Eagle Forum, Conservative Political Action Committee (CPAC) e Women's Declaration International USA (a cui il Feminist Post fa riferimento). Il nostro testo In Radice-Per l'inviolabilità del corpo femminile, sottoscritto tra le altre anche da WoLF, è perfettamente in linea con quanto espresso dalla risoluzione.

Ecco le loro dichiarazioni, dopo quella di WoLF.

" Oggi gli interessi delle donne e delle ragazze vengono sminuiti da coloro che cercano di sradicare gli sport, le strutture e le opportunità legate al sesso. Sono grata che i rappresentanti Lesko, Banks, Harshbarger e Miller difendano le donne e il buon senso". Carrie Lukas, vicepresidente indipendente di Women's Voice

"Non possiamo combattere la discriminazione sessuale se non siamo d'accordo su cosa significhi essere una donna. E non possiamo raccogliere dati accurati sulla salute pubblica, la medicina, l'istruzione, la criminalità e la condizione economica delle donne se ridefiniamo il sesso con il significato di "identità di genere". All'Independent Women's Law Center, sappiamo cos'è una donna. Per fortuna, lo fanno anche i rappresentanti Lesko, Banks, Harshbarger e Miller. Jennifer C. Braceras, direttrice del Centro di diritto delle donne indipendente

"È scioccante che alle donne oggi venga detto che il nostro status è irrilevante e che essere donna non ha alcuna relazione con l'essere donna. Le nostre protezioni vengono distrutte da politiche radicali che confondono i fatti biologici con i sentimenti di genere e da giudici attivisti che non possono definire una Donna. Concerned Women for America LAC ed Heritage Action for America plaudono alla risoluzione sulla Carta dei diritti delle donne che riconoscerà e proteggerà la dignità delle donne e il nostro status unico ai sensi della legge". Penny Young Nance, CEO e Presidente di Concerned Women for America LAC

"La sinistra woke si è data la missione di riportare indietro decenni di progressi compiuti in nome dei diritti delle donne. Il loro rifiuto di riconoscere le differenze biologiche tra uomini e donne è irragionevole e in molti casi pericoloso. Se lasciato incontrollato, l'assalto della sinistra su cosa significa essere una donna continuerà a essere un danno per tutte le donne biologiche e vedrà opportunità e risorse reindirizzate a individui che non avrebbero mai dovuto riceverle. Fortunatamente, le donne del Congresso Lesko, Miller e Harsbarger, insieme al presidente dell'RSC Jim Banks, stanno guidando lo sforzo per riaffermare cosa significa essere una donna e i pericoli dell'attuale traiettoria della sinistra". - Jessica Anderson, Direttore Esecutivo di Heritage Action.

"Gli americani non rimarranno in silenzio contro un'ideologia che cancella le donne. Per chiarire ogni confusione sulla definizione di donna, questo sforzo bicamerale riafferma semplicemente la verità: le donne sono distinte dagli uomini e meritano uguale protezione dalla legge. Esortiamo ogni membro del Congresso a proteggere i diritti civili delle donne e ad approvare ora la risoluzione sulla Carta dei diritti delle donne". - Autumn Leva, vicepresidente senior di Family Policy Alliance.

" La sinistra ha risvegliato gli sforzi per cancellare le donne oggi con l'inchiostro indelebile della Carta dei diritti delle donne. Quando si tratta di sesso e genere è tempo di fidarsi della scienza. Le donne sono donne e gli uomini sono uomini. Dobbiamo riconoscere le nostre differenze fisiologiche mentre celebriamo la nostra umanità condivisa. Questa risoluzione protegge le donne nelle carceri e nei bagni, assicura che lo spirito del titolo IX sia mantenuto negli sport universitari e ripristina il buon senso su come ci riferiamo alle donne in gravidanza e che allattano". Kris Ullman, Presidente Eagle Forum.

" Gli americani stanno attualmente affrontando un assalto da parte della sinistra woke per sminuire l'essere donna. Che si tratti di attaccare lo sport femminile, di ridurre le donne a "persone che partoriscono", di mettere le donne a rischio nelle carceri e nei bagni, o di nominare un giudice della Corte Suprema che non sa definire cosa sia una donna, i conservatori devono reagire. Noi della Conservative Political Action Coalition (CPAC) vogliamo ringraziare il Republican Study Committee, il rappresentante Lesko e il senatore Hyde-Smith per aver tentato di ripristinare la sanità mentale portando avanti la risoluzione sulla Carta dei diritti delle donne. Matt Schlapp, Presidente Conservative Political Action Coalition (CPAC).

" Uomini e donne sono diversi. Questa è sia una verità evidente che un fatto scientifico riconosciuto dalla stragrande maggioranza degli americani. Tuttavia, per alcuni qui a Washington (per lo più a sinistra), essere maschi o femmine è solo un'etichetta che può essere cambiata a piacimento. Questi radicali non possono definire cosa sia una "donna", anche se affermano di difendere i diritti delle donne. Sarebbe comico, se le conseguenze non fossero così gravi. In risposta a questa pericolosa ideologia, è imperativo chiarire giuridicamente ciò che dovrebbe essere evidente a qualsiasi persona sana di mente: che "uomo" e "donna" sono realtà biologicamente fondate, non semplici costrutti sociali. Solo così facendo garantiremo il pieno rispetto e l'affermazione dei diritti di ciascuno. APP è grato a Rep. Lesko, Sen. Hyde-Smith e a tutti i membri repubblicani che sostengono questa risoluzione, e sollecitiamo il GOP a fare di questo sforzo una priorità, sia ora sia, soprattutto, se dovessero riprendere la maggioranza al Congresso l'anno prossimo". Terry Schilling, Presidente, Progetto American Principles.

" La delegazione USA della Women's Declaration International (organizzazione globale apartitica che sostiene i diritti basati sul sesso delle donne in tutto il mondo) è orgogliosa di sostenere la Carta dei Diritti delle Donne, che sancirà in una legge molti dei principi delineati nella Dichiarazione globale sulle donne Diritti basati sul sesso, per i quali lavoriamo in modo da fare avanzare la legge statunitense". Kara Dansky, Presidente WDI USA.

Marina Terragni
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Il Congresso USA promuove una Carta dei Diritti delle Donne ispirata dai testi del femminismo | FeministPost

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Mentre ACLU (American Civil Liberties Union), la più grande associazione americana per i diritti civili, sta conducendo una campagna per sostenere che

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The right to abortion

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Usa: proteggere il diritto all’aborto! - Appelli - Amnesty International Italia

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Il diritto all’aborto è gravemente minacciato negli Stati Uniti. I recenti divieti, emanati a livello statale, hanno messo in discussione le protezioni legali che garantiscono l’accesso all’aborto.

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Giulia Castiglioni

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Mary Quant

Born in 1934 to a London suburb by Welsh parents, she rejects the future teacher that her family has reserved for her and leaves home, pursuing the dream of a bohemian life in the English capital with Alexander Plunket Greene, her fellow student at Goldsmith College.

She is to be credited for launching the miniskirt, despite her invention being attributed to French designer André Courrèges. With the creation of the miniskirt she started a revolution of style that will free women from the perbenist fashion of an era marked by post-war austerity. The chief arouses a lot of controversy and becomes the emblem of the rebellion of an entire generation.

Elena Lombardi

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One significant Italian law that protects women is Law No. 125 of 10 April 1991, commonly referred to as the Law on Equal Opportunities. This legislation aims to promote gender equality across various sectors, including employment and education. It mandates measures to ensure equal treatment of men and women in the workplace, addressing issues such as hiring practices, wage disparities, and career advancement opportunities.

The law also supports policies that help reconcile work and family life, recognizing that women often carry a heavier burden of family responsibilities. In addition, it promotes awareness programs and training to reduce gender discrimination and foster equal opportunities in society. Furthermore, Law No. 125 includes provisions to support women who are victims of violence, ensuring access to necessary resources and assistance. Overall, this law reflects Italy’s commitment to advancing gender equality and safeguarding women’s rights, creating a framework to tackle discrimination and enhance women’s participation in all aspects of life.

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The Equality Act 2010 is a landmark piece of legislation in the UK designed to protect individuals from discrimination and promote equality. It consolidates various previous laws into a comprehensive framework, addressing discrimination based on nine protected characteristics: age, disability, gender reassignment, marriage and civil partnership, pregnancy and maternity, race, religion or belief, sex, and sexual orientation. The Act prohibits different forms of discrimination, including direct discrimination, where someone is treated less favorably due to a protected characteristic, and indirect discrimination, which involves policies that disproportionately disadvantage a particular group.

It also addresses harassment, defined as unwanted behavior that violates an individual’s dignity, and victimization, which refers to unfair treatment of someone who has made or supported a complaint. A key aspect of the Act is the Public Sector Equality Duty, requiring public bodies to actively consider the impact of their policies on people with protected characteristics and to promote equality in their practices.

Additionally, the Act mandates that employers make reasonable adjustments for disabled individuals, ensuring they are not placed at a disadvantage. Gender pay gap reporting is another crucial element, obligating larger companies to publish data on pay disparities between genders, thereby fostering transparency and accountability. Overall, the Equality Act 2010 plays a critical role in advancing fairness and inclusivity, providing individuals with the means to challenge discrimination and seek justice in various aspects of life.

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Laws that protect women in the work place

Workplace harassment can significantly impact all areas of a victim’s life. If you suspect your employer is engaging in illegal practices or allowing a hostile work environment, it’s crucial to understand your rights. At the Law Offices of Jeremy Pasternak, with locations in San Francisco and Los Angeles, we have been advocating for employees and executives for 20 years. Our attorneys possess the expertise and resources necessary to confront companies throughout California that tolerate such environments.

Key Employment Laws

1. Equal Pay Act (EPA): This law prohibits gender-based pay discrimination, ensuring that men and women performing the same job receive equal pay. It is enforced by the Equal Employment Opportunity Commission (EEOC).

2. Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA): This act sets standards for minimum wage, overtime pay, and the elimination of child labor, significantly benefiting women in the workforce.

3. Title VII of the Civil Rights Act: This law prohibits discrimination based on sex, including sexual harassment, in the workplace.

4. Pregnancy Discrimination Act: This act prevents discrimination against pregnant women and prohibits employers from making hiring or employment decisions based on pregnancy.

5. COBRA: This act requires employers to provide health insurance coverage for a limited time after an employee leaves, which is particularly important for women.

6. Family and Medical Leave Act (FMLA): FMLA allows employees to take unpaid leave for childbirth or adoption, protecting the rights of both men and women.

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Yoko Ono is a Japanese-American multimedia artist, musician, and peace activist, born on February 18, 1933, in Tokyo, Japan. She is known for her avant-garde art and association with the Fluxus movement. Also, she gained international recognition as the wife of John Lennon. They collaborated on numerous projects advocating for peace, most famously through their "Bed-In for Peace" protests against the Vietnam War in 1969.

Her artistic career includes visual arts, performance, music, and film. She has often focused on themes of feminism, peace and breaking social conventions. One of her most famous works :the Cut Piece performance, where audience members were invited to cut pieces of her clothing; the Grapefruit book, a collection of conceptual art instructions.

Eleonora

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Step into Yoko Ono’s creative universe. PEACE is POWER is the world-renowned artist’s first exhibition in Norway since 2005.

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Work Protection Act and Protection from Sex-based harassment in public Act

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Work Protection Act and Protection from Sex-based harassment in public Act

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Worker Protection (Amendment of Equality Act 2010) Act 2023: it introduces a new legal duty for employers to actively prevent sexual harassment in the workplace. Employers must take “reasonable steps” to prevent sexual harassment, including developing comprehensive anti-harassment policies, providing staff training, and ensuring clear reporting processes.

The protection from Sex-based harassment in public Act (2023): targets sex-based harassment in public spaces, aiming to reduce intimidation and distress due to gender-based aggression in public settings. This law is part of the government's broader initiative to enhance public safety for women.

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Isabella Nicoletti

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Women's Health Protection Act of 2023 (WHPA): it aims to restore safe and legal access to abortion nationwide, prohibiting individual states from imposing restrictive laws that limit access, especially in early pregnancy. Also, the bill wants to protect the rights of both patients and doctors, preventing unnecessary medical interventions and ensuring that reproductive health decisions remain personal and free from government interference.

the WHPA is still under consideration in Congress, but it represents a significant legislative step toward reestablishing reproductive rights across the United States.

Eleonora

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The Equality Act became law in 2010. It covers everyone in Britain and protects people from discrimination, harassment and victimisation.

There are nine protected characteristics such as age, sex, disability, race and religion or belief.

Under the Equality Act you are protected from discrimination:

when you are in the workplace

when you use public services like healthcare (for example, visiting your doctor or local hospital) or education (for example, at your school or college)

when you use businesses and other organisations that provide services and goods (like shops, restaurants, and cinemas)

when you use transport

when you join a club or association (for example, your local tennis club)

when you have contact with public bodies like your local council or government departments

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Violence Against Women Act (VAWA):

it’s a U.S. federal legislation that expanded the juridical tools to combat violence against women and provide protection to women who had suffered violent abuses. It was signed in 1994 by U.S. president Bill Clinton. It was important for calling attention to the issues of domestic violence, dating violence, sexual abuse and assault, and stalking.

Grants provide funds for shelter, rapeprevention and education, programs to address and reduce the sexual abuse of runaway and homeless youth, and community programs to educate on domestic violence. The VAWA also makes government pay for studies of violence against women. The VAWA was reauthorized in 2000, 2005, and 2013.

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Equal Rights Amendment 1972 (ERA): guarantees equal legal rights for all American citizens regardless of sex;

The Women's Health Protection Act 2023: it was introduced to protect the right to access abortion and reproductive healthcare services and seeks to ensure that women can make decisions about their own bodies without excessive restrictions;

The Protecting Older Workers Aainst Discrimination Act: strengthens protections against age discrimination;

Workplace protections that are recent updates in laws that have enhanced protections against workplace harassment and discrimination and measures that address pay equity and family leave policies;

State-Level Initiatives are State's laws that address domestic violence, sexual harassment and reproductive rights.

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Section 75 of the Northen Ireland Act 1998 and Sex Discrimination Order 1976: prohibits discrimination and harassment on the grounds of sex and places a duty on public authorities to promote equality of opportunity;

Sexual Offense Act 2003: includes various provisions to protect individuals from sexual violence and harassment and expanding the scope of sexual offenses;

Equality Act 2010: replaced the many previous equalities legislation and Acts and outlines nine protected characteristics which are the grounds upon which discrimination is against the law in the United Kingdom: Age, Disability, Gender Reassignment, Marriage and Civil Partnership, Pregnancy and Maternity, Race, Religion or Belief, Sex and Sexual Orientation. The Public Sector Equality Duty obliges al higher edcation institutions and research organisations to eliminate discrimination, harassment, victimisation to people due to their porotected characteristics and advance equality of opportunity;

Coercive Control Offense (in the Serious Crime Act of 2015): criminalizes coercive or controlling behaiour in intimate or familial relationships, recognizing the psychological impact of the abuse;

Domestic Abuse Act 2021: extends the definition of domestic abuse to include emotional and economic abuse, strengthens protections for children witnessing abuse and provides additional support for victims;

Violence Against Women and Girls Strategy (2023): strategies to address violence against women and girls, focusing on prevention, support and justice;

Online Safety Bill 2023: it aims to tackle online abuse and harassmen and providing more protection against harmful content.

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The Stalking Protection Act 2019 made provision for Police to apply to Magistrates’ Courts for a new civil Stalking Protection Order (SPO). The Act came into force in January 2020. The Act enables early police intervention, pre-conviction, to address stalking behaviors before they escalate or become entrenched, by placing restrictions and/or positive requirements on perpetrators.

New guidance is to make it easier for police to protect people from stalkers, after critics argued the standard of proof required to apply existing powers was too high.

Stalking protection orders (SPOs) make it a criminal offense for perpetrators to approach or contact their victims, carrying a sentence of up to five years. But although stalking was reported to police more than 116,000 times last year, the total number of orders obtained was in the low hundreds.

About one in five women and one in 10 men experience stalking during their lives, but stalking protection orders are "not applied for as often as they should be". According to figures obtained by the victims' charity under Freedom of Information laws, 12 of the 43 police forces in England and Wales have issued fewer than 10 per year since SPOs came into force.

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The government will begin piloting "Raneem's Law" in police forces in early 2025 as part of a commitment to halve violence against women and girls in the next decade.The "Raneem’s Law" is made in memory of Raneem Oudeh and her mother Khaola Saleem, who were murdered by Raneem’s ex-husband in 2018.  There were 13 reports made to the police about concerns for Raneem’s safety, with no arrests made. On the night she was killed, she rang 999 four times.

Under Raneem’s Law, domestic abuse specialists will be embedded into 999 control rooms, where they will advise on risk assessments and work with frontline officers to ensure a fast and appropriate response. While this measure is a positive improvement, domestic abuse specialists must be included at all stages of police response, including the investigation process, to ensure that survivors are protected, and perpetrators are held to account.

It takes an incredible amount of courage for survivors to report their experiences to the police, so it is essential that those who do are properly supported through the investigation process by specialists. We know that women’s confidence in the police is at an all-time low, with only one in five reporting their experiences of abuse. Having specialist support throughout the process may help to improve this confidence and in turn increase justice.

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The latest US law for the protection of women is the Women’s Health Protection Act (WHPA), a federal legislation that creates a new legal protection for the right to provide and access abortion care, free from medically unnecessary restrictions and bans on abortion. The need for federal abortion rights is more urgent than ever.

Women’s Health Protection Act establishes a statutory right for health care professionals to provide abortion care and the right for their patients to receive care, free from bans and medically unnecessary restrictions that single out abortion care.

Without federal protections for abortion rights, states have already denied millions of people access to abortion care. More than 20% of the country’s population currently resides in states where abortion is now illegal.

Large swaths of the South and Midwest are now abortion deserts—where those seeking care are forced to travel long distances to access services or carry pregnancies against their will.

Abortion bans and restrictions disproportionately impact those who already face discriminatory barriers to accessing health care—including Black, Indigenous, Latina/x, Asian Americans and Pacific Islanders, and other people of color, women, those working to make ends meet, members of the LGBTQI+ community, immigrants, young people, those living in rural communities, and people with disabilities.

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The Inter-American Convention on Prevention, Punishment and eradication of violence against women: a Convention, adopted by the General Assembly on 9 June 1994 and entered into force in March 1995, which has so far been ratified by 31 Member States and Nicaragua. The only countries not to have ratified the Convention are Canada, the USA and Cuba.

The Convention of Belém do Pará is, together with the Council of Europe’s Istanbul Convention, the only binding instrument of a supranational nature for the elimination of gender-based violence. The definition of violence in art.1 includes "any act or conduct, based on gender, that causes death or physical, sexual or psychological harm or suffering to women, whether in public or private life". This concept is also referred to in Article 3, which states that every woman has the right to be free from violence, both in public and private spheres.

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Law No. 168/2023: Enacted in late 2023, this law expands protections against domestic violence and harassment. It includes measures such as electronic bracelets for monitoring individuals with restraining orders and requires convicted offenders to undergo courses aimed at reducing recidivism. The law also mandates compensation for victims’ families in cases of severe violence, such as femicide. Furthermore, it promotes mandatory training for police and social workers to better support victims of abuse and violence.

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Take a detailed look at women’s rights and challenges in Italy.

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law of 2023:

The PUMP Act amends the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) by requiring employers with 50 or more employees to provide reasonable break time in a private, non-bathroom space for an employee to express breast milk for the employee’s nursing child for one year after the child’s birth. Employers are not required to pay employees for this time unless otherwise required by law, but the break time must be considered hours worked if the employee is not completely relieved from duty during the break. Previously, the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act amended the FLSA to provide the same requirements for non-exempt employees. The PUMP Act expands this right to cover both exempt and non-exempt employees.

Employers with fewer than 50 employees may be exempt from the new requirement if they can show it would impose an undue hardship causing the employer significant difficulty or expense when considered in relation to the size, financial resources, nature, or structure of the employer’s business. The PUMP Act also provides exemptions for crewmembers of air carriers, train crews of rail carriers, and motorcoach services operators.

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On Dec. 29, President Biden signed into law two significant federal protections for pregnant women in the Consolidated Appropriations Act, 2023 . In addition to serving as the omnibus spending bill that funds the federal government, the law added the Pregnant Women's Fairness Act (PWFA) and the Providing Urgent Maternal Protections for Nursing Mothers (PUMP) Act. The PWFA is effective on June 27, 2023, while the PUMP Act goes into effect immediately.

Pregnant Workers Fairness Act

The PWFA, which applies to employers with 15 or more employees, was modeled on the Americans with Disabilities Act (ADA) and the many existing state pregnancy accommodation laws such as those in , , , Oregon, and Connecticut . Like the ADA, the PWFA requires employers to engage in an interactive process and to make reasonable accommodations. It differs from the ADA, however, in that the ADA requires an employee to suffer from a disability While some pregnant employees may have concurrent conditions that qualify as a disability, pregnancy is not considered a disability under the ADA.

The PWFA expands an employee's rights by covering an employee's and applicant's limitations related to pregnancy, childbirth, or related medical conditions, which are far broader than a disability. Like the ADA, an employer is not required to provide an accommodation if it can demonstrate that doing so would impose an undue hardship on the operation of the business. The law contemplates that the employer and employee will engage in an ADA-style interactive process to achieve an appropriate accommodation. While a leave of absence may be the appropriate accommodation, an employer cannot require an employee to take leave if another reasonable accommodation can be provided. Employers may not take any adverse action against an employee due to a request or use of a reasonable accommodation.

An employee is considered qualified if they suffer from an inability to perform an essential function of the job, but:

the inability to perform the function is for a temporary period;

the essential function could be performed in the near future; and

the inability to perform the essential function can be reasonably accommodated.

The EEOC has been directed to issue regulations to enforce the PWFA no later than one year from enactment.

PUMP for Nursing Mothers Act

The PUMP Act amends the Fair Labor Standards Act (FLSA) by requiring employers with 50 or more employees to provide reasonable break time in a private, non-bathroom space for an employee to express breast milk for the employee's nursing child for one year after the child's birth. Employers are not required to pay employees for this time unless otherwise required by law, but the break time must be considered hours worked if the employee is not completely relieved from duty during the break. Previously, the 2010 Patient Protection and Affordable Care Act amended the FLSA to provide the same requirements for non-exempt employees. The PUMP Act expands this right to cover both exempt and non-exempt employees.

Employers with fewer than 50 employees may be exempt from the new requirement if they can show it would impose an undue hardship causing the employer significant difficulty or expense when considered in relation to the size, financial resources, nature, or structure of the employer's business. The PUMP Act also provides exemptions for crewmembers of air carriers, train crews of rail carriers, and motorcoach services operators.

What is FINEOS doing to prepare for the newly passed laws?

To help with these amendments to pregnant women's rights and nursing mothers, FINEOS Absence management software provides clients with robust management of paid and unpaid absences including coverage of all major federal, state and local leave laws. As with all significant legal changes, FINEOS will be adding the Pregnant Women's Fairness Act in an upcoming release, and ensuring all clients are updated by the law's effective date.

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New Protections for Pregnant Women Become Federal Law - FINEOS

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Expert explanation of what employers need to know about 2 new federal laws addressing pregnant employees' rights and accommodations to meet them.

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The Worker Protection (Amendment of Equality Act 2010) Act 2023 establishes several important duties for employers in the UK to prevent workplace sexual harassment. Effective from October 26, 2024, it adds a new section, 40A, to the Equality Act 2010. This section mandates that employers must take “reasonable steps” to prevent sexual harassment of employees. Under the act, sexual harassment is defined in line with section 26(2) of the Equality Act, meaning any unwanted conduct of a sexual nature that creates an intimidating, hostile, or offensive environment.

The act also includes provisions for enforcement. If an employer is found in breach of this duty, an employment tribunal can impose an additional compensation uplift (up to 25%) for the affected employee. The legislation aims to enhance protections and allow the Equality and Human Rights Commission to hold employers accountable, thus fostering safer workplaces for all employees.

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Legislation is available in different versions:

Latest Available (revised): The latest available updated version of the legislation incorporating changes made by subsequent legislation and applied by our editorial team. Changes we have not yet applied to the text, can be found in the 'Changes to Legislation' area.

Original (As Enacted or Made): The original version of the legislation as it stood when it was enacted or made. No changes have been applied to the text.

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Worker Protection (Amendment of Equality Act 2010) Act 2023

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Latest Available (revised): The latest available updated version of the legislation incorporating changes made by subsequent legislation and applied by our editorial team. Changes we have not yet applied to the text, can be found in the 'Changes to Legislation' area.

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1. Red Code Law 2019: This law introduced a fast-track procedure for cases of domestic violence and gender-based violence, requiring authorities to prioritize and expedite investigations. It also defines specific crimes such as stalking, revenge , and forced marriage, increasing penalties for these offenses. Under Codice Rosso, victims must be heard within three days after filing a complaint.

2. Law No. 154/2001 on Protective Measures against Family Violence: This law allows victims of domestic violence to request urgent protective measures, including orders to remove the abuser from the family home. It also provides for restraining orders and other safeguards to protect victims from contact with the abuser.

3. Anti-Stalking Law 2009: This law criminalizes stalking, defining it as repeated behavior that causes psychological harm, fear, or distress. Penalties include imprisonment and restraining orders to protect victims. The law was a crucial step in addressing both domestic and non-domestic stalking cases in Italy.

4. Law No. 66/1996 on Sexual Violence: This law classifies sexual violence as a crime against personal freedom rather than as a “crime against public morals,” treating it more seriously under the criminal code. It includes measures to protect victims during trials and to avoid secondary victimization.

5. Law No. 38/2009 on Electronic Monitoring: This law allows for the use of electronic monitoring devices, such as ankle bracelets, to track individuals who have violated restraining orders in domestic violence cases. This technology is intended to enhance victim protection and enforce compliance with legal restrictions on abusers.

6. Law on Femicide (introduced as part of Codice Rosso in 2019): Italy has taken significant steps to recognize femicide as a severe issue, categorizing it with harsher penalties when a woman is killed by a partner or ex-partner. The Codice Rosso framework also strengthens support for families of femicide victims.

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1. Domestic Abuse Act 2021: This landmark law provides comprehensive protections for domestic abuse victims in England and Wales. It formally defines domestic abuse as a pattern of controlling behavior that can include physical, emotional, psychological, sexual, and financial abuse. The act introduces measures such as protection orders for victims, the establishment of a Domestic Abuse Commissioner, and enhanced housing protections.

2. Serious Crime Act 2015 (Section 76 - Controlling or Coercive Behaviour in an Intimate or Family Relationship): This law criminalizes controlling and coercive behavior towards a partner or family member. Such behavior can include intimidation, isolation, or financial control, allowing authorities to intervene even in cases without physical violence.

3. Protection from Harassment Act 1997: This act makes harassment or intimidation illegal, covering behavior that causes fear or distress. It is often used in cases of stalking and threats, which can be forms of domestic abuse.

4. Crime and Security Act 2010 (section on Domestic Violence Protection Orders): This act introduced Domestic Violence Protection Orders (DVPOs), allowing police to remove an abuser from the family home and restrict contact with the victim for up to 28 days, giving the victim time to seek support and additional protective measures.

5. Housing Act 1996 and Homelessness Reduction Act 2017: These laws provide housing support to domestic abuse victims. Local councils have a duty to assist victims who need to leave their homes due to domestic abuse, offering emergency accommodations and safe housing options.

6. Clare’s Law (formally known as the Domestic Violence Disclosure Scheme): Though not a law, this policy allows individuals to request information from the police about a partner’s history of domestic violence. Named after Clare Wood, a victim killed by an abusive ex-partner, the scheme enables people to learn if their partner has a record of violence, helping them make more informed personal safety decisions.

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1. Violence Against Women Act (VAWA): Enacted in 1994, this was one of the first major legislative measures to address domestic violence and other forms of violence against women. VAWA provides funding for victim protection and support programs, law enforcement and judicial training, and housing assistance. The act has been reauthorized several times, with updates to better protect vulnerable groups.

2. Family Violence Prevention and Services Act (FVPSA): FVPSA is one of the key federal laws supporting victims of domestic violence. It funds shelters, hotlines, and prevention programs nationwide, assisting women in escaping abusive situations.

3. Interstate Domestic Violence Law: This federal law prohibits the interstate transportation of a person with the intent to cause them harm. It protects victims of domestic violence who may be trying to move to another state to escape an abusive relationship.

4. Gun Control Laws under the Lautenberg Amendment: This amendment prohibits anyone convicted of domestic violence or under an active restraining order from possessing firearms. The goal is to reduce risk to victims, as firearms significantly increase the lethality of domestic violence incidents.

5. Title IX of the Education Amendments: While not specifically a domestic violence law, Title IX prohibits gender discrimination in schools and includes provisions against gender-based violence, such as sexual assault and harassment, offering support to students who are victims of domestic violence.

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Madonna Louise Ciccone  was born on August 16, 1958, in Bay City, Michigan, she rose to fame in the 1980s and has remained one of the most influential and best-selling artists of all time. Her career is marked by her ability to continuously reinvent her music and image, keeping her work relevant across generations.

She has been a powerful advocate for human rights and social justice throughout her career. Her work goes far beyond music, and she has used her platform to highlight issues including gender equality, LGBTQ+ rights, racial justice, and the fight against HIV/AIDS.

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Madonna has spoken out about police brutality, systemic racism, and the struggles faced by Black and marginalized communities.

In 2006, Madonna co-founded Raising Malawi, a non-profit organization focused on providing health, education, and community support to orphans and vulnerable children in Malawi, Africa. Through this initiative, she has funded numerous projects, including the construction of schools and hospitals.

Alice Corbari

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Malala is a Pakistan activist for women's rights and education . Malala was born on July 12 ,1997 in mingoria , she is the daughter of Ziauddin yousafzai . Growing up in a family that valued education , she is inspired by her father's dedication to teaching and his advocacy for girl's right .

After writting a blog about her experiences under Taliban rule , she was shot in 2012 for her advocacy but survived . in 2014 ,she became the youngest nobel prize laureate for her efforts to promote education for girls. Malala co-founded the the Malala fund to support girls' education worldwide and continues to be a leading voice for women's rights.

ENGLISH SPEECH | MALALA YOUSAFZAI: Education First (English Subtitles) - YouTube

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She was born into slavery in 1797 as Isabella Baumfree, but after she became a free woman, she renamed herself to Sojourner Truths.

She fought all her life not only for black people rights but for women rights as well, and she thought that those forms of oppression were interconnected.

She is most remembered for her important spechees, for example the one were she answered to arguments that women were too weak and inferior to men to have rights, saying "Ain't I a woman", killing two bird with one stone.

Ahlam

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Alice Corbari

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Madonna - Express Yourself (Official Video)

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Alice Corbari

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Madonna at Women's March in Express Yourself e Human Nature

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Matteo Bianchi

She is one of the most important women in the italian political, she took parte resistance against fascism and was very active fighting for women's right, becoming president of the Italian women's union

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Bianca

Simone de Beauvoir, born in 1908 in Paris, was a renowned French philosopher, writer, and feminist. Her partnership with philosopher Jean-Paul Sartre and her dedication to independent thought led her to become one of the most influential intellectuals of her time.

In 1949, she published The Second Sex, a groundbreaking book that examined women’s subjugation and the structures of patriarchy. She famously wrote,

“One is not born, but rather becomes, a woman”

indicating that society, rather than biology, imposes restrictive roles on women, shaping their identities from a young age.

De Beauvoir’s ideas ignited change, inspiring women to question traditional roles and advocate for equality. Her work laid essential groundwork for the feminist movement, challenging unjust norms and encouraging women to strive for freedom and independence.

The meaning of life according to Simone de Beauvoir

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Cher is singer, actor and director, which became a symbol of the pop culture. She debuted as a singer in 1964

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alicia_Keys

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Alicia Keys and the Indigenous rights movement in Canada honoured with top Amnesty International award

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Alicia Keys wins Ambassador of Conscience human rights award from Amnesty International

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Isabella Mineri

Audrey Hepburn is an actress best known for "Breakfast at Tiffany's". When she was a child during WWII, Hepburn and her family depended on charities for food and medicine. After she retired from the movie business, Hepburn became a Goodwill Ambassador for UNICEF and it became her primary focus; she raised money, visited countless countries, and continued to work for the foundation while battling cancer. Starting with her first UNICEF mission to an Ethiopian orphanage, Hepburn remained most dedicated to helping vulnerable children. Between the years 1988 and 1992, she auctioned off most of her famous film costumes in order to bring clean water, food, and medicine to children around the world.

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Isabella Mineri

Taylor Swift is well known both for surprising her fans and for finding new ways to share and distribute her earnings. From paying off people’s student loans to covering medical bills and rent, much of Swift’s altruism is intended to benefit struggling fans and their families directly. But she’s also given generously to a number of charitable organizations, too. The proceeds of her “Welcome to New York” single were donated to New York City schools, for instance, and she also donated $1 million to tornado relief efforts in Nashville in 2020.

It’s impossible to overlook the immense impact of Taylor Swift on the music industry and beyond. With her captivating lyrics, unparalleled songwriting prowess, and unwavering commitment to female empowerment, Swift has become a beacon of strength and inspiration for women around the world.

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giulia castiglioni

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Gianluca Ghisotti

Rita Levi Montalcini has been an incredible figure in the struggle for human rights, especially for women and science. Born in Italy, in Turin, in 1909, she had to face many difficulties because of the fascist racial laws. Nevertheless, he continued to study and work in research, showing extraordinary determination.

Her career took off when she discovered the nerve growth factor, a major scientific breakthrough that earned her the Nobel Prize in Medicine in 1986. But she did not stop there: she has always used her fame to talk about equality and human rights. He argued the importance of education for all, especially women, because he believed that knowledge was fundamental to fighting injustice.

He died in Rome on 30 December 2012 at the age of 103

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Marie Curie is remembered for her discovery of radium and polonium, and her huge contribution to finding treatments for cancer. This work continues to inspire our charity's mission to drive fundamental change in end of life care so that everyone can have the best possible quality of life to the end.

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Jihane El Yassire

https://youtu.be/w6JFRi0Qm_s?si=xv3Dd5BruSi65ijl

https://youtu.be/mU0oOUTo5zo?si=jrpj0il-R4yxEmDa

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"They say this country is equal, but it's not equal if it's sometimes"

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In 2010, Lady Gaga took the stage at the National Equality March in Washington, D.C. to demand equal rights for the gay community. "Obama, I know you are listening. Are you listening? We will continue to push you and your administration to bring your words of promise to a reality. We need change now. We demand actions now."

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=wV1FrqwZyKw

Nicole Santini

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Matteo Bianchi

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Maria Teresa of Calcutta was an albanian religious women that lived in India and in her life fought evrey day for kids health . She rescue young people from the streets of india where there were a lot of virus and sickness , a lot of people died for the hunger and .....

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Claudio

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Angela Merkel is considered, accordin to Forbes, one of the most powerful women in the world.

She's famous for being Chancellor of Germany from 2005 to 2021, as well as the first woman ever to hold this role.

She was also president of European Council and of the G8 in 2007.

In 2022 she won the "Nansen Refugee Award" for having welcomed more than 1.2 milion refugess into the German territory in 2015/2016 during the Syrian civil war.

NANSEN AWARD UNHCR: https://www.unhcr.org/news/news-releases/angela-merkel-receive-unhcr-nansen-refugee-award-protecting-refugees-height

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Frida Kahlo (1907-1954) was a mexican painter know for her tumultuous life and deeply personal,symbolic paintings. After a severe accident at the age of eighteen, she began to paint during her long recovery, developing a unique style that combined indigenous mexican and surrealist influences. Her art explored themes such as pain, identity, and femininity, making her an icon of feminism and human rights. By openly representing disability and challenging gender stereotypes, Frida promoted equality and cultural pride. Some of her most famous work include "The Two Fridas","The Broken Column",and Self-Portrait with Thorn Necklace", which reflect her inner struggles and strenght.

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Donatella

https://quellodiarte.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/04/le-due-frida.jpg (Frida Kahlo, le due frida 1939)

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Bianca

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Martina Mari

Virginia Woolf is considered one of the main innovetors of the english literature and the first to experiment the stream of consciousness. She's fought for gender equality with her husband. Her most important book is "A room for one's own".

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Isabella Nicoletti

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laura

Agatha Christie, known as the Queen of Crime, is the most popular mystery novel writer in history, amongst both men and women. She used her life experiences to get inspiration to write her books, such as when she was a volunteer in the British Red Cross during World War One.

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Jennifer Lawrence was born on the 15th of August 1990 in Indian Hills https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=V9_q-4lBI9s

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Alice Ragusa

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A well-knonw female who is highly active in fighting for women's rights is Emma Watson. She is known for her role in Harry Potter, Watson is also a passionate fighter for gender equality; her activism reached its peak in 2014, when she became Goodwill Ambassador for UN women, that is one of the most immportant agency dedicated to gender equality.

She stands for: Women Emporwement through the "HeforShe" campaign, also for education and freedom to choice. Emma Watson has done global discussions that inspired universities, governments and many companies.

One of her speech:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=nIwU-9ZTTJc

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Liliana Segre is an Italian activist and politician, a Holocaust survivor and active witness to the Shoah.

Subjected to the discriminatory requirements of fascist racial laws, and at 13 was arrested and deported to the Auschwitz concentration camp, from which she returned at the end of the Second World War.

After a long period of silence, in the nineties he began to tell his own experience publicly, with the aim of raising awareness among the new generations against racism and indifference.

On 19 January 2018, she was appointed senator for life by the President of the Republic, Sergio Mattarella.

Since 15 April 2021 he has been chairman of the Extraordinary Commission in order to delete the phenomena of intolerance, racism, anti-Semitism and incitement to hatred and violence.

She was the third woman (after Maria Elisabetta Alberti Casati and Camilla Ravera) to chair the upper house of the Italian Parliament.

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Naomi Campbell has always fought racism in fashion, diversity and inclusion and said she was inspired by Nelson Mandela, whom she called "Tata" (an African term meaning "grandfather"). Naomi has participated in several charitable initiatives, always remembering their first meeting, in 1994, when she became president and ended the apartheid era, which opened her eyes to social engagement.Naomi tells that in the late 80’s she was one of the few black models to show and often argued with the bosses to recognize the same compensation as her colleagues. It seems that the 2019-2020 season has been one of the most inclusive so far from an ethnic point of view, but there is still a long way to go. Meanwhile, Naomi is committed to social continuanado urging the fashion industry to "impose inclusion" in the catwalks to build a fair and anti-racist environment, impòarando from the movement "Black Lives Matter".

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Rosa Parks was a fondamental women in the civil rights movement in the United States. She is best known for her corageous act, when she refused to give up her seat on a bus to a white passenger, as required by segregation laws. This simple act led to her arrest and became a symbol of resistance against racial injustice.

Rosa Parks' action initiated the "Montgomery Bus Boycott", a protest that leasted more than a year in which the Black community stopped using public transportation to oppose segregation. This event marked the beginning of a larger civil rights movement and led to the emergence of leaders like Martin Luther King.

Rosa Parks continued to fight for equality and social justice throughout her life.