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11, The fulfilment of an eternal cycle = a return of an ancient lord Volodymyr

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11, The fulfilment of an eternal cycle = a return of an ancient lord Volodymyr

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10, "friend and foe"  as the basic fascist idea

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10, "friend and foe"  as the basic fascist idea

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9, Russia seen by Ilyin as an innocent country meant to export its harmony to its neighbours

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9, Russia seen by Ilyin as an innocent country meant to export its harmony to its neighbours

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8, Ilyin´s idea of freedom meant as subordination to the words of an arbitrary leader

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8, Ilyin´s idea of freedom meant as subordination to the words of an arbitrary leader

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7, In 2012, Leonid Brezhnev´s permanent enemy, the decadent West, is back 

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7, In 2012, Leonid Brezhnev´s permanent enemy, the decadent West, is back 

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6, Events in Russia in 2012 started the politics of eternity

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6, Events in Russia in 2012 started the politics of eternity

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The worksheet for studying the Animal Farm 

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The worksheet for studying the Animal Farm 

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by Polish partners

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Worksheet for studying Animal Farm by Polish partners

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by Polish students

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A shortened version of the story Animal Farm by Polish students

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by Tatiana Šuchová, Martina Vojteková, 4.B

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5, Managed democracy and sovereign democracy 2000 - 2008

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5, Managed democracy and sovereign democracy 2000 - 2008

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Was it possible to create such a completely democratic society as Old Major dreamed about? Why yes or why not?

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Was it possible to create such a completely democratic society as Old Major dreamed about? Why yes or why not?

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4, Fictions allowed transition of power from Yeltsin (1991-1999) to Putin (1999 - 2008, 2012-until now)

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4, Fictions allowed transition of power from Yeltsin (1991-1999) to Putin (1999 - 2008, 2012-until now)

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by Hedviga Hlavnová, Dominika Glosová 4.B

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3, Politics of eternity and the myth of the Great Fatherland War by Brezhnev (1964-82) and challenges during the Gorbachev period (1985-1991)

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3, Politics of eternity and the myth of the Great Fatherland War by Brezhnev (1964-82) and challenges during the Gorbachev period (1985-1991)

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2, In the Soviet Union and Russia, individual leaders are in power even for decades and the death of each leader threatens the system (Lenin 1917-22, Stalin 1922-53, Khrushchev 1953 -64, Brežnev 1964-1982)

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2, In the Soviet Union and Russia, individual leaders are in power even for decades and the death of each leader threatens the system (Lenin 1917-22, Stalin 1922-53, Khrushchev 1953 -64, Brežnev 1964-1982)

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1, Functional states produce a sense of succession, in regular elections citizens vote new leaders

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1, Functional states produce a sense of succession, in regular elections citizens vote new leaders

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Zhrnutie kapitol knižky "On Tyranny" v slovenskom jazyku

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Zhrnutie kapitol knižky "On Tyranny" v slovenskom jazyku

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by students 3.B

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Flipsnack is a digital catalog maker that makes it easy to create, publish and share html5 flipbooks. Upload a PDF or design from scratch flyers, magazines, books and more.

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The Road to Unfreedom: Democracy, Neofascism, and the Importance of Language - an event in Berlin, 2019

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Yale historian Timothy Snyder addressed the dangers to democracy from deliberate manipulation of the media and the spread of disinformation by authoritarian governments

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Yale historian Timothy Snyder addressed the dangers to democracy from deliberate manipulation of the media and the spread of disinformation by authoritarian governments

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The Road to Unfreedom: Democracy, Neofascism, and the Importance of Language

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George Orwell teaches us how the truth and facts are manipulated 

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George Orwell teaches us how the truth and facts are manipulated 

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Be reflective if you must be armed_by Samuel Kuča (1)

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Take responsibility for the face of the world

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Take responsibility for the face of the world

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Essay by Amelia Orihelová, 1.B

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Who lived a happier life by Amelia Orihelová

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Essay by Kira Straková, 1.B

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Equality in Animal Farm by Kira Straková

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Essay by Nikolett Patalášová, 1.B

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How were the rules changed  by Nikolett Patalášová

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Essay by Karin Sýkorová, 1.B

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How the animals have lost their freedom in Animal Farm by Karin Sýkorová

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Are some animals more equal than the others?

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Are some animals more equal than the others?

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Essay by Šimon Šimunič, 1.B

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Are some animals more equal than others by Šimon Šimunič

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How is Animal Farm related to the Russian revolution?

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How is Animal Farm related to the Russian revolution?

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Essay by Hana Vyskočová, 1.B

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How is Animal farm related to the Russian revolution by Hana Vyskočová

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Essay by Timea Gašparíková, 1.B

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Necessary features of good leaders by Timea Gašparíková

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Essay by Nina Tóthová, 1.B

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What does Animal Farm teach us about life - Nina Tóthová

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Essay by Vanessa Cebová, 1.B

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How animals lost their freedom by Vanessa Cebová

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Why Napoleon remains the leader in Animal Farm

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Why Napoleon remains the leader in Animal Farm

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Essay by Martin Benovič, 1.B

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What are the main reasons that Napoleon remains the leader of the animals by Martin Benovič

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Essay by Lara Šípovská, 1.B

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Depiction of propaganda and irony in AF by Lara Šípovská

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Essay by Sofia Knoteková, 1.B

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Who lived a happier life by Sofia Knotekova

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How is Animal Farm related to the Russian revolution?

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How is Animal Farm related to the Russian revolution?

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Essay by Martin Herceg, 1.B

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How is Animal Farm related to Russian revolution by Martin Herceg

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Essay by Martin Munka, 1.B

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What are necessary features of good leaders by Martin Munka

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Essay by Zuzana Kováčová, 1.B

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How is it possible that Napoleon seize the power by Zuzana Kováčová

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Essay by Jakub Žovinec, 1.B

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Essay by Sofia Kolevová, 1.B

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Historical figures in Animal Farm by Sofia Kolevová

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Cold War in the Polish movie "Man of Iron" by Andrzej Wajda

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Cold War in the Polish movie "Man of Iron" by Andrzej Wajda

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Summary and analysis of "Czlowiek z zelaza" (1980), by 3.B

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Wordwall - Create better lessons quicker

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True: The film "Czlowiek z zelaza" commemorates the beginnings of the Solidarita movement and their first major political success. , The main character Maciej Tomczyk is the son of Mateusz Birkut, protagonist of director´s previous film "Czlowiek z marmuru"., Maciej, who works at Gdansk shipyard, is the activist of workers´ strike committee and a member of the free workers´ union., Lech Walesa, the Polish president from 1990 to 1995, in the film gives Maciej and Agnieszka the flowers on their marriage ceremony saying: "I believe you will be a democratic couple, allow me to split the flowers democratically." , Agnieszka´s idea to create a film about Maciej´s father, causes her to lose her job of director in Warsaw., False: Winkel is an independent journalist, who is given the task of documenting the rise of the Solidarita workers´ union., Maciej Tomczyk´s father commits suicide in prison as an act of protest against the communist regime., The film "Czlowiek z zelaza" was never shown in Polish cinemas until 1989., Lech Walesa, a symbol of the fall of communism, plays the main role of a welder working at the shipyard., Andrzej Wajda, the film´s director, holder of the prestigous Academy Award, plays the role of Mr Winkel in the film.,

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True: The film "Czlowiek z zelaza" commemorates the beginnings of the Solidarita movement and their first major political success.

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On the "Death of Truth" by George Orwell and others

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On the "Death of Truth" by George Orwell and others

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By the Guardian: Death of truth: when propaganda and 'alternative facts' first gripped the world

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Truth was the first casualty of the Great Depression. Reflecting the anguish of the time, propaganda was manufactured on an unprecedented scale. As economic disaster threatened to trigger shooting wars so, as George Orwell said, useful lies were preferred to harmful truths. He went further, declaring that history stopped in 1936; after that there was only propaganda.

This was a characteristic exaggeration but it points to the universality of state deception. The very term Depression aimed to mislead: President Hoover employed it as a euphemism for the standard American word for financial crisis, "Panic". Hence the poet WH Auden 's verdict that this was a "low dishonest decade", a conclusion he reached in a New York dive on 1 September 1939 while attempting to "undo the folded lie ... the lie of Authority." It was the end of a decade in which, as Auden wrote elsewhere: "We have seen a myriad faces / ecstatic from one lie."

Of course, to lie is human, and official mendacity had been practised throughout the ages. But it was developed intensively during the first world war, notably under the direction of Lord Northcliffe, founder of the popular press in Britain and portrayed in Germany as "the father of lies". Particularly effective were his attacks on the Kaiser, who was portrayed (in a leaflet dropped behind German lines) as marching with his six sons, all in full military regalia, past a host of outstretched skeletal arms, the caption reading: "One family which has not lost a single member."

Northcliffe's efforts had dire consequences for Europe. Ultra-nationalists claimed that Germany had not been defeated by force of arms in 1918, but stabbed in the back by political criminals after being fatally weakened by fiendish British propaganda. This Hitler compared to poison gas, which corroded civilian morale and induced German soldiers to "think the way the enemy wanted them to think". The myth that the Fatherland had fallen victim to a Jewish-Bolshevik conspiracy became a key element in the Nazi creed. Hitler determined to manufacture his own poison gas. To be effective, he wrote in Mein Kampf, propaganda must harp on a few simple slogans appealing to "the primitive sentiments of the broad masses".

But propaganda, like advertising, only strikes chords when the conditions are right. For all his ranting, Hitler could never have won widespread support if he had not been able to exploit the multiple miseries of the Depression. After 1929, Germans were receptive to his assertion that their sufferings were the evil fruits of the rotten Weimar system. The problem was not economic but political, he insisted, and it could only be solved by the restoration, under his leadership, of German might: "The key to the world market has the shape of the sword." His means of grasping that sword was the Nazi party, which he organised entirely "to serve the propaganda of ideas".

Once in power, Hitler deployed all the resources of the state and of modern technology to control German minds. He used terror and theatre, Dachau and Nuremberg. He communicated with hypnotic directness through the new media of radio and cinema - Leni Riefenstahl 's repellent film Triumph of the Will transformed propaganda into art. And Hitler engaged Josef Goebbels to impose ideological uniformity on Germany.

Leni Riefenstahl's repellent film Triumph of the Will transformed propaganda into art

He earned his nickname, "Mahatma Propagandhi". Nazism, Goebbels declared, was an all-embracing creed and "the propagandist must be the man with the greatest knowledge of souls". Every field of German life was to be ploughed and harrowed. Goebbels attacked "decadent" art and supervised the burning of books purloined from public libraries, "intellectual brothels". The press was regulated. The church was intimidated. Academe succumbed to discipline. The rector of Göttingen University said that he was "proud of the new appellation - barbarians". According to the rector of Freiberg University, Martin Heidegger, "The Führer himself, and he alone, is Germany's reality."

Sharing this view, Goebbels presided over the immolation of national culture. Students were instructed in "Aryan biology", "German mathematics" and "Nordic physics". Einstein and Freud were reviled. So was Emanuel Lasker, who had become the world chess champion by employing, in Goebbels' eyes, low semitic cunning to deprive Nordic players of "their legitimate rights".

Stalin's assault on reality was equally grotesque, though it scarcely seemed more so than his policy of exporting grain when millions of Russian peasants were starving. He, too, insisted that the truth was what he said it was, endorsing the bogus science of the agronomist Trofim Lysenko, denouncing the mathematician Nikolai Luzin as a wrecker, and killing astronomers for taking a non-Marxist line on sunspots. Conjuring with the dialectic, Stalin maintained that the greatest saboteurs were those who committed no sabotage and that the monstrous apparatus of Soviet repression assisted the withering away of the state.

This driver of the locomotive of history shunted backwards as well as forwards: he created unpersons, expunging former acolytes such as secret police chief Genrikh Yagoda from photographs, and warned the revolutionary, politician and the late Lenin's wife, Nadezhda Krupskaya, that if she misbehaved he would make someone else Lenin's widow. He put on elaborate charades to fool foreign travellers and fellow travellers: useful idiots who inferred the success of communism from the failure of capitalism.

Moreover, Stalin suborned western journalists such as Walter Duranty, who famously wrote of the Ukraine famine in the New York Times: "There is no actual starvation, but there is widespread mortality from diseases due to malnutrition." Some journalists did report it accurately, though; among them Malcolm Muggeridge, who also recorded - the axiom of the age - a Russian censor's exclamation: "You can't say that because it's true."

Truth was further occluded by faith and fear. In the Ukrainian city of Kharkov, Arthur Koestler observed some of the worst horrors of the famine but affirmed they were products of the capitalist past, whereas the few hopeful signs pointed to a communist utopia. Even in the gulag, Eugenia Ginzburg wrote, people refused to believe the evidence of their senses: "Anything that appeared in a newspaper carried more conviction with them than what they saw in the street."

In the shadow of the Lubyanka, the headquarters of the KGB, the most hardened sceptic paid lip service to the veracity of the newspaper Pravda (Truth) - lying, Russians joked, like an eyewitness. Universal mendacity, said Aleksandr Solzhenitsyn, was the only safe form of existence.

Against a background of turmoil and stress, propaganda dissolved certainties and warped perceptions. "I believe everything but the facts," said the Moscow-based British journalist Alfred Cholerton. Reality became plastic, like Salvador Dalí's clocks. Power created hallucinations, dreams of golden mountains. Dual consciousness flourished, which Orwell dubbed doublethink. To quote that penetrating student of Marxism, the Polish philosopher Leszek Kołakowski:

At public meetings, and even in private conversations, citizens were obliged to repeat in ritual fashion grotesque falsehoods about themselves, the world, and the Soviet Union, and at the same time to keep silent about things they knew very well, not only because they were terrorised but because the incessant repetition of falsehoods which they knew to be such made them accomplices in the campaign of lies inculcated by the party and the state."

Even those who recognised Stalin's tyranny for what it was did not necessarily want to tell the party faithful. "If you deprive them of their illusions," said Roberta Gropper, a communist member of the Reichstag who fled to Russia and was imprisoned before being handed back to Hitler, "you rob them of their last hope."

The world was especially confused by the show trials choreographed by Stalin during the Great Purge. The crimes to which the defendants confessed were so fantastic that their guilt seemed inconceivable. Yet, as the economist John Maynard Keynes said: "The speeches of the prisoners made me feel they somehow believe their confessions to be true". He was baffled, as was Thomas Mann, who called the trials "ugly riddles".

A number of well-informed observers took the charges at face value, while others dismissed the entire proceedings as a cruel piece of agitprop. In a typically revolting image, the French novelist Céline said the Soviets had dressed up a turd and tried to present it as a caramel. Many foreigners, lacerated by more immediate troubles, took the clash of opinion as a licence to withhold judgment. They found it impossible to determine the truth in a world dominated by what Pasternak called "the inhuman power of the lie".

Britons discovered that there was no substance to lurid atrocity stories about raped nuns and dismembered babies

Seeing things straight was made even more difficult in the west by revelations about the activities of British propagandists during the first world war. Americans found evidence that they had been inveigled into the conflict by a transatlantic campaign of deception, which strengthened the isolationist case during the 1930s. Britons discovered that there was no substance to most of the more lurid atrocity stories - about crucified soldiers, raped nuns, dismembered babies and, notoriously, about the German factory for rendering corpses into fat.

The Labour politician Arthur Ponsonby gave voice to the widespread outrage: "The injection of the poison of hatred into men's minds by means of falsehood is a greater evil in wartime than the actual loss of life." In consequence, people were reluctant to credit stories of genuine atrocities emanating from Hitler's Germany. When the News Chronicle printed a circumstantial account of the horrifying brutality of guards at Sachsenhausen in 1938, Hilaire Belloc wrote that this "example of lying on the anti-Nazi side" made it impossible "to believe anything from that quarter without corroborating testimony".

As a result of the exposure of its crude fabrications, British propaganda was relatively genteel during the 1930s - typified by the British Council, the BBC, cinema newsreels and the Times. These organs of the establishment manipulated opinion discreetly, but effectively. Rex Leeper, head of the Foreign Office press department, who wanted to transform all Fleet Street into "a gramophone repeating the FO dope", even boasted that he could turn the public mind around in three weeks. This was optimistic, but the government got its message across, playing down the Depression, talking up the monarchy (while orchestrating a conspiracy of silence about Edward VIII's relationship with Mrs Simpson) and supporting the appeasement policy. In late August 1939, the BBC's director general suggested relaying "to Germany 'the famous song of the nightingale' in Bagley Woods as a token of Britain's peace-loving intentions".

Such insidious tactics were often complemented by delicate economies with the actuality, such as the then foreign secretary Anthony Eden's claim that he did not know who had bombed Guernica. Sometimes these subterfuges rang hollow: when "unknown submarines" were blamed for sinking ships trading with republican Spain, Mussolini was dubbed the "unknown statesman".

Still, British propaganda was different from that employed in countries where, as Winston Churchill put it, "everything is cooked and doctored and pervaded by rule and decision, and you can only tell by getting hold of foreign newspapers what is happening in the great world outside". As a British diplomat in Italy complained, the propaganda broadcast from Mussolini's radio station in Bari bore no relation whatever to the truth, unlike that disseminated from London, which presented news and views "objectively and factually, though favourably by a process of selection and omission".

The US government also acted with some finesse. In an unparalleled "publicity splurge", many new agencies were established to promote the New Deal, but none was as effective as President Roosevelt's intimate broadcast "fireside chats".

Elsewhere, reflecting local circumstances, propaganda was more strident. New depths of falsification were plumbed during the Spanish civil war. As the Depression took its seismic toll in Japan, the police arrested 60,000 "thought criminals", airmen threatened to bomb the plants of errant newspapers, and official censors took their craft to its ultimate absurdity by refusing to identify what it was they wished to suppress.

Italian journalists not only glorified the DUCE in upper case but capitalised His personal pronoun, like God's. The Popular Front in France was influenced by a student of totalitarian propaganda techniques named Sergei Chakhotin, who wanted to save humanity from fascism by subjecting the democratic masses to "psychical rape". But Gallic festivals of fraternity, despite dramatic special effects such as skywriting, were tame beside the brutal pageants staged beneath the red flag and the swastika.

During this period, the artist and writer Percy Wyndham Lewis claimed, the masses were "hypnotised into a sort of hysterical imbecility by the mesmeric methods of Advertisement". In fact, propaganda, however ubiquitous and ingenious, cannot brainwash an entire people. Most individuals remained free in their heads. But there is no doubt that propaganda was highly influential, particularly when projected on to a screen or over the airwaves, at a time when minds as well as bodies were being battered by the economic blizzard.

Where it did not convince, it confused. It muddied the wells of knowledge and polluted the sources of understanding. It sanctioned the suspension of belief and disbelief. Propaganda helped to make the 1930s an age of obfuscation, of darkness at noon.
Piers Brendon is the author of The Dark Valley: A Panorama of the 1930s (Vintage, £25). To order for £21.25, go to bookshop.theguardian.com or call 0330 333 6846

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Death of truth: when propaganda and 'alternative facts' first gripped the world

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Truth was the first casualty of the Great Depression. Reflecting the anguish of the time, propaganda was manufactured on an unprecedented scale. As economic disaster threatened to trigger shooting wars so, as George Orwell said, useful lies were preferred to harmful truths. He went further, declaring that history stopped in 1936; after that there was only propaganda.

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Typical propaganda lies from the Cold War Period

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Typical propaganda lies from the Cold War Period

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Worksheet after watching the film "Dr. Strangelove"

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Worksheet after watching the film "Dr. Strangelove"

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Connect the cards into pairs so that they form meaningful pairs. For example, a pair: a quote from a film character and the reason why the authors used this idea in the film, or a symbol and its hidden meaning, and so on.

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Cold War in the movie "Dr. Strangelove" by Stanley Kubrick

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Cold War in the movie "Dr. Strangelove" by Stanley Kubrick

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Summary and analysis of "Dr. Strangelove or: How I Learned to Stop Worrying and Love the Bomb”(1964) by 3.B

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Our countries during the Cold War Period

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Our countries during the Cold War Period

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On Tyranny - interview with Timothy Snyder, Professor of history at Yale University

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On Tyranny - interview with Timothy Snyder, Professor of history at Yale University

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ON TYRANNY: Lessons From the 20th Century with Author Timothy Snyder

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Old Major - description of the character

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Old Major - description of the character

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Old Major - description of the character

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Old Major - description of the character

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Animal Farm by George Orwell (Book Summary and Review) - Minute Book Report

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Topics for essays written after reading Animal Farm

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Topics for essays written after reading Animal Farm

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Animal Farm summaries of chapters made by our students

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Animal Farm summaries of chapters made by our students

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Animal Farm - chapter summaries by students

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Flipsnack is a digital catalog maker that makes it easy to create, publish and share html5 flipbooks. Upload a PDF or design from scratch flyers, magazines, books and more.

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Questions to ask while reading particular chapters

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Questions to ask while reading particular chapters

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Questions to ask while reading particular chapters

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From a general summary to chapter summaries to explanations of famous quotes, the SparkNotes Animal Farm Study Guide has everything you need to ace quizzes, tests, and essays.