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Giusy Pitaro-IIS FERRARI, ITALY- TEACHER VALENTINA FERA 

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Giusy Pitaro-IIS FERRARI, ITALY- TEACHER VALENTINA FERA 

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Hate speech is a communication with verbal  and non-verbal  elements aimed at expressing and spreading hatred and intolerance, or inciting prejudice and fear towards an individual or a group of individuals united by ethnicity, sexual or religious orientation, disability, other social or cultural affiliation.  The phenomenon has acquired particular visibility and extension with the spread of social networks.

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Erika Garieri , IIS FERRARI ITALY ,TEACHER Valentina Fera.

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Erika Garieri , IIS FERRARI ITALY ,TEACHER Valentina Fera.

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Hate speech covers many forms of espression which advocate incite , promote or justify hatred , violence abd discrimination against a person or group of persons for a variety of reasons. It poses grave dangers for the cohesion of a democratic society , the protection of human rights and the rule of law. It left unadressed , it can leady to actd of violence and conflict on a wider scale. In this sense hate speech is an extreme form of intolerance which contributes to hate crime.

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Salvatore Mantello IIS CHIARAVALLE, ITALY (Teacher Valentina Fera)

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Salvatore Mantello IIS CHIARAVALLE, ITALY (Teacher Valentina Fera)

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Cybebullying Is a form of bullying through telematic means. I think cybebullying Is a terrible thing because it doesn't respect the privacy of each Person. Cybebullying causes depression, self-harm and, in severe cases, suicide. The only way to fight cybebullying is to report it, talk about it with friends, parents and to School.

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Luca Grazioso IIS Chiaravalle Italy teacher Valentina Fera

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Luca Grazioso IIS Chiaravalle Italy teacher Valentina Fera

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Cyberbullying is the online manifestation of a better known phenomenon as bullying. It is characterized by violent actions exerted by a bully, an a gravy of bullies, an a victim. Today technology allows bullies to infiltrate victims. I think that cyberbullying is a very serious fact, because it can hurt the victim a lot and can cause depression problems and mental problems

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Davide sestito IIS Ferrari Italy teacher Rosa Ranieri

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Davide sestito IIS Ferrari Italy teacher Rosa Ranieri

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It is a public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or a group, for example, for race, religion or sexual orientation.

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POSCA SERENA IIS CHIARAVALLE ITALY (TEACHER VALENTINA FERA)

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POSCA SERENA IIS CHIARAVALLE ITALY (TEACHER VALENTINA FERA)

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Online fake news is like

a virus. They are false news, based on non-existent facts

and data and circulated by unreliable sources, which

derive some kind of advantage or profit from their

dissemination. We must take the responsibility of

checking the news personally because there isn't an effective solution against disinformation.

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BRUNO MAMMONE IIS ENZO FERRARI ITALY ( TECHER VALENTINA FERA )

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BRUNO MAMMONE IIS ENZO FERRARI ITALY ( TECHER VALENTINA FERA )

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Fake news is false or misleading information presented as news.
Fake news can reduce the impact of real news by competing with it.
These false news can be defeated with complaints, or by intervening with the police

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BELLISSIMO DENIS IIS ENZO FERRARI ITALY (TEACHER  ROSA RANIERI)

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BELLISSIMO DENIS IIS ENZO FERRARI ITALY (TEACHER  ROSA RANIERI)

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By hate speech  we mean expressions of intolerance against other people. This phenomenon is present in our societies and it is linked to online communication. The growth of hate speech  is a serious  problem

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Antonio posca  IIS FERRARI (ITALY) (teacher Rosa Ranieri)

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Antonio posca  IIS FERRARI (ITALY) (teacher Rosa Ranieri)

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The cyberbullying defines a set of
aggressive and intentional actions, by
a single person or a group, carried out
using electronic tools (sms, mms, photos,
videos, emails, chat rooms, instant
messaging, websites, phone calls). There are many specific ways in which
children engage in cyberbullying. Some
examples are: harassing messages, gossip spread, stealing the identity and profile, insult or mock the victim. to, I think that cyberbullying
is a very serious thing because many
people feel bad because of it and some
people in many cases cannot bear all this
and commit suicide, so I think it is very
important to talk to a parent or a trusted
person.

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Giuseppe Fabiano IIS ENZO FERRARI (ITALY) (teacher Rosa Ranieri)

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Giuseppe Fabiano IIS ENZO FERRARI (ITALY) (teacher Rosa Ranieri)

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Fake and invented news have always existed, There are several reasons that push to spread false news, for example economic: a site's traffic can be monetized. When we come across news that is sensational or that would like to tickle our indignation, it is good to investigate.
We always make sure that the site where we read the news is accredited and let us rely on the good old Google to learn more and find feedback. there are also some sites that help to clarify the Fake News, one of the most famous in Italy is definitely Bufale.net, www.bufale.net

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The birth of online bullying is linked to the development of modern technological devices.
We live in a society dependent on technologies and the network, it is difficult to understand  what is real from what is virtual.  It is clear that what happens online is not real;  but it is also true that what is virtual too often influences and strongly conditions real life. This is why online bullying (or as we spell cyberbullying) can represent a serious danger to the physical and mental safety of the victim. The phenomenon occurs mainly in the school environment. I think that this is a bad thing.

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GRENCI DOMENICO IIS ENZO FERRARI CHIARAVALLE, ITALY- TEACHER ROSA RANIERI 

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GRENCI DOMENICO IIS ENZO FERRARI CHIARAVALLE, ITALY- TEACHER ROSA RANIERI 

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There isn't an  international
definition of hate
speech. In 2018
the United Nations
developed an action plan
against hate speech with
the aim of seeking the
root causes, including
socio-economic ones,
developing strategies
to support victims.

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Davide sestito IIS Ferrari Italy teacher Rosa Ranieri

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Davide sestito IIS Ferrari Italy teacher Rosa Ranieri

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It is a public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or a group, for example, for race, religion or sexual orientation.

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Şehit Yılmaz Ercan Girl Anatolian İmam Hatip High School -Sakarya- Turkey

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Şehit Yılmaz Ercan Girl Anatolian İmam Hatip High School -Sakarya- Turkey

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Cyberbullying is bullying over the internet. Cyberbullying takes place via digital devices such as cell phones, computers and tablets. We all know bullying is harmful and bad, same goes for cyberbullying. The internet is already a platform with many problems and one of them is cyberbullying. I think we should warn people and educate them about cyberbullying. Because there are many people who go through this every day. Cyberbullying can affect people in different ways, e.g. B. Depression and mental health problems. Like any other type of bullying, cyberbullying does not respect privacy.

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Gervai Bálint | Közgazdasági Politechnikum

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Gervai Bálint | Közgazdasági Politechnikum

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Hate speech is a form of expressing hate or violence. Because of the internet, hate speech has grown rapidly. It targets individuals or a group for beliefs, race or even sexual orientation. Its a very serious problem.

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Fake news are fals statements and stories, wich could effect many people. I can cause a great deal of cunfusion and its effective at missleading people. Here in Hungary fake news are used as propaganda. Most of the online blogs and newspapers are corrupted and they wright good about certain political parties and bad about other. So fake news are something that we all need to be aware of and one of the best way to stay out if it is to be cautious and watch out.

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Fake news are informations that doesn't exist (completely fake) or it is just an edited, misleading version of a real happening. Sadly, these fake news became really common all around the internet or outside the screen (eg. newspapers). The best is not to believe in everything you read, and/or research more deeper into that topic from more sources to find out whether it is fake or not. There are also pages that help to decide in this problem.

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Cyberbullying is a bullying method that started in the 21st century. It affects mostly teenagers and it is very detriment. I have some friends who experienced cyberbullying in the past and it harm them really bad. I think cyberbullying is an important issue and we should fight against it. If you are experiencing cyberbullying, get help, talk to your friends, your family and even the police if it's really serious.

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I think a lot of people can fall for online fake news and it can cause a lot of false information in people minds. I also know that if someone is intelligence enough they can spot the real news and the fake ones. Although they must be stopped in any way because I have fallen for these kind of misleading news and they can make you unsure about even things you been sure about. There are thousand's of fake news around the internet so you will have to be always careful when surfing the internet

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Cyberbullying is a really serious topic. It can cause a lot of trouble in peoples life. I think it's most present in teenagers life, because as normal teens they make a lot of bad decisions and they believe in way too many things that they see on the internet.
It's really easy to be mean online for everyone. It only takes a few minutes and these people can ruin others life by saying harmful things. In many cases it can lead to depression, self-harm and other mental problems.
If you are experiencing cyberbullying please speak up and get help.

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Cyberbullying is a very relevant problem nowadays. It mostly concerns teenagers and it can appear in many ways. It is different from physical abuse because it hurts the victims mentally. Most of the time people don't take it serious and the damage it causes is invisible for everyone else. The insulter can hide behind his/her social media profile that's why it's hard to find him/her. It is our responsibility to help the ones who are affected by this issue. Although in some cases the victim is not aware of the seriousness of cyberbullying and afraid of the consequences so he/she doesn't ask for help.

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Hate speech is a public speech that encourages violence or expresses hate towards a group of people or a single person.  It is usually based on religion, sex, colour, disabilty, race and many other. Hate speech is growing and it's a serious issue.

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It is an internationally published speech which manly express hate for different races religions, or even sexual orientations.  This racist propaganda started spreading through the internet and it is very dangerous.

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Bratu Ruxandra, "Grigore Moisil" National College, Romania

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Bratu Ruxandra, "Grigore Moisil" National College, Romania

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Fake news is a phenomenon which exists since the begging of time, it can be described as the practice of sharing false or inaccurate information about an event, person etc. The target of such a practice is, usually, to sway the public’s opinion and to make them act a certain way.

The issue still stands, how can we protect ourselves from fake news? I have a few pieces of advice which can help to attenuate the problem.

Firstly, when reading an article, we must do a background check on the author. Are they specialised in this certain field? Have they shown any biases in other pieces of work? Are they being sponsored to write this article, are they trying to sell me a product/a concept/an idea?

Secondly, we need to check the story in three or more independent sources. The new outlets need to be unrelated to each other, in order to allow us to have multiple and different perspectives of the same subject to compare.

Lastly, we should assimilate everything we read through our own rational filter. Do not take everything for granted.

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Serghei Tirulnic, National College Grigore Moisil, Romania

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Serghei Tirulnic, National College Grigore Moisil, Romania

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Hate speech is an abusive type of speech which expresses the prejudices others have on particular groups of people. It mostly bases on racial and ethnic differences. It has been practiced for years however these days, with the increase in users of social media, it is much easier to 'attack' the targeted group.

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Grigore Alice - Grigore Moisil National College, Bucharest, Romania

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Grigore Alice - Grigore Moisil National College, Bucharest, Romania

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Cyberbullying is defined as bullying performed via electronic means such as mobile/cell phones or the internet. The general picture created in the media - and often also by researchers and authors of books on cyberbullying - is that cyberbullying is very frequent, that it has increased dramatically over time and that this new form of bullying has created many new victims and bullies.

I think that cyberbullying represents such a serious problem for our generation.

Cyberbullying is often more difficult to stop since it’s often hard to discover who is behind it. This type of bullying may be particularly damaging because it can have long-term effects. Cyberbullying doesn’t just hurt the person being bullied. Being a bully also comes with some serious long-term effects. Some are used to getting what they want; they don’t master important life skills such as working together with others or the ability to negotiate or compromise. As bullies grow up, they are more likely to abuse their partners and children.

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Florea Alessandra- Grigore Moisil National College, Bucharest, Romania 

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Florea Alessandra- Grigore Moisil National College, Bucharest, Romania 

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Cyberbullying is the definition of online harassment, realized through mobile devices such as phones, laptops or even tablets. there are four types of bullying, physical bullying, verbal bullying, social bullying and cyberbullying. In my opinion, the subject that we are approaching today is the worst of all. You may wonder why I have this view of the point. Let me explain.

Firstly, what exactly a bully does- spreads lies or posts mortifying things about someone on socials, sends hurtful texts/posts/images or even threats. These things have remarkable consequences and, sadly caused to some poor teens even the end of their own lives, as they couldn't resist the shame anymore.

Secondly, this certain type of bullying is online, so, the outcome is that any user can be part of or, a spectator of what another person is experiencing, but can be also confidential, between the target and the person bullying. Online harassment is nowadays a global issue, and many teenagers or even kids are dealing with it. Mentally, emotionally and even physically, the effects of cyberbullying are discernible and impossible to avoid. Feeling upset, ashamed, embarrassed or even tired, are emotions that resulted from this thing that some kids think is funny or someone will think they are smart enough to do such things. You may think being a bully is as easy as it seems. Well, based on studies, being a bully is a major result of some frustrations you have or acquired during your life, now trying to express them in making other lives worst.

In conclusion, if you have friends or you know people who are victims of cyberbullying, try to help them go through it. let's begin to be more empathic and emphasise with each other because if we don't change, nobody will.

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(Yusuf- Rotary 100.yıl Anatolian High School  1.group )(teacher:Fatma Boztepe)

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(Yusuf- Rotary 100.yıl Anatolian High School  1.group )(teacher:Fatma Boztepe)

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Cyberbullying is a more cowardly extension of traditional bullying.
Most of the time those who are being cyberbullied are embarrassed to seek help, so they just endure it or make the already bad situation worse.
So really the only way to “prevent” this is to keep private matters to yourself or really close people and don't trust easily.
Besides that, theres not much anyone can do about it, unfortunately.

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Azra - Rotary 100. Yıl Anatolian High School - 1st group - Teacher Fatma Boztepe

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Azra - Rotary 100. Yıl Anatolian High School - 1st group - Teacher Fatma Boztepe

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Cyberbullying is a kind of bullying. It uses technology. It can take place everywhere uses the internet. Cyberbullying can be making fun of someone's photo, sending hurtful messages via messaging apps, underestimating the number of followers etc. Cyberbullying is a serious problem in the internet age we live in. It is very easy to offend someone on the internet and it may cause mental disorders. It can cause social phobia, depression, anxiety, introversion, self-harm etc. If someone's cyberbullying you, please talk with someone and ask for help. Please don't be a cyberbully.

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Hilal-Rotary 100. Year Anatolian High School-1. Group-Teacher- Fatma Boztepe

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Hilal-Rotary 100. Year Anatolian High School-1. Group-Teacher- Fatma Boztepe

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Fake news is defined as content shared by too many users based on fabricated information that looks like news.
A fake news may consist of completely false, incomplete or false information, or it may also be an incomplete or biased presentation of real information. With digitalization, the possibilities of formation and dissemination of fake news have increased, making it difficult to distinguish between true news and false news. With social media, it has become easier to produce and spread fake news of unknown origin. The main reason for the prevalence of fake news is that users share a news without checking whether it is true or not. To be skeptical of information and to have an idea about the sources from which information is obtained are among the things that users should do in order to fight fake news.

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Sude-Rotary 100. Year Anatolian High School-Group 2-Teacher Yaprak Tunca

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Sude-Rotary 100. Year Anatolian High School-Group 2-Teacher Yaprak Tunca

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It's the so-called news that should not be ignored, which cause unfounded panic, hatred in society and sociological damage, differentiation and insecurity. It's like ''The lie traveles the world three times before the truth put shoes on.'' as you said, false news spreads much faster than real information. The dissemination of all news that was shared on Twitter from 2006 to 2017, the accuracy or inaccuracy of which has been proven, is being studied. The results show that false information is more, faster and more comprehensive than real information. Our reason for believing this kind of news is that we sometimes don't want to tire ourselves out or say, "Why would it be wrong?" or "Why would a person spread false information?" he may have thoughts. However, even the sources we rely on a lot can sometimes willingly or sometimes unintentionally spread false information. However, if we do not believe this information immediately and are skeptical, we can prevent the spread of false news even slightly.

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Fake news is very dangerous for people, especially children. Some people believe everything they see and suffer the consequences. Fake news is news that people make up in their own minds. Some do it because it suits them, some for fun. It's up to us to protect it. First of all, we shouldn't believe everything we see. We need to know whether the site we receive news from is safe or not. We shouldn't trust every site. First of all, we need to search several sites and make sure that the information is correct.

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Bahar Rotary 100. Yıl Anatolian High School 1.Group -Teacher- Fatma Boztepe

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Bahar Rotary 100. Yıl Anatolian High School 1.Group -Teacher- Fatma Boztepe

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I don't think the people who are cyberbullying realise what are the results of their behaviors. It really effects others and can even cause some mental diseases. Today very young children are using internet too and it is not easy to protect them from cyberbullies. Either these children are getting bullied or they see bullying and repeat it. It isn't just our psychology that has been affected, it is about our future and the people who will be in our lives.

There are people who are sensitive also get angry and upset easily. I know because some of my friends really have a bee in the bonnet. This station is even more difficult for them.

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Duygu - Rotary 100th Anatolian High School 2nd Group - Teacher Yaprak Tunca

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Duygu - Rotary 100th Anatolian High School 2nd Group - Teacher Yaprak Tunca

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We can see cyberbullying ever munite on social media.This is something that has caused so many teenagers to die. Because it's a common thing among teenagers. In my opinion, it is necessary to provide detailed training on this issue in order to reduce cyberbullying. Bullying that starts at a young age is carried out in the virtual environment over time. Bullying is serious issue for the person who sees it. That's why education on this subject at a young age is very important.

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Ceren-Rotary 100th Anatolian High School /2nd Group/ Teacher: Yaprak Tunca 

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Ceren-Rotary 100th Anatolian High School /2nd Group/ Teacher: Yaprak Tunca 

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Hate speech aka graphic violence is a kind of cyberbullying. Hate speech is targeting a person's sexual identity, religion,ethnicity and respected values .Social network sites hides our identity. Therefore, users can do anything they want without fear of being caught. On the internet , people don’t know eachother so whatever words they say they think it doesn’t matter. ‘’How can someone be hurt by someone who doesn’t know?’’ This is wrong. Everyday people are dying because of cyberbullying and hate speechs. You cannot know the personal life of the person you targeting on the Internet. The words you say unconsciously about a subject that feel her/him/them insecure, make her/him/them more insecure or if you insult their values, they may get angry or sad.

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Şevval - Rotary 100.Yıl Anatolian High School 2. Group - Teacher Yaprak Tunca

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Şevval - Rotary 100.Yıl Anatolian High School 2. Group - Teacher Yaprak Tunca

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Hate speech is a way people express their hate under the name of ‘freedom of speech’. A statement that insult a person or people beacuse of their religion, language, race, gender, physical properties, sexual orientation.  But i don’t think hate speech is a thought. Freedom of speech has nothing to do with insulting others, calling for hatred or violence. No one has to put up with hate speech. There is a line between freedom of speech and hate speech. And this shouldn’t be exceeded. Hate speech has started to increase with Internet. This is a serious problem that we have to solve.

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Rojelin-Rotary 100th Anatolian High School (1nd Group, Teacher:Fatma Boztepe) 

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Rojelin-Rotary 100th Anatolian High School (1nd Group, Teacher:Fatma Boztepe) 

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Hate is a human behavior. No other living thing works or hates to wipe out the other. Like most things human beings do, it is an event that harms both itself and the other person. Hate speech seems to be against freedom of thought, in some cases it is something that should not be given an opportunity. The distinctions crystallized by the protective reflex in human nature lead to othering, turns into alienation and ultimately into hatred. It is an extremely dangerous phenomenon in societies where the person/institution that will determine what is or will not be hate speech is accepted due to the risk of abuse of this power. Hate speech creates aggressive content which may further lead to the community’s deterioration.

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Ciulian Amalia Andreea, Colegiul National "Grigore Moisil"

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Ciulian Amalia Andreea, Colegiul National "Grigore Moisil"

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As we all know, cyberbullying is basically online bullying. This subject is not refered to as much as it should nowdays, let me elaborate. Cyberbullying is a pretty known thing on the internet and it can be done by anyone and, in some cases, the victim ends up in some sort of depression.
Now you msy be wanderig "How could a few slurs on the screen be posibly affect my child that much?", let me explain it to you. Your child spends a lot of time on the internet, either browsing on social media or playing a rather competitive game. In both of these situations your child might get "yelled" at through the chat for not being good enough in the game or not being "too smart" to understand what the discution is about.
And now you might want a solution for this whole cyberbullying thing, right? Well it's definetly not taking his devices away. I think it's for the best that you check up on your kid from time to time and maybe we should talk more about this subject so that the admins of the site/game will pay more attention to the in-game chat/comments from the post and probably ip ban the cyberbullies.
Thank you for listening to my padlet and I hope cyberbullying will end one day. (:

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Danciu Tudor- "Grigore Moisil" National College- Romania

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Danciu Tudor- "Grigore Moisil" National College- Romania

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Fake news is not only false stories, they are created with a purpose, that is, to grab attention, emotionalize or to sway public opinion. These types of stories are all around us and we may not know if we are exposed to them. These pieces of information are purposely crafted to achieve their objective and may be indistinguishable from real stories to the naked eye. A way to prevent them is to stay informed and this is often not thought in school, even if it should be. Everyone should check their stories from three different, unaffiliated sources. Also, we shouldn't believe everything we see, because the truth is always in the middle!

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Fotea Denisa, Grigore Moisil National College, Bucharest, Romania (Teacher Cristina Moldoveanu)

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Fotea Denisa, Grigore Moisil National College, Bucharest, Romania (Teacher Cristina Moldoveanu)

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Fake news = taken out of context or completely false information spread on social platforms, TV etc., meant to generate confusion, panic, rage or increase economical income, profiting off of people's couriosity sparked by the desire to learn more about the (fake) content that is being shared.

Fake news are like a social "pandemic", taking over anyone who doesn't protect themselves from it. Just like a virus, fake news are all around us. So, here are some things we can do to keep safe:

checking the information by informing ourselves from multiple sources;

thinking through every so called "fact" before deciding to believe it.

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Mezei Ana, Grigore Moisil College, Romania.

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Mezei Ana, Grigore Moisil College, Romania.

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Cyberbullying is one of the biggest problems that our generation has fought since the development of the electronics and social media. This type of harassment has brought many victims, especially teens and children. Cyberbullying can affect us in many ways, for example it can damage our mental health and we can become very depressed, feeling insecure about ourselves. I do not think that it is a problem that we should overlook.
If a person is a cyberbullying victim, he should be helped by his family or friends to get over this bad experience. The worst think about bullying in general is that the most of the victims are embarrassed to seek for help because of what they go trough, so that is why we should pay more attention to the behavior of the persons that we know.
And also, I think that one of the prevents that people took are, probably the private accounts, because not everyone have access to your information.
In my opinion, cyberbullying is one of the biggest problems that the teens are dealing with and we should talk more about it one schools and at home to prevent it.

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Nicolae Andreea, Colegiul Național Grigore Moisil

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Nicolae Andreea, Colegiul Național Grigore Moisil

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Cyberbullying is bullying with the use of digital technology, the aim being shaming, hurting, angering, embarassing or scaring others. I think it's easier to bully people online because nobody knows who you really are, to them you're just a username that they remember only as the reason their day got ruined, for your entertainment.

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Pocatilu Vlad-National College "Grigore Moisil", Romania, Bucharest (Teacher Cristina Moldoveanu)

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Pocatilu Vlad-National College "Grigore Moisil", Romania, Bucharest (Teacher Cristina Moldoveanu)

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Fake news, within the range of an ordinary mind, are the type of false information that we can find on social media platforms such as Google, Instagram, TikTok and many more.

The propaganda created by false news is something that deliberately mislead audiences, and with the good clickbait title, could be the perfect NEWS for someone who believes everything.

For this "Fake NEWS" industry, there are a lot of solutions, but the most efficient way to protect from this is to also search in other sources, in order to verify if the content is real or just something that is created to create chaos and panic in society.

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Melis Rotary 100.Yıl Anatolian High School 2.Group-Teacher: Yaprak Tunca

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Melis Rotary 100.Yıl Anatolian High School 2.Group-Teacher: Yaprak Tunca

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A Guide to Misinformation: How to Spot and Combat Fake News

Social media has had a dramatic impact on the ways we interact with one another. Social media platforms have connected us to one another in new and impactful ways. Stories and opinions can gain exposure with unprecedented speed, giving individuals around the globe continuous access to a near-real-time conversation about both important and trivial matters.

With the increasing popularity ofa wide variety of internet-enabled devices and advanced mobile internet speeds, more and more people are getting involved with social media.

Unfortunately, there is a dark side to social media: fake news. Misinformation can influence users, manipulating them for political or economic reasons. How can you spot fake news, and what can you do to combat it? This guide will provide a comprehensive view of the subject and give you the tools you’ll need to address this burgeoning issue.

What is fake news?

Often referred to as “fake news” in modern times, the term “misinformation” is defined as false or inaccurate information that may be distributed with the intent to deceive those who read it.

Information or opinions that you disagree with may not necessarily constitute misinformation. While the term “fake news” is often used as a pejorative in journalism today, this is a dishonest use of the term; indeed, the practice of calling fact-based reporting “fake news” based on the premise that it doesn’t align with your political views could arguably be called fake news itself.

How to Recognize Fake News and Misinformation

How can you recognize misinformation on social media? It often has a clear bias, and it may attempt to inspire anger or other strong feelings from the reader. Such content may come from a news source that is completely unfamiliar, and the news itself may be downright nonsensical. For example, if a news article warns readers of an impending “category six” hurricane looking to wipe out huge swaths of the country, it should be less of a cause for alarm and more of a cause for raised eyebrows; there is no such thing as a category six hurricane.

Once you’ve spotted a suspicious piece of content, look into the publisher and author of the content. Do either have an established reputation? Are they known as trustworthy sources? If not, do they cite their sources — and are those reputable?

Fake news often uses fake author names and bogus sources. If the site has a history of making suspicious claims, or details in the author bio don’t seem credible (or a bio is non-existent), you should treat the content with extreme scrutiny. Check out the site’s “About Us” page for information about the publication. You may notice suspicious details. Cross-reference these details with reputable news sources to determine the authenticity of their claims.

The “About Us” section of the site may even blatantly label itself as parody or satire. For example, one publication that is commonly misinterpreted as a legitimate news site, The Onion, blatantly states, “The Onion uses invented names in all of its stories, except in cases where public figures are being satirized. Any other use of real names is accidental and coincidental.” Obviously, articles from such sites are not intended to be interpreted as factual.

Finally, don’t forget to check the publication date of the content. A suspicious article may not be fake news; it might just contain dated information. To fact-check any claims made in such content, search for up-to-date news on the topic.

In addition to following the above considerations, there are many telltale signs of a fake news story to be on the lookout for:

Faked website address: An article may claim to be from a well-known news publication, but is the web address right? Compare the web address to the home page of the actual news organization in question. If there are discrepancies or misspellings in the address, you may have spotted a fake.

The author is anonymous (or extremely well-known): Fraudulent publishers may use a generic author name or omit the byline entirely in order to avoid scrutiny. Alternatively, they may use a very famous person’s name as the byline. The latter warrants investigation. Is it truly possible, for example, that Neil deGrasse Tyson would write an article claiming that the Earth is flat? If so, would he have published his claims on a website that has no reputation whatsoever? In such instances, exercise a healthy amount of skepticism.

The article misrepresents or misquotes its sources: Citing reputable sources is an effective way of making your argument seem more credible. However, if the article doesn’t accurately reflect the sources it uses, it should be treated with suspicion.

The article contains spelling and grammatical errors: Real news sources employ editors to provide high-quality content. Purveyors of fake news often don’t. As a result, fake news articles may contain excessive writing errors.

How to Handle Fake News and Misinformation

Have you found an example of fake news online? Remember fake news is not content that you merely disagree with — it is fabricated information designed to manipulate others. If you are confident that the content fits this definition, be wary about sharing it with others. Sharing it so that you can comment on it isn’t helpful; while this gives you an opportunity to air your grievances, it also further propagates the content. Instead of spreading fake news, your goal should be to ignore and avoid it.

If you encounter fake news and misinformation while browsing your social media feeds, you can take action. If a trending post contains misinformation, you can “hide” it. If specific users repeatedly appear in your feed sharing misinformation or disinformation, block them. If you’ve previously “liked” or subscribed to a page that is churning out fake news, unfollow it. Pruning your feeds in this way can reduce your exposure to manipulative articles and accounts.

On social media, your options for shaping your news feed differs from platform to platform. Below, you’ll find links to explanations of the options you have on the four most prominent social media networks:

Facebook;

Instagram;

Snapchat;

Twitter.

It’s vital that you take some time to learn the ins and outs of your news feeds. How can you shape your media diet? Making the effort to do so can dramatically improve your online experience and reduce the influence fake news may have on you.

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Teodosiu Mihai, "Grigore Moisil" National College, Romania

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Teodosiu Mihai, "Grigore Moisil" National College, Romania

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Hate speech is a form of expressing ones hate through the form of insults. Those can cover a wide range of subjects, including racial aspects, religion or even sexual orientations. Hate speech can be found in all kinds of environments and can be seen either online or in daily life. Lately, due to the covid pandemic, this phenomenon has been occurring more and more on social media platforms such as Instagram or Twitter, because people tend to relieve all their stress and anger online.

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Nilay Ö./Tire Öğretmen Melahat Aksoy Social Sciences High School

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Nilay Ö./Tire Öğretmen Melahat Aksoy Social Sciences High School

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We can start to see the problems with ”fake news" and see how much people disagree about their meaning. Some use it as a term for problematic or suspicious information. Some people use only “fake news” to talk about false stories. For example, Facebook thinks that “fake news” means only false news, so they prefer to talk about “fake news”. But many journalists use ”fake news“ to mean something close to a ”lie", which means that they intend to deceive. However, even the sources we rely on a lot can sometimes willingly or sometimes unintentionally spread false information. However, if we do not believe this information immediately and are skeptical, we can prevent the spread of false news

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Nilsun E./Tire Öğretmen Melahat Aksoy Social Sciences High School

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Nilsun E./Tire Öğretmen Melahat Aksoy Social Sciences High School

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Fake news is false or misleading information presented as news. Fake news often has the aim of damaging the reputation of a person or entity, or making money through advertising revenue.The term was first used in the 1890s when sensational reports in newspapers were common. As you can see there is fake news since the beginning of media. So we should be careful about what to believe on social media and news. We should check it twice.

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Hate Speech by Vercellotti Mirco, Bresciani Giulia, Gjepali Sabina, Facaoaru Carmen, Balla Valentina, Ascari Gabriele - IIS Cesare Balbo Casale Monferrato Italy 4DSCU

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Hate Speech by Vercellotti Mirco, Bresciani Giulia, Gjepali Sabina, Facaoaru Carmen, Balla Valentina, Ascari Gabriele - IIS Cesare Balbo Casale Monferrato Italy 4DSCU

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Hate speech is defined by the Cambridge Dictionary  as "public speech that expresses hate or encourages violence towards a person or group based on something such as race, religion, sex, or sexual orientation".

On 31 May 2016, Facebook, Google, Microsoft, and Twitter, jointly agreed to a European Union code of conduct obligating them to review "[the] majority of valid notifications for removal of illegal hate speech" posted on their services within 24 hours.

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Ascari Gabriele IVD istituto cesare balbo

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Ascari Gabriele IVD istituto cesare balbo

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Intercontinental article

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United Nations plan and strategy against the Hate Speech - Viola Luca 4ªD SCU - I. I. S. BALBO Casale Monferrato 

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United Nations plan and strategy against the Hate Speech - Viola Luca 4ªD SCU - I. I. S. BALBO Casale Monferrato 

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What is hate speech?

There is no international legal definition of hate speech, and the characterization of what
is ‘hateful’ is controversial and disputed. In the context of this document, the term hate
speech is understood as any kind of communication in speech, writing or behaviour, that
attacks or uses pejorative or discriminatory language with reference to a person or a group
on the basis of who they are, in other words, based on their religion, ethnicity, nationality,
race, colour, descent, gender or other identity factor. This is often rooted in, and generates
intolerance and hatred and, in certain contexts, can be demeaning and divisive.
Rather than prohibiting hate speech as such, international law prohibits the incitement
to discrimination, hostility and violence (referred to here as ‘incitement’). Incitement is a
very dangerous form of speech, because it explicitly and deliberately aims at triggering
discrimination, hostility and violence, which may also lead to or include terrorism or
atrocity crimes. Hate speech that does not reach the threshold of incitement is not
something that international law requires States to prohibit. It is important to underline
that even when not prohibited, hate speech may to be harmful.
The impact of hate speech cuts across numerous existing United Nations areas of
operations, including: human rights protection; prevention of atrocity crime; preventing
and countering terrorism and the underlying spread of violent extremism and counter-
terrorism; preventing and addressing gender-based violence; enhancing protection of
civilians; refugee protection; the fight against all forms of racism and discrimination;
protection of minorities; sustaining peace; and engaging women, children and youth.
Addressing hate speech, therefore, requires a coordinated response that tackles the
root causes and drivers of hate speech, as well as its impact on victims and societies
more broadly.

Strategic vision

The UN Strategy and Plan of Action on Hate Speech aims to give to the United Nations the
room and the resources to address hate speech, which poses a threat to United Nations
principles, values and programmes. Measures taken will be in line with international
human rights norms and standards, in particular the right to freedom of opinion and
expression.
The objectives are twofold:
- Enhance UN efforts to address root causes and drivers of hate speech
- Enable effective UN responses to the impact of hate speech on societies

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IIS CESARE BALBO (ITALY)  IVD SCU GROUP(Dionis Dedej,Giulia Casto, Marta Barbonaglia, Francesco Ardizzone, Vittoria Ottone, Camilla Lupano)

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IIS CESARE BALBO (ITALY)  IVD SCU GROUP(Dionis Dedej,Giulia Casto, Marta Barbonaglia, Francesco Ardizzone, Vittoria Ottone, Camilla Lupano)

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It is now well known that the Internet and Social Networks have become fertile ground for fiction. Fake News, fake accounts or bots to talk to. The web has become a place where we are asked to prove that we are not robots (how many of you feel under pressure while trying to identify traffic lights or pedestrian crossings).
The inversion of reality has now taken place. One of the most disturbing aspects of fiction on the web, however, is the one that involves the way we show ourselves on Social Networks. The need for social approval, a phenomenon that has always existed today thanks to Facebook, Instagram, TikTok (to name the most famous) is more immediate and, above all, measurable in terms of likes. We publish a photo and wait the approval of others to feel better. In psychological terms, this mechanism is called positive reinforcement and relies on the area of the brain called the Nucleus Accumbens, where a complex neuronal system is ready to release dopamine (the hormone of happiness) at every consent and every like. From here the need to publish content that is interesting and likeable.
Social networks were born with the intention of sharing one's life with others, but offering only what we want others to see. We end up giving a predefined shape to our personality. It is curious to think that the word "pretend" comes from the Latin "fictus", which means to give shape. On Social Networks, therefore, we pretend. More precisely, we respond to a need of society: that need to always be happy. French writer Pascal Bruckner calls it Perpetual Euphoria: "The duty to be happy is the dominant ideology of these years, the one that requires us to enjoy it at all costs. It is a euphoric ideology, which rejects suffering and discomfort ". Melancholy, sadness, boredom and suffering seem to have no place in this society.
As in Samuel Buttler’s 1872 novel which tells of a city where the sick were put in prison, sad people banished and the exclusion of marginalized people was the founding principle of justice. Returning to the present day, even the American Constitution mentions the pursuit of happiness as an inalienable right. And if happiness becomes law, the risk is that it also becomes a duty.
The feeling insinuates within us that if we are sad we don't work, we don't perform, we are failing. This is why we start lying to others and also to ourselves. The perfect staging of this fiction can be found on social media, where wonderful lives seem to be lived. A run-up to publish the most beautiful trips, the most interesting events, the most captivating outfits, the most stimulating acquaintances. Laughter, fun, satisfactions, perfect relationships, rewarding jobs, fit bodies. A fictitious life, passed under the filter of happiness. It is forbidden to show fragility and weaknesses. It would risk losing consensus and destabilizing an already precarious balance, because it was entrusted to the approval of others.
Wanting to show others your joyful side is not in itself a fault and not even a completely wrong mechanism. So even pretending to be happy can sometimes become healthy. The risk, however, is the need to be just that thing, to just be HAPPY.

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Sudenaz-Zübeyde Hanım Vocational and Technical High School /Ayşe ŞANLI APPAK 

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Sudenaz-Zübeyde Hanım Vocational and Technical High School /Ayşe ŞANLI APPAK 

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Cyberbullying is bullying that takes place over digital devices like cell phones, computers, and tablets. Cyberbullying can occur through SMS, Text, and apps, or online in social media, forums, or gaming where people can view, participate in, or share content. So It is one of the biggest problems nowadays.

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Nergiz-Zübeyde Hanım Vocational and Technical High School/ Ayşe ŞANLI APPAK

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Nergiz-Zübeyde Hanım Vocational and Technical High School/ Ayşe ŞANLI APPAK

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The most common places where cyberbullying occurs are:Social Media, such as Facebook, Instagram, Snapchat, and Tik Tok.
Text messaging and messaging apps on mobile or tablet devices
Instant messaging, direct messaging, and online chatting over the internet
Online forums, chat rooms, and message boards, such as Reddit
Email
Online gaming communities

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Ayşenaz-Zübeyde Hanım Vocational and Technical High School/ Ayşe ŞANLI APPAK

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Ayşenaz-Zübeyde Hanım Vocational and Technical High School/ Ayşe ŞANLI APPAK

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You can help to stop cyberbullying.

Here’s what you can do:
Get someone to help you report it
Don’t forward or share it
Don’t take part in it
Leave the group or conversation
Say something kind or positive to the person being cyberbullied
If it’s safe, take a stand against it and ask the people bullying to stop
Let those bullying know that what they’re doing is NOT ok
Talk to the person being cyberbullied privately and ask if they’re ok and if they need help

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Ayşegül-Zübeyde Hanım Vocational and Technical High School/ Ayşe Şanlı Appak

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Ayşegül-Zübeyde Hanım Vocational and Technical High School/ Ayşe Şanlı Appak

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Fake news is news or stories created to deliberately misinform or deceive readers. We must be careful about them and we must be sure which one is correct which one is false.

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Elif- Zübeyde Hanım Vocational and Technical High School / Ayşe Şanlı Appak

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Elif- Zübeyde Hanım Vocational and Technical High School / Ayşe Şanlı Appak

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Fake news is when hoaxes, opinions, stories, scams or rumours are created to look like legitimate news stories or information.This can be especially dangerous for children and young people who can be persuaded to take on distorted views of the world that could cause them or others harm in the real world. This page explains what fake news is and how it can impact those who see it.

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Selen - Zübeyde Hanım Vocational and Technical High School /Ayşe ŞANLI APPAK

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Selen - Zübeyde Hanım Vocational and Technical High School /Ayşe ŞANLI APPAK

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Pay attention to where your news is coming from.
If you get information from social media, check the original source.
Within news articles, examine the sources and how they are included.
Read beyond the headline.
Get your news from a variety of sources.
When you see your friends and family share misinformation, correct them.
Find out what other information is out there.

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Gülşah- Zübeyde Hanım Vocational and Technical High School/ Ayşe Şanlı Appak

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Gülşah- Zübeyde Hanım Vocational and Technical High School/ Ayşe Şanlı Appak

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Hate speech is a prejudicial speech of animosity that attacks a person or group based on religion, language, ethnic identity, disability, age, gender, or sexual orientation. Hate speech attacks, marginalizes, and antagonizes.

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Eylül- Zübeyde Hanım Vocational and Technical High School /Ayşe Şanlı Appak

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Eylül- Zübeyde Hanım Vocational and Technical High School /Ayşe Şanlı Appak

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Hate speech covers many forms of expressions which advocate, incite, promote or justify hatred, violence and discrimination against a person or group of persons for a variety of reasons. It poses grave dangers for the cohesion of a democratic society, the protection of human rights and the rule of law.