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The dorsal (top) side of the shell is called the carapace. Depending on species, the adult carapace ranges in shape from oval to heart-shaped. In all species except the leatherback, the bony shell is composed of broadened, fused ribs, and the backbone is attached to the carapace. The ventral (bottom) side of the shell is called the plastron. The leatherback's carapace is composed largely of cartilage raised into prominent longitudinal ridges. A layer of thousands of small dermal bones lies just below the leathery skin. A sea turtle's large, bony shell provides protection from predation and abrasion.

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A sea turtle cannot retract its head under its shell as a land turtle can. Sea turtles have large upper eyelids that protect their eyes. Sea turtles do not have an external ear opening. Like other turtles, sea turtles lack teeth. Jaw shape varies among species. Each species has a jaw shape adapted for its diet.

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Limbs are flippers adapted for swimming. Sea turtles are awkward and vulnerable on land. Forelimbs are long and paddle-like. Long digits are fused throughout the flipper. Only one or two claws are present on each fore flipper. A sea turtle swims with powerful wing-like beats of its fore flippers. Hind flippers serve as rudders, stabilizing and directing the animal as it swims. The hind flippers of some species are quite dexterous at digging nests in the sand. A sea turtle cannot retract its limbs under its shell as a land turtle can.

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Depending on the species, sea turtles range in color; they can be olive-green, yellow, greenish-brown, reddish-brown, or even black in color. The green sea turtle gets its name from the color of its body fat.

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A structural adaptation of the Sea Turtle are their forelimbs and neck, the forelimbs are modified into long, paddle-like flippers for swimming, it allows the Green Turtle to maintain its speed whilst travelling in the ocean.

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Sea turtles, depending on the species, may eat seagrasses, algae, sponges, sea squirts, squid, shrimp, crabs, jellyfish, cuttlefish or sea cucumbers.

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What we do know is that sea turtles—even at diminished population levels—play an important role in ocean ecosystems by maintaining healthy seagrass beds and coral reefs, providing key habitat for other marine life, helping to balance marine food webs and facilitating nutrient cycling from water to land.

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While corals gain some nutrition from their symbiotic zooxanthallae, corals are heterotrophic because they capture zooplankton from the water column with their tentacles.

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Since most coral reefs reside in shallower waters, they provide a great environment for autotrophs. Two examples of autotrophs in coral reef ecosystems are seaweed and zooxanthellae, a type of algae that makes up part of the coral and gives it color.

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The Producers - the phytoplankton on the ocean's surface. The Primary Consumers – the coral, sea turtle, and fish. The Secondary Consumers – the sharks, anemones, starfish, baracuda, jellyfish, sea snakes and sea slugs. The Scavengers – the fish.

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Gas exchange involves
both diffusion of the primary substrate for photosynthesis, carbon
dioxide, into the coral and diffusion of photosynthetically produced
oxygen out of the coral tissue.

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Water is one of the reactants in photosynthesis, it provides the hydrogen needed to form glucose (a hydrocarbon). Water and carbon dioxide enter the leaf through the stomata (small holes on the underside of the leaf that are controlled by gaurd cells) by diffusion.

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Oxygen is released as a byproduct. In cellular respiration, oxygen is used to break down glucose, releasing chemical energy and heat in the process.

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During photosynthesis, plants trap light energy with their leaves. Plants use the energy of the sun to change water and carbon dioxide into a sugar called glucose. Glucose is used by plants for energy and to make other substances like cellulose and starch.

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- Water
- Temperature
- Sunlight
- Salt
- Waves
- Air
- Ph

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- Coral
- Fish
- Plants