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Barack Obama is an American attorney and politician who served as the 44th president of the USA.

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He was elected the 4 november 2008
And a second time the 6 november 2012

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Martin Luther King's "I have a dream speech"

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Martin Luther King's "I have a dream speech"

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It's an illustration of Norman Rockwell during the movements of civils rights in the USA
it was published in 1964

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On December 1, 1955, Rosa Parks boarded a bus. She refused to obey the injunction of the driver, James Blake, asking her to stand up and give her seat to a white man. She was arrested and imprisoned.

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The civil rights movement was an organized effort by black Americans to end racial discrimination and gain equal rights under the law. It began in the late 1940s and ended in the late 1960s.
July 2, 1964: President Lyndon B. Johnson signs the Civil Rights Act of 1964 into law, preventing employment discrimination due to race, color, sex, religion or national origin.

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Murders of James Chaney, andrew Goodman, and michael Schwerner

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Murders of James Chaney, andrew Goodman, and michael Schwerner

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Martin Luther King Jr. was a Baptist minister and civil-rights activist who had a seismic impact on race relations in the United States, beginning in the mid-1950s.
He was born as Michael King Jr. on January 15, 1929
and he died April 4, 1968, Memphis, Tennessee

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The Montgomery bus boycott was a political and social protest campaign against the policy of racial segregation on the public transit system of Montgomery, Alabama.
It took place from December 5, 1955 to December 21, 1956

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Rosa Parks' Bus

In 1955, African Americans were still required by a Montgomery, Alabama, city ordinance to sit in the back half of city buses and to yield their seats to white riders if the front half of the bus, reserved for whites, was full.

But on December 1, 1955, African American seamstress Rosa Parks was commuting home on Montgomery's Cleveland Avenue bus from her job at a local department store. She was seated in the front row of the "colored section." When the white seats filled, the driver, J. Fred Blake, asked Parks and three others to vacate their seats. The other Black riders complied, but Parks refused.

She was arrested and fined $10, plus $4 in court fees. This was not Parks' first encounter with Blake. In 1943, she had paid her fare at the front of a bus he was driving, then exited so she could re-enter through the back door, as required. Blake pulled away before she could re-board the bus.

Did you know? Nine months before Rosa Parks' arrest for refusing to give up her bus seat, 15-year-old Claudette Colvin was arrested in Montgomery for the same act. The city's Black leaders prepared to protest, until it was discovered Colvin was pregnant and deemed an inappropriate symbol for their cause.

Although Parks has sometimes been depicted as a woman with no history of civil rights activism at the time of her arrest, she and her husband Raymond were, in fact, active in the local chapter of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People ( NAACP), and Parks served as its secretary.

Upon her arrest, Parks called E.D. Nixon, a prominent Black leader, who bailed her out of jail and determined she would be an upstanding and sympathetic plaintiff in a legal challenge of the segregation ordinance. African American leaders decided to attack the ordinance using other tactics as well.

The Women's Political Council (WPC), a group of Black women working for civil rights, began circulating flyers calling for a boycott of the bus system on December 5, the day Parks would be tried in municipal court. The boycott was organized by WPC President Jo Ann Robinson.

Montgomery's African Americans Mobilize

As news of the boycott spread, African American leaders across Montgomery (Alabama's capital city) began lending their support. Black ministers announced the boycott in church on Sunday, December 4, and the Montgomery Advertiser, a general-interest newspaper, published a front-page article on the planned action.

Approximately 40,000 Black bus riders-the majority of the city's bus riders-boycotted the system the next day, December 5. That afternoon, Black leaders met to form the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA). The group elected Martin Luther King Jr., the 26-year-old-pastor of Montgomery's Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, as its president, and decided to continue the boycott until the city met its demands.

Initially, the demands did not include changing the segregation laws; rather, the group demanded courtesy, the hiring of Black drivers, and a first-come, first-seated policy, with whites entering and filling seats from the front and African Americans from the rear.

Ultimately, however, a group of five Montgomery women, represented by attorney Fred D. Gray and the NAACP, sued the city in U.S. District Court, seeking to have the busing segregation laws totally invalidated.

Although African Americans represented at least 75 percent of Montgomery's bus ridership, the city resisted complying with the protester's demands. To ensure the boycott could be sustained, Black leaders organized carpools, and the city's African American taxi drivers charged only 10 cents-the same price as bus fare-for African American riders.

Many Black residents chose simply to walk to work or other destinations. Black leaders organized regular mass meetings to keep African American residents mobilized around the boycott.

Integration at Last

On June 5, 1956, a Montgomery federal court ruled that any law requiring racially segregated seating on buses violated the 14th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution. That amendment, adopted in 1868 following the U.S. Civil War, guarantees all citizens-regardless of race-equal rights and equal protection under state and federal laws.

The city appealed to the U.S. Supreme Court, which upheld the lower court's decision on December 20, 1956. Montgomery's buses were integrated on December 21, 1956, and the boycott ended. It had lasted 381 days.

Bus Boycott Meets With Violence

Integration, however, met with significant resistance and even violence. While the buses themselves were integrated, Montgomery maintained segregated bus stops. Snipers began firing into buses, and one shooter shattered both legs of a pregnant African American passenger.

In January 1957, four Black churches and the homes of prominent Black leaders were bombed; a bomb at King's house was defused. On January 30, 1957, the Montgomery police arrested seven bombers; all were members of the Ku Klux Klan, a white supremacist group. The arrests largely brought an end to the busing-related violence.

Boycott Puts Martin Luther King Jr. in Spotlight

The Montgomery Bus Boycott was significant on several fronts. First, it is widely regarded as the earliest mass protest on behalf of civil rights in the United States, setting the stage for additional large-scale actions outside the court system to bring about fair treatment for African Americans.

Second, in his leadership of the MIA, Martin Luther King Jr. emerged as a prominent national leader of the civil rights movement while also solidifying his commitment to nonviolent resistance. King's approach remained a hallmark of the civil rights movement throughout the 1960s.

Shortly after the boycott's end, he helped found the Southern Christian Leadership Conference (SCLC), a highly influential civil rights organization that worked to end segregation throughout the South. The SCLC was instrumental in the civil rights campaign in Birmingham, Alabama, in the spring of 1963, and the March on Washington in August of that same year, during which King delivered his famous "I Have a Dream" speech.

The boycott also brought national and international attention to the civil rights struggles occurring in the United States, as more than 100 reporters visited Montgomery during the boycott to profile the effort and its leaders.

Rosa Parks, while shying from the spotlight throughout her life, remained an esteemed figure in the history of American civil rights activism. In 1999, the U.S. Congress awarded her its highest honor, the Congressional Gold Medal.

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Montgomery Bus Boycott - Facts, Significance & Rosa Parks | HISTORY

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For 382 days, almost the entire African American population of Montgomery, Alabama, including leaders Martin Luther King Jr. and Rosa Parks, refused to ride on segregated buses. The protests marked a turning point in the American civil rights movement.

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Martin Luther King is one of the most famous afro-american baptist and Blacks' rights activist . On the 4th of april, 1968 at 6PM, he was assassinated in Memphis, Tennessee, in a motel where he slept because he was helping the black garbage men during a strike.
After his death, president Johnson declared a national mourning, the first one for an afro-american. His assassination caused many riots in more than 100 cities, particularly in Washington.

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Jim Crown's laws legalized racial segregation. It was a response to the 13th amendment in 1865 which freed all black people. They were installed in south of US until 1965 (CIVIL RIGHTS ACT).

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Renseignements, fiches d'activités et liens en rapport avec Noël en Angleterre et aux Etats-Unis

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Non violence and civil disobedience

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Montgomery bus boycott, mass protest against the bus system of Montgomery, Alabama, by civil rights activists and their supporters that led to a 1956 U.S. Supreme Court decision declaring that Montgomery's segregation laws on buses were unconstitutional. The 381-day bus boycott also brought the Rev. Martin Luther King, Jr., into the spotlight as one of the most important leaders of the American civil rights movement.

The event that triggered the boycott took place in Montgomery on December 1, 1955, after seamstress Rosa Parks refused to give her seat to a white passenger on a city bus. Local laws dictated that African American passengers sat at the back of the bus while whites sat in front. If the white section became full, African Americans had to give up their seats in the back. When Parks refused to move to give her seat to a white rider, she was taken to jail; she was later bailed out by a local civil rights leader.

Many of Montgomery's African American residents were politically organized long before Parks was arrested. For example, the Women's Political Council (WPC) was founded in 1946, and it had been lobbying the city for improved conditions on the buses for a decade before the bus boycott began. In addition, Montgomery had an active branch of the National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP), where Parks also worked as a secretary.

Although Parks was not the first resident of Montgomery to refuse to give up her seat to a white passenger, local civil rights leaders decided to capitalize on her arrest as a chance to challenge local segregation laws. Shortly after Parks's arrest, Jo Ann Robinson, a leader of the WPC, and E.D. Nixon, president of the local NAACP, printed and distributed leaflets describing Parks's arrest and called for a one-day boycott of the city buses on December 5. They believed that the boycott could be effective because the Montgomery bus system was heavily dependent on African American riders, who made up about 75 percent of the ridership. Some 90 percent of the African American residents stayed off the buses that day.

The boycott was so successful that local civil rights leaders decided to extend it indefinitely. A group of local ministers formed the Montgomery Improvement Association (MIA) to support and sustain the boycott and the legal challenge to the segregation laws. Martin Luther King, the charismatic young pastor of the Dexter Avenue Baptist Church, was elected president of the MIA. A powerful orator, he was new to the area and had few enemies, and, thus, local leaders believed he could rally the various factions of the African American community to the cause.

The MIA initially asked for first-come, first-served seating, with African Americans starting in the rear and white passengers beginning in the front of the bus. They also asked that African American bus drivers be hired for routes primarily made up of African American riders. The bus companies and Montgomery officials refused to meet those demands. Many white citizens retaliated against the African American community: King's home was bombed, and many boycotters were threatened or fired from their jobs. Several times the police arrested protesters and took them to jail, once charging 80 leaders of the boycott with violating a 1921 law that barred conspiracies to interfere with lawful business without just cause.

Despite such intimidation, the boycott continued for more than a year. The MIA filed a federal suit against bus segregation, and on June 5, 1956, a federal district court declared segregated seating on buses to be unconstitutional. The Supreme Court upheld that ruling in mid-November. The federal decision went into effect on December 20, 1956.

The boycott garnered a great deal of publicity in the national press, and King became well known throughout the country. The success in Montgomery inspired other African American communities in the South to protest racial discrimination and galvanized the direct nonviolent resistance phase of the civil rights movement.

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Montgomery bus boycott | Summary & Martin Luther King, Jr.

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Montgomery bus boycott, mass protest against the bus system of Montgomery, Alabama, by civil rights activists and their supporters that led to a 1956 U.S. Supreme Court decision declaring that Montgomery's segregation laws on buses were unconstitutional. The boycott was led by the Reverend Martin Luther King, Jr.

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Rosa Louise McCauley Parks was born on February 4, 1913 in Tuskegee and died on October 24, 2005.

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Rosa Louise McCauley Parks was born on February 4, 1913 in Tuskegee and died on October 24, 2005.

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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosa_Parks

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I Have a Dream speech by Martin Luther King .Jr HD (subtitled)

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This painting has the value of a symbol in the history of the Civil Rights Movement. It was originally published in Look magazine on January 14, 1964 by Norman Rockwell. Including civil rights and the integration of blacks and whites.

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This painting has the value of a symbol in the history of the Civil Rights Movement. It was originally published in Look magazine on January 14, 1964 by Norman Rockwell. Including civil rights and the integration of blacks and whites.

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The painting is an oil on canvas. It represents Ruby Bridges, a young African-American, who went to a school in New Orleans attended only by white children, on November 14, 1960, during the process of desegregation of blacks and whites.  

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The painting is an oil on canvas. It represents Ruby Bridges, a young African-American, who went to a school in New Orleans attended only by white children, on November 14, 1960, during the process of desegregation of blacks and whites.  

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- 1979 : Spingarn medal --> most distinction in NAACP
- 1994, she is laureate for the peace price
- 1996 presidential medal

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He was murdered by Earl Ray, he died in 1998 in prison.

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I have a dream is the name of the speech of Martin Luther King on the 28 august 1963 at the Lincoln Memorial,in Washington, D.C .Of the most powerful would be the "I Have a Dream" speech during the 1963 March on Washington. King used universal themes to depict the struggles of African Americans before closing with an improvised riff on his dreams of equality and has endured as one of the signature moments of the civil rights movement.

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The Civils Rights by Martin Luther King 

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The Civils Rights by Martin Luther King 

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Ruby bridges

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Fifty years have passed since Goodman and two other civil rights workers, James Chaney and Michael Schwerner, were ambushed and shot dead by the Ku Klux Klan in Philadelphia, Mississippi. Their bodies were found buried in an earthen damn in rural Neshoba County - 44 days after they went missing.

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Fifty years have passed since Goodman and two other civil rights workers, James Chaney and Michael Schwerner, were ambushed and shot dead by the Ku Klux Klan in Philadelphia, Mississippi. Their bodies were found buried in an earthen damn in rural Neshoba County - 44 days after they went missing.

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April 14, he went to a play and someone entered in the presidential box and fixed a gun in the back of lincoln

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April 14, he went to a play and someone entered in the presidential box and fixed a gun in the back of lincoln

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An American civil rights activist, first African American child to go to a all white school in Louisiana

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18 men arrested on the 20th of october 1967

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18 men arrested on the 20th of october 1967

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intervew of Rosa Parks

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L'esclavage aux États-Unis (1619-1865) commence peu après l'installation des premiers colons britanniques en Virginie et se termine avec la Constitution américaine le 6 décembre 1865.

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L'esclavage aux États-Unis (1619-1865) commence peu après l'installation des premiers colons britanniques en Virginie et se termine avec la Constitution américaine le 6 décembre 1865.

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Philanthropist
Activist

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William Frantz Elementary School Louisiana

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William Frantz Elementary School Louisiana

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mississippi burning is based on this murder

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mississippi burning is based on this murder

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He was buried in the National Historical Park

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I don't think well of people who are prejudiced against people because of race. The only way for prejudiced people to change is for them to decide for themselves that all human beings should be treated fairly. We can't force them to think that way.

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in this reform he gave

separate non-compulsory health cover for children

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- Name Jim Crow came from a caricature of a white actor (Thomas D. Rice) in blackface.
- state and local laws.
- reinforced racial segregation (1865 - 1968).
- denying African Americans rights and access to certains jobs.
- lead to the creation of the Ku Klux Klan

On July 2, 1964, American President Lyndon B. Johnson signed the historic Civil Rights Act that abolished racial segregation and discriminatory practices.

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Memorial at the site of the Longdale, Mississippi church burning

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Memorial at the site of the Longdale, Mississippi church burning

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conclusion: King's "I have a dream speech" 

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conclusion: King's "I have a dream speech" 

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The speech built to its emotional conclusion, which was borrowed from a black spiritual: “Free at last. Free at last. Thank God Almighty, we are free at last.” Largely based on King’s extemporizations, the speech was widely considered the greatest of the 20th century, noted for its power and resonance.

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The role of slaves during the Civil War.

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The role of slaves during the Civil War.

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Read the following article to know more about the topic

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Slaves and free blacks provided even more labor than usual for Virginia farms when 89 percent of eligible white men served in Confederate armies. Enslaved men were sometimes forced into service to build Confederate fortifications, women to serve as laundresses or cooks for troops in the field. At least partly out of fear that they might lose their freedom if they failed to contribute to the war effort, free blacks often worked beside the slaves, for minimal wages.

Enslaved black men made up much of the workforce at Richmond's Tredegar Ironworks-which produced half of Confederate cannon-and as teamsters unloading trains, longshoreman unloading ships, as miners, and in road maintenance.

The Confederate Viewpoint

Inspired by a poem of the same name, Virginia artist William D. Washington committed the 1862 burial of Confederate captain William Latané to canvas. The painting was exhibited in Richmond in 1864 and its popularity grew when published as a postwar engraving. Mrs. Willoughby Newton serves as the central figure in an image that laments the lonely death of a soldier, extols the piety and resolve of Confederate women, and professes the loyalty of enslaved blacks.

The reality of the Confederate home front was more complex than suggested by this single episode. Although women managed household economies in the prewar South, many were frustrated by the larger challenge of supervising widespread agricultural operations. Also, thousands of slaves asserted their desire for freedom by deserting their mistresses or refusing to cooperate with them, thereby undermining slavery long before Union armies triumphed.

Labor for the Benefit of Others

Slaves and free blacks were called upon to construct breastworks that would impede the advance of the Federal army, particularly at the beginning of the war in the Tidewater and later in central Virginia. Here, payment went to the slave owner, James Gray, and not to "Big Jim," the slave who performed the work. Jim's labor supported both his owner and the Confederacy.

A Black Confederate Soldier?

Thousands of African Americans were forced to support the operations of the Confederate army as teamsters, cooks, body servants, and laborers. In 1863, more than 6,000 accompanied the 71,000 soldiers of the Army of Northern Virginia into Pennsylvania.

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Slaves and free blacks provided even more labor than usual for Virginia farms when 89 percent of eligible white men served in Confederate armies. Enslaved men were sometimes forced into service to build Confederate fortifications, women to serve as laundresses or cooks for troops in the field.

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Details about the Abolition of slavery (1st January 1863)

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Details about the Abolition of slavery (1st January 1863)

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Following its ratification by the requisite three-quarters of the states earlier in the month, the 13th Amendment is formally adopted into the U.S. Constitution, ensuring that "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude... shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction."

Before the American Civil War, Abraham Lincoln and other leaders of the anti-slavery Republican Party sought not to abolish slavery but merely to stop its extension into new territories and states in the American West. This policy was unacceptable to most Southern politicians, who believed that the growth of free states would turn the U.S. power structure irrevocably against them.

In November 1860, Lincoln's election as president signaled the secession of seven Southern states and the formation of the Confederate States of America. Shortly after his inauguration in 1861, the Civil War began. Four more Southern states joined the Confederacy, while four border slave states in the upper South remained in the Union.
READ MORE: Does an Exception Clause in the 13th Amendment Still Permit Slavery?
Lincoln, though he privately detested slavery, responded cautiously to the call by abolitionists for emancipation of all enslaved Americans after the outbreak of the Civil War. As the war dragged on, however, the Republican-dominated federal government began to realize the strategic advantages of emancipation: The liberation of enslaved people would weaken the Confederacy by depriving it of a major portion of its labor force, which would in turn strengthen the Union by producing an influx of manpower. With 11 Southern states seceded from the Union, there were few pro-slavery congressmen to stand in the way of such an action.

In 1862, Congress annulled the fugitive slave laws, prohibited slavery in the U.S. territories, and authorized Lincoln to employ formerly enslaved people in the army. Following the major Union victory at the Battle of Antietam in September, Lincoln issued a warning of his intent to issue an emancipation proclamation for all states still in rebellion on New Year's Day.
READ MORE: Black Heroes of the American Civil War
That day-January 1, 1863-President Lincoln formally issued the Emancipation Proclamation, calling on the Union army to liberate all enslaved people in states still in rebellion as "an act of justice, warranted by the Constitution, upon military necessity." These three million enslaved people were declared to be "then, thenceforward, and forever free." The proclamation exempted the border states that remained in the Union and all or parts of three Confederate states controlled by the Union army.

The Emancipation Proclamation transformed the Civil War from a war against secession into a war for "a new birth of freedom," as Lincoln stated in his Gettysburg Address in 1863. This ideological change discouraged the intervention of France or England on the Confederacy's behalf and enabled the Union to enlist the 180,000 African American soldiers and sailors who volunteered to fight between January 1, 1863, and the conclusion of the war.

As the Confederacy staggered toward defeat, Lincoln realized that the Emancipation Proclamation, a war measure, might have little constitutional authority once the war was over. The Republican Party subsequently introduced the 13th Amendment into Congress, and in April 1864 the necessary two-thirds of the overwhelmingly Republican Senate passed the amendment. However, the House of Representatives, featuring a higher proportion of Democrats, did not pass the amendment by a two-thirds majority until January 1865, three months before Confederate General Robert E. Lee's surrender at Appomattox.

On December 2, 1865, Georgia became the 27th state to ratify the 13th Amendment, thus giving it the requisite three-fourths majority of states' approval necessary to make it the law of the land. Congress required former Confederate state to ratify the amendment as a condition for re-admission into the Union. On December 18, the 13th Amendment was officially adopted into the Constitution-246 years after the first shipload of captive Africans landed at Jamestown, Virginia, and were bought as enslaved workers.

Slavery's legacy and efforts to overcome it have remained central issues in U.S. society and politics, particularly during the post-Civil War Reconstruction era and the civil rights movement of the 1950s and '60s.
READ MORE: Black History Milestones: Timeline

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Slavery abolished in America with adoption of 13th amendment

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Following its ratification by the requisite three-quarters of the states earlier in the month, the 13th Amendment is formally adopted into the U.S. Constitution, ensuring that "neither slavery nor involuntary servitude... shall exist within the United States, or any place subject to their jurisdiction." Before the American Civil War, Abraham Lincoln and other leaders of [...]